An in-depth analysis of young adults with osteonecrosis secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip who underwent total hip arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head secondary to DDH frequently require total hip arthroplasty (THA), but it is not well understood which factors necessitate this requirement. We determined the incidence of THA in patients who have osteonecrosis secondary to DDH and factors associated with need for THA. METHODS: We included patients who received closed or open reductions between 1995 and 2005 with subsequent development of osteonecrosis. We determined osteonecrosis according to Bucholz and Ogden; osteoarthritis severity (Kellgren-Lawrence), subluxation (Shenton's line); neck-shaft angle; and acetabular dysplasia (centre-edge and Sharp angles). We also recorded the number of operations of the hip in childhood and reviewed case notes of patients who received THA to describe clinical findings prior to THA. We assessed the association between radiographic variables and the need for THA using univariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 140 patients (169 hips), 22 patients received 24 THA (14%) at a mean age of 21.3 ± 3.7 years. Associated with the need for THA were grade III osteonecrosis (OR 4.25; 95% CI 1.70-10.77; p = 0.0019), grade IV osteoarthritis (21.8; 7.55-68.11; p < 0.0001) and subluxation (8.22; 2.91-29.53; p = 0.0003). All patients who required THA reported at least 2 of: severe pain including at night, stiffness, and reduced mobility. Acetabular dysplasia and number of previous operations were not associated with the need for THA. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a 14% incidence of THA by age 34 years in patients with osteonecrosis secondary to DDH. Grade III osteonecrosis (global involvement femoral head and neck) was strongly associated with THA, emphasising the importance to avoid osteonecrosis when treating DDH.

Is AI 3D-printed PSI an accurate option for patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip undergoing THA?

BACKGROUND: In traditional surgical procedures, significant discrepancies are often observed between the pre-planned templated implant sizes and the actual sizes used, particularly in patients with congenital hip dysplasia. These discrepancies arise not only in preoperative planning but also in the precision of implant placement, especially concerning the acetabular component. Our study aims to enhance the accuracy of implant placement during Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) by integrating AI-enhanced preoperative planning with Patient-Specific Instrumentation (PSI). We also seek to assess the accuracy and clinical outcomes of the AI-PSI (AIPSI) group in comparison to a manual control group. METHODS: This study included 60 patients diagnosed with congenital hip dysplasia, randomly assigned to either the AIPSI or manual group, with 30 patients in each. No significant demographic differences between were noted the two groups. A direct anterior surgical approach was employed. Postoperative assessments included X-rays and CT scans to measure parameters such as the acetabular cup anteversion angle, acetabular cup inclination angle, femoral stem anteversion angle, femoral offset, and leg length discrepancy. Functional scores were recorded at 3 days, 1 week, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks post-surgery. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 22.0, with the significance level was set at α = 0.05. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The AIPSI group demonstrated greater prosthesis placement accuracy. With the aid of PSI, AI-planned THA surgery provides surgeons with enhanced precision in prosthesis positioning. This approach potentially offers greater insights and guidelines for managing more complex anatomical variations or cases.

Total hip arthroplasty with porous tantalum trabecular metal pads in patients with Crowe IV developmental dysplasia of the hip: a midterm followup study.

PURPOSE: Crowe IV developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a catastrophic hip disease. Moreover, obtaining ideal clinical efficacy in conventional total hip arthroplasty (THA) is often difficult. In this study, we aimed to assess the mid-term clinical results of THA with porous tantalum trabecular metal (TM) pads for acetabular reconstruction in the treatment of Crowe IV DDH. METHODS: A cohort of 28 patients (32 hips) diagnosed with Crowe type IV DDH who underwent acetabular reconstruction during THA using TM pads with scheduled follow-up between 2011 and 2018, were included in this study. Eight cases were men and 24 were women, with a mean age of 48.4 years (range, 36-72 years) and a mean follow-up was 74.3 months (range, 42-132 months). All patients underwent acetabular reconstruction using TM pads and total hip replacement with subtrochanteric osteotomy. RESULTS: At the final follow-up, 28 hips (87.5%) demonstrated mild or no postoperative limping. The Harris Hip Score improved from 58.4 ± 10.6 preoperatively to 85.6 ± 8.9. The mean pain, stiffness, and function scores on the Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis index were 86.5 ± 10.2, 87.3 ± 12.4 and 85.4 ± 11.6 respectively. The mean score of patient satisfaction was 90.4 ± 7.6. Additionally, the SF-12 physical summary score was 41.8 ± 5.6 and the SF-12 mental summary score was 51.6 ± 5.4. TM construct survivorship due to all-cause failure was 90.6% at 5 years with 3 hips at risk, 87.5% at 10 years with 4 hips at risk. The survivorship due to failure from aseptic loosening was 96.9% at 5 years with 1hips at risk and 93.75% at 10 years with 2 hips at risk. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated satisfactory mid-term clinical and radiological results with the application of TM pads for acetabular reconstruction combined with THA in patients with Crowe IV DDH. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR1800014526, Date: 18/01/2018.

