Three-Dimensionally Printed, Vertical Full-Color Display Pixels for Multiplexed Anticounterfeiting.

Information encryption strategies have become increasingly essential. Most of the fluorescent security patterns have been made with a lateral configuration of red, green, and blue subpixels, limiting the pixel density and security level. Here we report vertically stacked, luminescent heterojunction micropixels that construct high-resolution, multiplexed anticounterfeiting labels. This is enabled by meniscus-guided three-dimensional (3D) microprinting of red, green, and blue (RGB) dye-doped materials. High-precision vertical stacking of subpixel segments achieves full-color pixels without sacrificing lateral resolution, achieving a small pixel size of ∼µm and a high density of over 13,000 pixels per inch. Furthermore, a full-scale color synthesis for individual pixels is developed by modulating the lengths of the RGB subpixels. Taking advantage of these unique 3D structural designs, trichannel multiplexed anticounterfeiting Quick Response codes are successfully demonstrated. We expect that this work will advance data encryption technology while also providing a versatile manufacturing platform for diverse 3D display devices.

Molecular characterization of a tetra segmented ssDNA virus infecting Botrytis cinerea worldwide.

BACKGROUND: Family Genomoviridae was recently established, and only a few mycoviruses have been described and characterized, and almost all of them (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirulence-associated DNA virus 1, Fusarium graminearum gemyptripvirus 1 and Botrytis cinerea gemydayirivirus 1) induced hypovirulence in their host. Botrytis cinerea ssDNA virus 1 (BcssDV1), a tetrasegmented single-stranded DNA virus infecting the fungus Botrytis cinerea, has been molecularly characterized in this work. METHODS: BcssDV1 was detected in Spanish and Italian B. cinerea field isolates obtained from grapevine. BcssDV1 variants genomes were molecularly characterized via NGS and Sanger sequencing. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences were used for diversity and phylogenetic analysis. Prediction of protein tertiary structures and putative associated functions were performed by AlphaFold2 and DALI. RESULTS: BcssDV1 is a tetrasegmented single-stranded DNA virus. The mycovirus was composed by four genomic segments of approximately 1.7 Kb each, which are DNA-A, DNA-B, and DNA-C and DNA-D, that coded, respectively, for the rolling-circle replication initiation protein (Rep), capsid protein (CP) and two hypothetical proteins. BcssDV1 was present in several Italian and Spanish regions with high incidence and low variability among the different viral variants. DNA-A and DNA-D were found to be the more conserved genomic segments among variants, while DNA-B and DNA-C segments were shown to be the most variable ones. Tertiary structures of the proteins encoded by each segment suggested specific functions associated with each of them. CONCLUSIONS: This study presented the first complete sequencing and characterization of a tetrasegmented ssDNA mycovirus, its incidence in Spain and Italy, its presence in other countries and its high conservation among regions.

Foot impairments contribute to functional limitation in individuals with ankle sprain and chronic ankle instability.

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical measures of foot posture and morphology, multisegmented joint motion and play, strength, and dynamic balance in recreationally active young adults with and without a history of a lateral ankle sprain (LAS), copers, and chronic ankle instability (CAI). METHODS: Eighty recreationally active individuals (healthy: n = 22, coper: n = 21, LAS: n = 17, CAI: n = 20) were included. Foot posture index (FPI), morphologic measures, joint motion (weight-bearing dorsiflexion (WBDF), rearfoot dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion; forefoot inversion, eversion; hallux flexion, extension), joint play (proximal and distal tibiofibular; talocrural and subtalar, forefoot; 1st tarsometatarsal and metatarsophalangeal), strength (dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, hallux flexion, lesser toe flexion), and Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) (anterior, posteromedial, posterolateral) were assessed. RESULTS: There were no group differences in FPI or morphological measures. LAS and CAI groups had decreased ankle dorsiflexion (p = 0.001) and greater frontal plane motion (p < 0.001), first MT plantar flexion, and sagittal excursion (p < 0.001); increased talocrural glide (p = 0.02) and internal rotation (p < 0.001) and decreased forefoot inversion joint play (p < 0.001); and decreased strength in all measures (p < 0.001) except dorsiflexion compared to healthy controls. The LAS group also demonstrated decreased distal tibiofibular (p = 0.04) and forefoot general laxity (p = 0.05) and SEBT performance (anterior: p = 0.02; posteromedial: p < 0.001; posterolateral: p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Individuals with LAS or CAI have increased pain, impaired physiologic and accessory joint motion, ligamentous tenderness, and strength in the foot and ankle. Clinicians should assess the multiple segments of the ankle-foot complex when caring for individuals with an LAS or CAI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Detection by next generation sequencing of a multi-segmented viral genome from sugarcane associated with Ramu stunt disease.

