Potential value of tedera (B. bituminosa) as high protein resource for poultry feed.

Bituminaria bituminosa (C.H. Stirt.) is a drought tolerant legume that grows spontaneously in subtropical areas: Canary Islands (Spain) and in North African and Mediterranean regions, traditionally used as forage for ruminants. The aim of this research was to investigate the potential of B. bituminosa as a high protein resource for poultry feed by means of feed intake, growth, feed conversion rate (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and the influence of B. bituminosa feed form (fresh green and dried) on the preference by chicks. B. bituminosa showed higher crude protein content (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and gross energy than commercial feed. Average daily feed intake (ADFI) for the commercial feed group (control group) was higher than ADFI of the B. bituminosa group (experimental group). However, both groups had no significant differences in total crude protein intake, total NDF intake, average daily gain (ADG), FCR, and PER. The poultry's preference for fresh green B. bituminosa was higher than for dry B. bituminosa. Our results suggest that B. bituminosa (tedera) could be an alternative feedstuff in tropical countries or where protein sources are scarce and costly.

Geographically Disperse, Culturable Seed-Associated Microbiota in Forage Plants of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Pitch Clover (Bituminaria bituminosa L.): Characterization of Beneficial Inherited Strains as Plant Stress-Tolerance Enhancers.

Agricultural production is being affected by increasingly harsh conditions caused by climate change. The vast majority of crops suffer growth and yield declines due to a lack of water or intense heat. Hence, commercial legume crops suffer intense losses of production (20-80%). This situation is even more noticeable in plants used as fodder for animals, such as alfalfa and pitch trefoil, since their productivity is linked not only to the number of seeds produced, but also to the vegetative growth of the plant itself. Thus, we decided to study the microbiota associated with their seeds in different locations on the Iberian Peninsula, with the aim of identifying culturable bacteria strains that have adapted to harsh environments and that can be used as biotreatments to improve plant growth and resistance to stress. As potentially inherited microbiota, they may also represent a treatment with medium- and long-term adaptative effects. Hence, isolated strains showed no clear relationship with their geographical sampling location, but had about 50% internal similarity with their model plants. Moreover, out of the 51 strains isolated, about 80% were capable of producing biofilms; around 50% produced mid/high concentrations of auxins and grew notably in ACC medium; only 15% were characterized as xerotolerant, while more than 75% were able to sporulate; and finally, 65% produced siderophores and more than 40% produced compounds to solubilize phosphates. Thus, Paenibacillus amylolyticus BB B2-A, Paenibacillus xylanexedens MS M1-C, Paenibacillus pabuli BB Oeiras A, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia MS M1-B and Enterobacter hormaechei BB B2-C strains were tested as plant bioinoculants in lentil plants (Lens culinaris Medik.), showing promising results as future treatments to improve plant growth under stressful conditions.

Phenolic composition, enzyme inhibitory, and antioxidant activity of Bituminaria bituminosa.

This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts of Bituminaria bituminosa. In phosphomolybdenum assay, the methanol extract showed the highest activity (166.78 µmol TEs/g dry plant). The water extract exhibited the highest scavenging activity on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH∙) and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazloine-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS∙+). In addition, it exhibited the highest activity in cupric ion reducing (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays (41.26 and 46.82 µmol TEs/g dry plant). The extracts did not show cholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibitory activity. However, α-glucosidase inhibition assay resulted in the superiority of water extract (1233.86 µmol ACEs/g dry plant). In the case of α-amylase inhibitory assay, the ethyl acetate extract showed the highest activity (53.65 µmol ACEs/g dry plant). The water extract exhibited the highest phenolic content (31.70 µmol GAEs/g dry plant). In contrast, the methanol extract was found rich in flavonoid compounds (5.29 µmol REs/g dry plant). The water extract contained considerable amounts of rosmarinic acid, luteolin, quercetin, and rutin. Therefore, it can be used as a source of new and alternative antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory agents.

Phytochemical and biological activities of Bituminaria bituminosa L. (Fabaceae).

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the phytochemical composition, the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Bituminaria bituminosa L. (Fabaceae) (B. bituminosa). METHODS: The aerial parts of B. bituminosa yielded two compounds. The structures of these compounds were determinated using UV, (1)H-NMR and (13)C-NMR experiments and comparison of their spectroscopic properties with literature data. The antibacterial activity of the extracts (CH2Cl2, ethyl acetate and n-BuOH) was determinated using disk diffusion method against standard and clinical strains. Antioxidant potential of n-BuOH extract was evaluated through two methods: DPPH and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity assay. RESULTS: The n-BuOH extract from B. bituminosa yielded the isolation of isoflavone and flavone. The extracts CH2Cl2, ethyl acetate and n-BuOH demonstrated significant antibacterial activities. CH2Cl2 extract showed the maximum antibacterial activity with high concentration of 2 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (20.45 mm, 16.41 mm and 15.74 mm inhibition zone, respectively). The value IC50 was 0.26 µg/mL for n-BuOH extract using DPPH method. Whereas the E% value was 0.10 L/mg every centimeter for cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity assay. CONCLUSIONS: The phytochemical study of B. bituminosa revealed the presence of isoflavone (daidzin) and flavone (isoorientin) and identified for the first time in this specie. The antibacterial activity of the plant B. bituminosa is certainly related to its chemical content. The n-BuOH extract showed a significant antioxidant activity.