Dysplastic Hips That Are Too Late for Periacetabular Osteotomy Are Not Too Early for Total Hip Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is often performed in symptomatic patients who have hip dysplasia and do not qualify for periacetabular osteotomy. The impact of osteoarthritis (OA) severity on postoperative outcomes in dysplasia patients who undergo THA is not well described. We hypothesized that dysplasia patients who have mild OA have slower initial recovery postoperatively but similar one-year patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) compared to dysplasia patients who have severe OA. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review at a single academic institution over a 6-year period of patients who have dysplasia who underwent THA compared to patients who have primary OA who underwent THA. There were 263 patients who had dysplasia, compared to 1,225 THA patients who did not have dysplasia. Within the dysplasia cohort, we compared PROMs stratified by dysplasia and OA severity. The diagnosis of dysplasia was verified using the radiographic lateral center edge angle. A minimum one-year follow-up was required. The PROMs were collected through one year postoperatively. Logistic and linear regression models were used, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and Charlson comorbidity index. RESULTS: No significant differences were found in postoperative PROMs or revision rates (P = .58). When stratified by dysplasia severity, patients who had lower lateral center edge angle had more improvement in physical function scores from preoperative to 2 weeks (P < .01) and higher physical function scores at 2 weeks (P = .03). When stratified by OA severity, patients who had a worse Tönnis score had more improvement in physical function scores from preoperative to 2 weeks (P < .01). Recovery curves in dysplasia patients based on dysplasia and OA severity were not significantly different at 6 weeks, 1 year, and 2 years postoperative. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who had hip dysplasia and mild OA had similar recovery curves compared to those who had severe OA or who did not have dysplasia. We believe that THA is a reasonable surgical intervention for symptomatic dysplasia patients who have mild arthritis and do not qualify for periacetabular osteotomy.

Mid-term to Long-term Outcomes and Complications of Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients Who Have Crowe IV Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Severe forms of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in adulthood often lead to total hip arthroplasty (THA). This study aimed to evaluate the mid-term to long-term outcomes of THA in Crowe type IV DDH cases, which represent a technically challenging and complex patient group. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for observational studies and case series with over 100 months of mean follow-up on adult patients who had Crowe type IV DDH treated with THA. A total of 3,710 records were initially identified, leading to the inclusion of 24 studies in the final analysis. These studies were subjected to quality assessment using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Quality Assessment tool. Various outcomes including revision rates, leg length discrepancy (LLD), Harris Hip Score (HHS), and complications like periprosthetic joint infections (PJI), dislocations, and nerve injuries were analyzed. A random effects model was employed for statistical analysis, with sensitivity analysis and meta-regression applied in cases of high heterogeneity. RESULTS: The included studies assessed 1,024 hips with a mean follow-up of 11 years, revealing improvements in HHS and reductions in LLD post-THA. However, notable challenges were noted, including a 10.7% rate of intraoperative fractures, a 1.8% PJI rate, and a 5.8% dislocation rate. Osteolysis and aseptic loosening revisions were observed in 9.1 and 8% of cases, respectively. Heterotopic ossification (HO) occurred in 11.1% of patients. Nerve injury was reported in 4.2% of cases. With the use of meta-regression, some factors for observed heterogeneity were identified. CONCLUSION: Total hip arthroplasty in Crowe type IV DDH patients presents notable challenges, but can lead to substantial long-term improvements in patient-reported outcomes.