Ramu stunt disease of sugarcane was first reported in Papua New Guinea in the mid 1980s. The disease can reduce sugarcane yields significantly and causes severe stunting and mortality in highly susceptible cultivars. The causal agent of Ramu stunt has been investigated but its characterization has not been completed. Sugarcane cv. Ragnar from Papua New Guinea with symptoms of Ramu stunt was analyzed by next generation sequencing. Total RNA was extracted and whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing was performed using an Illumina platform. Over thirty-seven million reads with an average length of 100 nucleotides were obtained. More than eighteen thousand contigs were assembled and subjected to BLASTX analysis. Twenty-one contigs were virus related and six were associated with plant viruses. The BLAST algorithms revealed sequence similarity to Tenuivirus and Phlebovirus, genera of viruses whose members contain genomes consisting of multiple RNA segments. The six contigs derived from the RNA sequencing data correspond to six RNAs that compose the Ramu stunt virus genome. Primers were designed for each of the six RNAs and RT-PCR amplicons were obtained only from the symptomatic sugarcane. There was concordance between the sequence data of the contigs obtained from the NGS and that of the amplicons obtained by RT-PCR. The NGS approach allowed us to determine the complete genomic sequence of Ramu stunt virus. It is likely that this virus is the causal agent of Ramu stunt disease.

Viral genome phylogeny based on Lempel-Ziv complexity and Hausdorff distance.

In this paper, we develop a novel method to study the viral genome phylogeny. We apply Lempel-Ziv complexity to define the distance between two nucleic acid sequences. Then, based on this distance we use the Hausdorff distance (HD) and a modified Hausdorff distance (MHD) to make the phylogenetic analysis for multi-segmented viral genomes. The results show the MHD can provide more accurate phylogenetic relationship. Our method can have global comparison of all multi-segmented genomes simultaneously, that is, we treat the multi-segmented viral genome as an entirety to make the comparative analysis. Our method is not affected by the number or order of segments, and each segment can make contribution for the phylogeny of whole genomes. We have analyzed several groups of real multi-segmented genomes from different viral families. The results show that our method will provide a new powerful tool for studying the classification of viral genomes and their phylogenetic relationships.

Differences in intra-foot movement strategies during locomotive tasks among chronic ankle instability, copers and healthy individuals.

Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) suffer from the resulting sequela of repetitive lateral ankle sprains (LAS), whilst copers appear to cope with initial LAS successfully. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the intra-foot biomechanical differences among CAI, copers, and healthy individuals during dynamic tasks. Twenty-two participants per group were included and required to perform cutting and different landing tasks (DL: drop landing; FL: forward jump followed a landing). A five-segment foot model with 8 degrees of freedom was used to explore the intra-foot movement among these three groups. Smaller dorsiflexion angles were found in copers (DL tasks and prelanding task) and CAI (DL and FL task) compared to healthy participants. Copers presented a more eversion position compared to others during these dynamic tasks. During the descending phase of DL task, greater dorsiflexion angles in the metatarsophalangeal joint were found in copers compared to the control group. Joint moment difference was only found in the subtalar joint during the descending phase of FL task, presenting more inversion moments in copers compared to healthy participants. Copers rely on more eversion positioning to prevent over-inversion of the subtalar joint compared to CAI. Further, the foot became more unstable when conducting sport-related movements, suggesting that foot stability seems to be sensitive to the task types. These findings may help in designing and implementing interventions to restore functions of the ankle joint in CAI individuals.