A novel intraoperative acetabular reaming center locating method in total hip arthroplasty for Crowe type IV developmental dysplasia of the hip: a retrospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: Although the principles of hip reconstruction are consistent, due to lack of reliable anatomical landmarks, how to decide the acetabular cup reaming centre intraoperatively in Crowe IV patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) remains unclear. This study aims to address this question. METHODS: Fifty-eight Crowe IV patients were enrolled from 2017 to 2019. By examining our previous clinical data, we analyzed the anatomical morphology of Crowe IV acetabulum and proposed a method of locating intraoperative reaming centering for implantation of a standard-sized acetabular cup, which is the upper two thirds of the posterior border of the true acetabulum. All patients included in this study were reamed according to this method. The average postoperative follow-up was 4.1 years (3-5 years). The position of the centre of rotation (COR), cup coverage (CC), and optimal range of joint motion (ROM) were examined by 3D computer simulation measurement. Postoperative complications and hip Harris score were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The morphology of the type IV DDH true acetabulum was mostly triangular. The intraoperative reaming centre were centered on the upper two thirds of the posterior border of the true acetabulum. The postoperative 3D CC was 80.20% ± 7.63% (64.68-90.24%, 44-48-mm cup size). The patients' mean Harris score improved from 39.7 ± 20.4 preoperatively to 91.5 ± 8.12 at the last follow-up. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that satisfactory CC and clinical results could be achieved by implanting a standard-sized cup with the reaming centre on the upper two thirds of the posterior border of the true acetabulum.

The risk of DDH between breech and cephalic-delivered neonates using Graf ultrasonography.

PURPOSE: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorder in infants. The most significant risk factors include female gender, breech presentation, left hip and family history. In this study, we utilized the Graf method at different time intervals to evaluate both breech-delivered and cephalic-born newborns. The objectives were to compare the incidence of DDH in cephalic and breech-delivered neonates and investigate whether the hip joints of neonates delivered in the breech position exhibit a distinct maturation pattern. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied prospectively 618 hip joints (309 newborns). Each hip joint was examined with the Graf method in four time periods as follows: Phase #1 (0-1 weeks), Phase #2 (1-4 weeks), Phase #3 (4-7 weeks), and Phase #4 (7-10 weeks). The α and ß angles for each hip joint were measured, and the hips were classified according to Graf classification. With our statistical analysis within the different phases, we were able to investigate potential variations in the maturation patterns between newborns delivered in the breech and cephalic delivery positions. RESULTS: A significant difference (at the 5% level) was observed in Phase 1 between breech and cephalic-delivered neonates (35.6-8.6%). This difference tended to decrease in next phases (13.6-1% in Phase 2, 2.5-0% in Phase 3 and 1.7-0% in Phase 4). A significant difference (at the 5% level) for cephalic-delivered neonates was also observed between Phase 1 and Phase 4 (8.5-0%), but the percentages were low. Additionally, the breech-delivered had extreme difference in incidence of DDH from Phase 1 to Phase 4 (35.6-11.9%, 2.5%, and 1.7%, respectively). CONCLUSION: It appears that there is an actual difference in the incidence of DDH between breech-delivered and cephalic-delivered neonates, although the difference may be less significant than previously considered. The majority of the breech-delivered neonates that were initially considered as pathological (Phase 1) are, in fact, healthy. This is ascertained in subsequent ultrasound examinations conducted in later phases (Phases 2-4), when the incidence of pathological cases decreases. This could be attributed to potential different maturation pattern between these groups.

[Development and Application of Deep Learning-Based Model for Quality Control of Children Pelvic X-Ray Images].

Objective: A deep learning-based method for evaluating the quality of pediatric pelvic X-ray images is proposed to construct a diagnostic model and verify its clinical feasibility. Methods: Three thousand two hundred and forty-seven children with anteroposteric pelvic radiographs are retrospectively collected and randomly divided into training datasets, validation datasets and test datasets. Artificial intelligence model is conducted to evaluate the reliability of quality control model. Results: The diagnostic accuracy, area under ROC curve, sensitivity and specificity of the model are 99.4%, 0.993, 98.6% and 100.0%, respectively. The 95% consistency limit of the pelvic tilt index of the model is -0.052-0.072. The 95% consistency threshold of pelvic rotation index is -0.088-0.055. Conclusion: This is the first attempt to apply AI algorithm to the quality assessment of children's pelvic radiographs, and has significantly improved the diagnosis and treatment status of DDH in children.

Whole exome sequencing of 28 families of Danish descent reveals novel candidate genes and pathways in developmental dysplasia of the hip.

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a common condition involving instability of the hip with multifactorial etiology. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical as undetected DDH is an important cause of long-term hip complications. Better diagnostics may be achieved through genetic methods, especially for patients with positive family history. Several candidate genes have been reported but the exact molecular etiology of the disease is yet unknown. In the present study, we performed whole exome sequencing of DDH patients from 28 families with at least two affected first-degree relatives. Four genes previously not associated with DDH (METTL21B, DIS3L2, PPP6R2, and TM4SF19) were identified with the same variants shared among affected family members, in more than two families. Among known association genes, we found damaging variants in DACH1, MYH10, NOTCH2, TBX4, EVC2, OTOG, and SHC3. Mutational burden analysis across the families identified 322 candidate genes, and enriched pathways include the extracellular matrix, cytoskeleton, ion-binding, and detection of mechanical stimulus. Taken altogether, our data suggest a polygenic mode of inheritance for DDH, and we propose that an impaired transduction of the mechanical stimulus is involved in the etiopathological mechanism. Our findings refine our current understanding of candidate causal genes in DDH, and provide a foundation for downstream functional studies.

Epidemiology of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip: Analysis of Japanese National Database.

BACKGROUND: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a cluster of hip development disorders that affects infants. The incidence of DDH-related dislocation (DDH-dislocation) is reportedly 0.1-0.3%; however, the nationwide incidence of DDH-dislocation in Japan has not been previously reported. The primary aim of this study was to report the nationwide incidence of DDH-dislocation in Japan using the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan (NDB), and to examine its regional variation across Japan. METHODS: This was a retrospective birth cohort study using the NDB. Data on patients born between 2011 and 2013 and assigned DDH-dislocation-related disease codes during 2011-2018 were extracted. Among these, patients who underwent treatment for DDH-dislocation between 2011 and 2018 were defined as patients with DDH-dislocation. RESULTS: Across the 2011, 2012, and 2013 birth cohorts, 2,367 patients were diagnosed with DDH-dislocation, yielding the nationwide incidence of 0.076%. Region-specific incidence rates were almost similar across Japan. Secondary analyses revealed that 273 (11.5%) patients were diagnosed at the age of ≥1 year. The effect of birth during the cold months on the incidence of DDH-dislocation was significant (relative risk [RR] = 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.75-2.06). The risk of DDH-dislocation among girls was approximately seven times higher than that among boys. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to report the nationwide incidence of DDH-dislocation in Japan, which was estimated at 0.076%. The regional variation was trivial and unlikely to be clinically significant. Thus, the incidence rates were approximately equal across all regions in Japan.

Active monitoring versus an abduction device for treatment of infants with centered dysplastic hips: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (TReatment with Active Monitoring (TRAM)-Trial).

BACKGROUND: Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) is one of the most common pediatric orthopedic disorders, affecting 1-3% of all newborns. The optimal treatment of centered DDH is currently under debate. This randomized controlled trial aims to study the (cost-)effectiveness of active monitoring versus abduction treatment for infants with centered DDH. METHODS: This is a multicenter, parallel-group, open-label, non-inferiority randomized controlled trial studying the (cost-)effectiveness of active monitoring versus abduction treatment for infants with centered DDH in fourteen hospitals in the Netherlands. In total, 800 infants with centered DDH (Graf IIa-/IIb/IIc), aged 10-16 weeks, will be randomly allocated to the active monitoring or abduction treatment group. Infants will be followed up until the age of 24 months. The primary outcome is the rate of normal hips, defined as an acetabular index lower than 25 degrees on an antero-posterior radiograph, at the age of 12 months. Secondary outcomes are the rate of normal hips at the age of 24 months, complications, time to hip normalization, the relation between baseline patient characteristics and the rate of normal hips, compliance, costs, cost-effectiveness, budget impact, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of the infant, HRQoL of the parents/caregivers, and parent/caregiver satisfaction with the treatment protocol. DISCUSSION: The outcomes of this randomized controlled trial will contribute to improving current care-as-usual for infants with centered DDH. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Dutch Trial Register, NL9714, registered September 6, 2021. https://clinicaltrialregister.nl/en/trial/29596.