Biokinetic Evaluation of Hallux Valgus during Gait: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Foot pathologies can affect the kinetic chain during gait, leading to altered loading at other joints that can lead to subsequent pathologies. Although hallux valgus is the most common foot disease, little has been discussed about the biokinetic effects of hallux valgus on the foot and lower limb. This systematic review evaluated the kinematic, kinetic, and pedobarographic changes of the hallux valgus foot compared to a healthy one. METHODS: Several electronic databases were searched up to January 2022, including only cross-sectional studies with clearly defined isolated hallux valgus diseases and healthy groups. Two investigators independently rated studies for methodological quality using the NIH Study Quality Assessment Tool for cross-sectional studies. Kinetic data were extracted, including temporal data, kinematics of the foot joint, kinematics of the proximal lower limb, and pedobarography. We did meta-analyses tests with a random effects model using the metafor package in R. RESULTS: Hallux valgus patients walk slower compared to a disease-free control group -0.16 m/s (95% CI -0.27, -0.05). Hallux valgus patients exhibited significantly reduced coronal plane motion of the hindfoot-shank during preswing 1.16 degrees (95% CI 0.31, 2.00). Hallux valgus patients generated less force in the hallux region 33.48 N (95% CI 8.62, 58.35) but similar peak pressures in the hallux compared to controls. Hallux valgus patients generated less peak pressure at the medial and lateral hindfoot as compared to controls: 8.28 kPa (95% CI 2.92, 13.64) and 8.54 kPa (95% CI 3.55, 13.52), respectively. CONCLUSION: Although hallux valgus is a deformity of the forefoot, the kinematic changes due to the pathology are associated with significant changes in the range of motion at other joints, underscoring its importance in the kinetic chain. This is demonstrated again with the changes of peak pressure. Nevertheless, more high-quality studies are still needed to develop a fuller understanding of this pathology.

Motion of the multi-segmented spine in elite dancers during passé and arabesque.

BACKGROUND: The spinal biomechanics of dance tasks have received little study and no studies have used a multi-segmented spinal model. Knowledge of how the segments of the spine move may be useful to the dance clinician and dance educator. RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the direction and amount of motion of the primary segments of the spine in elite dancers during an arabesque and a passé? METHODS: This observational study examined 59 elite dancers performing an arabesque and a passé using a three-dimensional motion analysis system with the trunk divided into a series of five segments: pelvis, lower lumbar, upper lumbar, lower thoracic and upper thoracic spine. RESULTS: For the arabesque, all spinal segments moved in the same direction within each plane and the majority of total spinal motion occurred in the thoracic spine. Thoracic segments were at or near end range position at completion of the arabesque. For the passé, the spinal segments moved in different directions within each plane and the majority of total spinal motion occurred in the lumbar spine. SIGNIFICANCE: Dance clinicians and dance educators may benefit from the knowledge that thoracic hypomobility in any plane may limit arabesque performance and that attempts to instruct dancers to achieve a position of passé without flexion of the lumbar spine may be a valid aesthetic ideal but also an unrealistic functional expectation.

Hadaka Virus 1: a Capsidless Eleven-Segmented Positive-Sense Single-Stranded RNA Virus from a Phytopathogenic Fungus, Fusarium oxysporum.

The search for viruses infecting fungi, or mycoviruses, has extended our knowledge about the diversity of RNA viruses, as exemplified by the discovery of polymycoviruses, a phylogenetic group of multisegmented RNA viruses with unusual forms. The genomic RNAs of known polymycoviruses, which show a phylogenetic affinity for animal positive-sense single-stranded RNA [(+)RNA] viruses such as caliciviruses, are comprised of four conserved segments with an additional zero to four segments. The double-stranded form of polymycovirus genomic RNA is assumed to be associated with a virally encoded protein (proline-alanine-serine-rich protein [PASrp]) in either of two manners: a capsidless colloidal form or a filamentous encapsidated form. Detailed molecular characterizations of polymycoviruses, however, have been conducted for only a few strains. Here, a novel polymyco-related virus named Hadaka virus 1 (HadV1), from the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum, was characterized. The genomic RNA of HadV1 consisted of an 11-segmented positive-sense RNA with highly conserved terminal nucleotide sequences. HadV1 shared the three conserved segments with known polymycoviruses but lacked the PASrp-encoding segment. Unlike the known polymycoviruses and encapsidated viruses, HadV1 was not pelleted by conventional ultracentrifugation, possibly due to the lack of PASrp. This result implied that HadV1 exists only as a soluble form with naked RNA. Nevertheless, the 11 genomic segments of HadV1 have been stably maintained through host subculturing and conidiation. Taken together, the results of this study revealed a virus with a potential novel virus lifestyle, carrying many genomic segments without typical capsids or PASrp-associated forms.IMPORTANCE Fungi collectively host various RNA viruses. Examples include encapsidated double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses with diverse numbers of genomic segments (from 1 to 12) and capsidless viruses with nonsegmented (+)RNA genomes. Recently, viruses with unusual intermediate features of an infectious entity between encapsidated dsRNA viruses and capsidless (+)RNA viruses were found. They are called polymycoviruses, which typically have four to eight dsRNA genomic segments associated with one of the virus-encoded proteins and are phylogenetically distantly related to animal (+)RNA caliciviruses. Here, we identified a novel virus phylogenetically related to polymycoviruses, from the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum The virus, termed Hadaka virus 1 (HadV1), has 11 (+)RNA genomic segments, the largest number in known (+)RNA viruses. Nevertheless, HadV1 lacked a typical structural protein of polymycoviruses and was not pelleted by standard ultracentrifugation, implying an unusual capsidless nature of HadV1. This study reveals a potential novel lifestyle of multisegmented RNA viruses.