Known risk factors of the developmental dysplasia of the hip predicting more severe clinical presentation and failure of Pavlik harness treatment.

PURPOSE: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) varies from mild instability of the hip to subluxation or total dislocation of the joint. Well-known risk factors of DDH include pre-natal breech position, female sex, positive family history, hip side, primiparity and the mode of delivery. Aim of the present study was to further evaluate known risk-factors of DDH, find associations with more severe dysplasia (characterized with Ortolani positivity) and find risk factors of failure of the Pavlik harness treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All children with the diagnosis of DDH treated in Tampere University hospital in the years 1998-2018 were retrospectively identified for the study and the data was collected from the medical records. Teratological dislocations (n = 3) were excluded from the analysis. Total of 945 patients were included. RESULTS: Breech presentation was strongly associated with Ortolani positivity (p < 0.001). Breech presentation was not associated with ending up for spica casting and/or operative treatment (p = 0.291) despite the association with Ortolani positivity. Ortolani positivity (p = 0.002), positive family history (p = 0.013) and girl sex (p = 0.029) were associated with ending up for spica casting and/or operative treatment. CONCLUSION: Breech presentation seems to increase the risk of Ortolani positive DDH. However, these infants are likely to recover with initially started Pavlik harness treatment, as it was not associated with elevated risk for undergoing more robust treatments. Positive family history and girl sex are associated with the most severe cases of developmental dysplasia of the hip, and it may predispose to the failure of the Pavlik harness treatment.

The International Hip Dysplasia Institute (IHDI) classification is more informative than the Tönnis classification.

BACKGROUND: A new, supposedly more reproducible radiographic classification, set to replace the Tönnis classification of hip dislocations, was proposed in 2015: the International Hip Dysplasia Institute (IHDI) classification. PURPOSE: To compare the IHDI classification with the Tönnis classification when evaluating the severity of hip dislocations as well as their respective inter- and intra-observer reliability. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Since January 2000, Swedish-born children with a hip dislocation were prospectively registered. From this registry, radiographs of 97 hips in 79 patients (91% girls; median age = 7 months), born in 2000-2009, were analyzed. Two observers, one consultant and one resident, classified each hip both by IHDI and Tönnis twice. RESULTS: The IHDI classification had a more even distribution of grades with the majority in grade 2-3. The Tönnis classification graded the majority (77%) of the patients as grade 2 and equally among the other grades. There was moderate inter-observer agreement using both methods calculated with Kappa, 0.61 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.44-0.79) for Tönnis and 0.62 (95% CI = 0.49-0.74) for IHDI. The resident calculated Tönnis with weak intra-observer reliability of 0.57 (95% CI = 0.40-0.74) compared to high intra-observer reliability of 0.86 (95% CI = 0.74-0.98) for the consultant. Both observers graded IHDI with high intra-observer reliability. CONCLUSION: IHDI is more discriminative than the Tönnis classification when evaluating the severity of a hip dislocation in infants.

Environmental factors associated with incidence of developmental dysplasia of the hip: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Established associated factors for DDH include female sex, breech presentation, family history, congenital malformations, oligohydramnios, and maternal hyperthyroidism. However, evidence for environmental factors that may contribute to DDH is limited and inconsistent. METHODS: A systematic review of medical literature was conducted to collect data on environmental factors, including latitude, longitude, average yearly precipitation, average yearly temperature, minimum monthly temperature, and maximum monthly temperature, from all institutions that published articles on DDH. Univariate linear regression analysis was used to examine the correlation between environmental factors and DDH incidence, while multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify significant associated factors for DDH incidence. RESULTS: Data from a total of 93 unique manuscripts were analyzed, revealing a significant negative correlation between DDH incidence and temperature, including average yearly temperature (r = -0.27, p = 0.008), minimum monthly temperature (r = -0.28, p = 0.006), and maximum monthly temperature (r = -0.23, p = 0.029). Additionally, there was a significant positive correlation between DDH incidence and latitude (r = 0.27, p = 0.009), and a significant negative correlation between DDH incidence and average yearly precipitation (r = -0.29, p = 0.004). In the final multiple regression analysis, temperature, including average yearly temperature, minimum monthly temperature, and maximum monthly temperature, were identified as significant associated factors for DDH incidence. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest an association between cold weather and DDH incidence. Further research should explore the link between cold weather and DDH incidence, offering insights into potential interventions for cold climates.

The effect of selective ultrasound screening on the incidence of late presentation of developmental hip dysplasia-a meta-analysis.

Different screening strategies for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) exist. Despite screening efforts, cases of late presentation continue to occur, often necessitating surgery. This systematic review and meta-analysis assess the effect of newborn selective ultrasound screening for DDH on the incidence of late presentation in infants and children, compared to a universal ultrasound strategy. A systematic search across Medline and EMBASE databases was performed between January 1950 and February 2021. A consensus-based evaluation of abstracts led to retrieval of relevant full text, original articles or systematic reviews in English only. These were assessed according to agreed eligibility criteria, and their reference lists were reviewed to identify additional eligible publications. Following final consensus on included publications, data was extracted, analysed and reported as per PRISMA and Prospero (CRD42021241957) guidelines. The 16 eligible studies consisted of 2 randomised controlled trials and 14 cohort studies, published between 1989 and 2014, with a total of 511,403 participants. In total, 121,470 (23.8%) received a neonatal hip ultrasound, of whom 58,086 and 63,384 were part of a selective or a universal ultrasound screening strategy, respectively. The difference in the proportion of late presentation between the universal and selective strategies was 0.0904 per 1,000 (P = 0.047). The time effect, i.e. the difference between early and late presentation defined respectively, as less than and more than 3 months of age, regardless of screening strategy, was not significant (P = 0.272). Although there was variability in study design and reporting, the quality of the evidence, based on the critical appraisal skills programme appraisal tools, was generally good. Compared to universal ultrasound screening for DDH, selective screening resulted in a slightly higher rate of late presentation. Uniformity in design and reporting of DDH studies and a cost-effectiveness analysis are needed.

The posterior capsule is distended in dysplastic hips, but the anterior capsule is not.

PURPOSE: In the setting of acetabular dysplasia, the increased translational motion of the femur may damage the labrum and cartilage, as well as stretch the capsule. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between the acetabular coverage and the capsular stiffness by assessing the distension of anterior and posterior joint recesses on the hip computed tomography arthrography. METHODS: One hundred thirty-three patients (138 hips) with a median age of 36 years (range 18-50 years) who received the computed tomography arthrography for evaluation of nonarthritic hip pain in our institute between 2015 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. The maximal distance between the anterior/posterior capsule and the anterior femoral head-neck junction/posterior femoral head on the axial imaging of computed tomography arthrography was defined as the width of anterior/posterior joint recess. The width of anterior/posterior joint recess was adjusted with the diameter of the femoral head and was then compared between acetabular dysplasia (lateral center-edge angle < 25°), normal acetabulum (lateral center-edge angle between 25 and 39°), and deep acetabulum (lateral center-edge angle > 39°). In addition, the standard univariate linear regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the adjusted width of anterior/posterior joint recess and anterior/posterior coverage of the hip, determined by the anterior/posterior wall index. RESULTS: The adjusted width of posterior joint recess was significantly greater in the acetabular dysplasia group than the normal acetabulum and deep acetabulum groups (p < 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). There was no significant difference of the adjusted width of anterior joint recess between the groups (n.s.). The adjusted width of posterior joint recess had a significant but weak negative correlation with the anterior wall index (r = - 0.25, p < 0.001), and no correlation with the posterior wall index (r = - 0.0004, n.s.). There was no significant correlation between the adjusted width of anterior joint recess and the anterior/posterior wall index (r = 0.05, n.s./r = 0.07, n.s.). CONCLUSIONS: The distension of posterior capsule on the computed tomography arthrography was significantly greater in acetabular dysplasia. In addition, there was a significant but weak negative correlation between the distension of posterior capsule and the anterior coverage of the hip. It indicated a looser posterior capsule was observed in a dysplastic hip. The relevance of posterior capsular laxity to clinical outcomes warrants further investigation. Given the fact that the distension of anterior capsule was not significantly higher in acetabular dysplasia, the need of anterior capsular plication in a dysplastic hip should be carefully evaluated. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Risk Factors for Dislocation following Total Hip Arthroplasty in Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify risk factors of dislocation after total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). METHODS: A systematic literature review was performed on 18th August 2022 using Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science electronic databases, and a manual search. The study was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines and registered with PROSPERO. Statistical analysis includes assessment of heterogeneity and data synthesis using RevMan 5.4. RESULTS: Review of five studies including 2865 patients and 116 dislocated hips found that lower body mass index (BMI) (SMD = 0.22, p = 0.04, I2 = 0%), Crowe classification type IV versus I, II, and III (OR = 2.70, p = 0.004, I2 = 51%), higher cup inclination (SMD = 0.39 p = 0.0007, I2 = 0%), femoral head size < 28 mm (OR = 5.07, p = 0.003, I2 = 71%), lateral surgical approach (OR = 1.96, p = 0.02, I2 = 0%), and postoperative infection (OR = 6.26, p < 0.0001, I2 = 0%) were significant risk factors. However, age, gender, cup anteversion, femoral osteotomy, vertical (V-COR) centre of rotation, intraoperative fracture, preoperative and postoperative leg length discrepancy (LLD) and previous hip surgery were not found to be significant risk factors. CONCLUSION: This study underscores importance of these risk factors in THA planning for DDH patients to reduce dislocation risk. Further research needed to understand mechanisms.