A Novel Design of a 3D Racetrack Memory Based on Functional Segments in Cylindrical Nanowire Arrays.

A racetrack memory is a device where the information is stored as magnetic domains (bits) along a nanowire (track). To read and record the information, the bits are moved along the track by current pulses until they reach the reading/writing heads. In particular, 3D racetrack memory devices use arrays of vertically aligned wires (tracks), thus enhancing storage density. In this work, we propose a novel 3D racetrack memory configuration based on functional segments inside cylindrical nanowire arrays. The innovative idea is the integration of the writing element inside the racetrack itself, avoiding the need to implement external writing heads next to the track. The use of selective magnetic segments inside one nanowire allows the creation of writing and storage sections inside the same track, separated by chemical constraints identical to those separating the bits. Using micromagnetic simulations, our study reveals that if the writing section is composed of two segments with different coercivities, one can reverse its magnetization independently from the rest of the memory device by applying an external magnetic field. Spin-polarized current pulses then move the information bits along selected tracks, completing the writing process by pushing the new bit into the storage section of the wire. Finally, we have proven the efficacy of this system inside an array of 7 nanowires, opening the possibility to use this configuration in a 3D racetrack memory device composed of an array of thousands of nanowires produced by low-cost and high-yield template-electrodeposition methods.

Molecular Characterization of a Novel Polymycovirus From Penicillium janthinellum With a Focus on Its Genome-Associated PASrp.

The genus Polymycovirus of the family Polymycoviridae accommodates fungal RNA viruses with different genomic segment numbers (four, five, or eight). It is suggested that four members form no true capsids and one forms filamentous virus particles enclosing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). In both cases, viral dsRNA is associated with a viral protein termed "proline-alanine-serine-rich protein" (PASrp). These forms are assumed to be the infectious entity. However, the detailed molecular characteristics of PASrps remain unclear. Here, we identified a novel five-segmented polymycovirus, Penicillium janthinellum polymycovirus 1 (PjPmV1), and characterized its purified fraction form in detail. The PjPmV1 had five dsRNA segments associated with PASrp. Density gradient ultracentrifugation of the PASrp-associated PjPmV1 dsRNA revealed its uneven structure and a broad fractionation profile distinct from that of typical encapsidated viruses. Moreover, PjPmV1-PASrp interacted in vitro with various nucleic acids in a sequence-non-specific manner. These PjPmV1 features are discussed in view of the diversification of genomic segment numbers of the genus Polymycovirus.

Multi-Segmented Nanowires: A High Tech Bright Future.