Radiological long-term follow-up up to 12 years of initially ultrasound unstable hip types D, III and IV after treatment with the Tübingen splint worn as a plaster.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of ultrasound unstable hips with the Tübingen splint is currently under discussion. However, there is a lack of long-term follow-up data. This study presents to the best of our knowledge first radiological mid-term to long-term data of the successful initial treatment with the Tübingen splint of ultrasound unstable hips. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2002 to 2022 the treatment of ultrasound unstable hips type D, III and IV (age ≤ 6 weeks, no severe limitation of abduction) with the Tübingen splint worn as a plaster is evaluated. Based on data derived from routine X-rays during the follow-up period, a radiological follow-up (FU) analysis until the age of 12 years was performed. The acetabular index (ACI) and center-edge angle (CEA) were measured and classified according to Tönnis as normal findings (NF), slightly (sliD) or severely dysplastic (sevD). RESULTS: 193 of 201 (95.5%) unstable hips could be successfully treated showing normal findings with an alpha angle > 65°. The few patients showing treatment failures were successfully treated applying a Fettweis plaster (human position) under anesthesia. The radiological FU of 38 hips showed a favorable trend with increase of normal findings from 52.8% to 81.1% and decrease of 38.9% to 19.9% of sliD respectively 8.3% to 0% of sevD hips. The analysis of avascular necrosis of the femoral head showed 2 cases (5.3%) of grade 1 according to Kalamchi and McEwen, which were improving over time in the further course. CONCLUSIONS: The Tübingen splint as alternative to replace a plaster has proven a successful therapeutic option for ultrasound unstable hips type D, III and IV with favorable and over time improving radiological parameter up to the age of 12 years.

Progressive lateralization and constant hip geometry in children with DDH, NDH, and LCPD following hip reconstructive surgery: a cohort study of 73 patients with a mean follow-up of 4.9 years.

BACKGROUND: Pelvic and femoral osteotomies have been effective methods to treat developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), neurogenic dislocation of the hip (NDH), and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the mid-term results after hip reconstruction in children with DDH, NDH, and LCPD. METHODS: In a retrospective study, X-rays of 73 children (2-19 years) with DDH, NDH, and LCPD were measured before, 3 months, and at final follow-up (FU) after hip reconstructive surgery (open reduction, and femoral and/or pelvic osteotomy ± soft-tissue procedures between 2008 and 2018). Measurement of hip geometry included acetabular index (AI), center-edge angle (CE), and Reimers migration index (RMI). Mean follow-up time at final FU was 4.9 years. P value was set P < 0.05. RESULTS: After surgery (femoral osteotomy: 84 hips, Salter innominate osteotomy: 21 hips, Pemberton osteotomy: 30 hips, open reduction: 28 hips, Chiari osteotomy: 4 hips, and soft-tissue release: 24 hips), hip geometry parameters improved significantly. Nevertheless, at final FU, there was deterioration in hip geometry with femoral head lateralization (RMI) compared to the data at 3 months after surgery (RMI: preop/3 months/final FU: 40.6 ± 16.1%/6.1 ± 9.0/15.4 ± 16.0%; CE: 11.3° ± 20.0°/30.2° ± 9.5°/27.9 ± 15.4°; AI: 28.8° ± 9.6°/19.1° ± 7.6°/18.3 ± 7.6°). Sub-group analysis did not show differences concerning the progression of RMI in DDH, NDH, and LCPD at final FU. Regardless of basic disease, the lateralization was observed in all three groups (DDH, NDH, and LCPD) and statistically significant comparing X-rays 3 months postoperatively to maximum follow-up (DDH; NDH; LCPD: 2.7 ± 6.8%/7.6 ± 10.1%; 13.7 ± 15.3%/22.8 ± 19.8%; 1.7 ± 4.1%/14.9 ± 11.3%). Additional soft-tissue release techniques in patients with DDH or NDH did not show postoperative differences with statistical significance. Concerning surgical techniques, a connection between the lower RMI and the procedure of osteotomy of the ilium was found. In 25 patients, (34%) complications were observed: superficial skin lesions in 8, deep skin lesions in 3, contraction of adductors in 3, subluxation in 2, dislocations of the cast in 2, osteonecrosis of the femoral head in 2 cases, reluxation in 1, infection of the implanted plate in 1, compliance problem in 1, delayed bone healing in 1, and contraction of knee flexors in 1 case. DISCUSSION: The basic results of this study show a significant improvement of hip geometry at a follow-up of 4.9 years and prove findings of previously published literature. Moreover, the study was able to show a progression of RMI in all patient groups, which have undergone reconstructive surgery, despite basic hip geometry data (AI, CE angle) did not change. Those findings were independent from underlying pathology. Complications were counted in 34% of the patients and involved all known adverse events after hip reconstructive surgery. This makes clear why annual follow-up checks are needed not to miss the right indication for revision surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Evidence level: Level IV, case series. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This manuscript is part of a prospective randomized clinical trial, registered in the German Clinical Trials Register DRKS-ID: DRKS00016861.

Long-term outcomes of total hip arthroplasty in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip: a minimum 21-year follow-up.

PURPOSE: Early osteoarthritis (OA) due to developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a known indication for total hip arthroplasty (THA). Though screening tools and joint-preserving procedures have been established successfully, there still is a relevant number of patients suffering DDH. Due to the lack of long-term outcome studies, we like to close this gap and present the results of a highly specialized center. METHODS: The study included 126 patients, who were treated in our institution with primary THA for DDH between January 1997 and December 2000. At the time of final follow-up, at a mean of 23 years postoperatively, 110 patients (121 hips) were clinically evaluated using the Harris-Hip Score. In addition, complication and surgical revision rates were assessed. We collected surgery-related data like implant choice and special surgical features such as autologous acetabular reconstruction or femoral osteotomies. Additionally, the severity of preoperative DDH was measured radiographically according to Crowe classification. RESULTS: There were 91 female (83%) and 19 male (17%) patients with an average age of 51 ± 9.5 years (range 21-65) included. Mean follow-up was 23 ± 1.3 years (21-25), with a minimum of 21 years being necessary for inclusion. Using revision for any indication as primary endpoint, the Kaplan-Meier survivorship was 98.3% at 10 years and 81.8% at final follow-up. The overall revision rate was 18% (22 cases), which were split up as follows: 20 (17%) implant failures (loosened or broken components), one (1%) periprosthetic infection and one (1%) periprosthetic fracture. Regarding complications, we observed nine (7%) dislocations and one case (1%) with severe heterotopic ossification that required surgical excision. The mean Harris-Hip score at latest follow-up was 78 ± 14 points (32-95). CONCLUSIONS: Though implants and surgical techniques have improved over time, our results suggest THA in patients suffering DDH to be seriously challenging with relatively high overall complications in long-term observation and fair clinical outcome after 21 years postoperatively. There is evidence that prior osteotomy might be associated with a higher revision rate.