In the last couple of decades, there has been a lot of progress in the synthesis methods of nano-structural materials, but still the field has a large number of puzzles to solve. Metal nanowires (NWs) and their alloys represent a sub category of the 1-D nano-materials and there is a large effort to study the microstructural, physical and chemical properties to use them for further industrial applications. Due to technical limitations of single component NWs, the hetero-structured materials gained attention recently. Among them, multi-segmented NWs are more diverse in applications, consisting of two or more segments that can perform multiple function at a time, which confer their unique properties. Recent advancement in characterization techniques has opened up new opportunities for understanding the physical properties of multi-segmented structures of 1-D nanomaterials. Since the multi-segmented NWs needs a reliable response from an external filed, numerous studies have been done on the synthesis of multi-segmented NWs to precisely control the physical properties of multi-segmented NWs. This paper highlights the electrochemical synthesis and physical properties of multi-segmented NWs, with a focus on the mechanical and magnetic properties by explaining the shape, microstructure, and composition of NWs.

Foot modeling affects ankle sagittal plane kinematics during jump-landing.

The foot-ankle complex is a key-element to mitigate impact forces during jump-landing activities. Biomechanical studies commonly model the foot as a single-segment, which can provide different ankle kinematics compared to a multi-segmented model. Also, it can neglect intersegmental kinematics of the foot-ankle joints, such as the hindfoot-tibia, forefoot-hindfoot, and hallux-forefoot joints, that are used during jump-landing activities. The purpose of this short communication was to compare ankle kinematics between a three- and single-segmented foot models, during forward and lateral single-leg jump-landings. Marker trajectories and synchronized ground reaction forces of 30 participants were collected using motion capture and a force plate, during multidirectional single-leg jump-landings. Ankle kinematics were computed using a three- (hindfoot-tibia) and a single-segmented (ankle) foot models, at initial contact (IC), peak vertical ground reaction force (PvGRF) and peak knee flexion (PKF). Repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted (p < 0.05). The findings of this study showed that during lateral and forward jump-landing directions, the three-segmented foot model exhibited lower hindfoot-tibia dorsiflexion angles (PvGRF and PKF, p < 0.001) and excursions (sagittal: p < 0.001; frontal: p < 0.05) during the weightbearing acceptance phase than the single-segmented model. Overall, the two foot models provided distinctive sagittal ankle kinematics, with lower magnitudes in the hindfoot-tibia of the three-segmented foot. Furthermore, the three-segmented foot model may provide additional and representative kinematic data of the ankle and foot joints, to better comprehend its function, particularly in populations whose foot-ankle complex plays an important role (e.g., dancers).

Magnaporthe oryzae chrysovirus 1 strain D confers growth inhibition to the host fungus and exhibits multiform viral structural proteins.

A Japanese isolate of Magnaporthe oryzae is infected by Magnaporthe oryzae chrysovirus 1-D (MoCV1-D), which is classified in cluster II of the family Chrysoviridae. The genome of MoCV1-D consists of five dsRNAs. dsRNAs 1-4 show high identity with those of related MoCV1 viruses, whereas dsRNA5 shows relatively low identity and is sometimes deleted during virus propagation. MoCV1-D causes growth inhibition of its host fungus, and the protein encoded by its dsRNA4 impairs cell growth when expressed in yeast cells. It also causes abnormal pigmentation and colony albinization, and we showed that these phenotypes are associated with reduced accumulation of the melanin biosynthesis intermediate scylatone. MoCV1-D exhibits multiform viral structural proteins during prolonged culture. The original host isolate is co-infected with MoCV1-D, a victorivirus, and a partitivirus, and these mycoviruses are detected in cell-free supernatant fractions after prolonged liquid culturing. Hyphal fusion experiments demonstrated that MoCV1-D is transmissible via anastomosis.

The Role of Cu Length on the Magnetic Behaviour of Fe/Cu Multi-Segmented Nanowires.

A set of multi-segmented Fe/Cu nanowires were synthesized by a two-step anodization process of aluminum substrates and a pulsed electrodeposition technique using a single bath. While both Fe segment length and diameter were kept constant to (30 ± 7) and (45 ± 5) nm, respectively, Cu length was varied between (15 ± 5) and (120 ± 10) nm. The influence of the non-magnetic layer thickness variation on the nanowire magnetic properties was investigated through first-order reversal curve (FORC) measurements and micromagnetic simulations. Our analysis confirmed that, in the multi-segmented Fe/Cu nanowires with shorter Cu segments, the dipolar coupling between Fe segments controls the nanowire magnetic behavior, and its performance is like that of a homogenous Fe nanowire array of similar dimensions. On the other hand, multi-segmented Fe/Cu nanowires with larger Cu segments act like a collection of non-interacting magnetic entities (along the nanowire axis), and their global behavior is mainly controlled by the neighbor-to-neighbor nanodisc dipolar interactions.

Magnetization Ratchet in Cylindrical Nanowires.

The unidirectional motion of information carriers such as domain walls in magnetic nanostrips is a key feature for many future spintronic applications based on shift registers. This magnetic ratchet effect has so far been achieved in a limited number of complex nanomagnetic structures, for example, by lithographically engineered pinning sites. Here we report on a simple remagnetization ratchet originated in the asymmetric potential from the designed increasing lengths of magnetostatically coupled ferromagnetic segments in FeCo/Cu cylindrical nanowires. The magnetization reversal in neighboring segments propagates sequentially in steps starting from the shorter segments, irrespective of the applied field direction. This natural and efficient ratchet offers alternatives for the design of three-dimensional advanced storage and logic devices.

Multisegmented FeCo/Cu nanowires: electrosynthesis, characterization, and magnetic control of biomolecule desorption.

In this paper, we report on the synthesis of FeCo/Cu multisegmented nanowires by means of pulse electrodeposition in nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide arrays supported on silicon chips. By adjustment of the electrodeposition conditions, such as the pulse scheme and the electrolyte, alternating segments of Cu and ferromagnetic FeCo alloy can be fabricated. The segments can be built with a wide range of lengths (15-150 nm) and exhibit a close-to-pure composition (Cu or FeCo alloy) as suggested by energy-dispersive X-ray mapping results. The morphology and the crystallographic structure of different nanowire configurations have been assessed thoroughly, concluding that Fe, Co, and Cu form solid solution. Magnetic characterization using vibrating sample magnetometry and magnetic force microscopy reveals that by introduction of nonmagnetic Cu segments within the nanowire architecture, the magnetic easy axis can be modified and the reduced remanence can be tuned to the desired values. The experimental results are in agreement with the provided simulations. Furthermore, the influence of nanowire magnetic architecture on the magnetically triggered protein desorption is evaluated for three types of nanowires: Cu, FeCo, and multisegmented FeCo15nm/Cu15nm. The application of an external magnetic field can be used to enhance the release of proteins on demand. For fully magnetic FeCo nanowires the applied oscillating field increased protein release by 83%, whereas this was found to be 45% for multisegmented FeCo15nm/Cu15nm nanowires. Our work suggests that a combination of arrays of nanowires with different magnetic configurations could be used to generate complex substance concentration gradients or control delivery of multiple drugs and macromolecules.

Programmable photo-electrochemical hydrogen evolution based on multi-segmented CdS-Au nanorod arrays.

Programmable photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution have been fabricated based on multi-segmented CdS-Au nanorod arrays, which exhibited high-efficiency and programmability in hydrogen evolution as the photoanodes in the photoelectrochemical cell. Multiple different components each possess unique physical and chemical properties that provide these cascade nanostructures with multiformity, programmability, and adaptability. These advantages allow these nanostructures as promising candidates for high efficient harvesting and conversion of solar energy.

A dsRNA mycovirus, Magnaporthe oryzae chrysovirus 1-B, suppresses vegetative growth and development of the rice blast fungus.

A double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mycovirus was found in isolate S-0412-II 2a of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Sequence analysis of the five dsRNA segments (dsRNA1 through dsRNA5) revealed that this mycovirus is closely related to Magnaporthe oryzae chrysovirus 1-A (MoCV1-A), tentatively classified as a member of the Chrysoviridae; therefore, it was named Magnaporthe oryzae chrysovirus 1-B (MoCV1-B). Virus particles were spherical and composed of the ORF1, ORF3 and ORF4 proteins. MoCV1-B-infected isolate S-0412-II 2a showed a more severe impaired phenotype than the MoCV1-A-infected isolate. In a virus-cured isolate, normal growth was restored, implied that MoCV1-B could be involved in this observed phenotype. An unanticipated result was the occurrence of a fungal isolate lacking dsRNA5. The nonessential dsRNA5 had higher sequence identity (96%) with dsRNA5 of MoCV1-A than with the other dsRNA segments (71-79%), indicating that dsRNA5 could be a portable genomic element between MoCV1-A and MoCV1-B.