Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Is a Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death in the Early Period After Hospital Discharge in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD) after discharge in Japanese acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains unknown.Methods and Results:The study population included 1,429 AMI patients (199 with LVEF ≤35% and 1,230 with LVEF >35%) admitted to the Hirosaki University Hospital, treated with primary PCI within 12 h after onset, and survived to discharge. LVEF was evaluated in all patients before discharge, and the patients were followed up for a mean of 2.6±0.8 years. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed LVEF ≤35% was associated with all-cause death and SCD. The incidence of SCD was 2.6% at 1 year and 3.1% at 3 years in patients with LVEF ≤35%, whereas it was 0.1% at 1 year and 0.3% at 3 years in patients with LVEF >35%. Sixty-seven percent of SCDs in patients with LVEF ≤35% occurred within 4 months after discharge, and the events became less frequent after this period. A Cox proportional hazard model indicated LVEF ≤35% as an independent predictor for all-cause death and SCD. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of SCD was relatively low in Japanese AMI patients treated with primary PCI, even in patients with LVEF ≤35% upon discharge. Careful management of patients with reduced LVEF is required to prevent SCD, especially in the early phase after discharge.

Factors associated with door-in to door-out delays among ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients transferred for primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada.

BACKGROUND: Compared to ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients who present at centres with catheterization facilities, those transferred for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have substantially longer door-in to door-out (DIDO) times, where DIDO is defined as the time interval from arrival at a non-PCI hospital, to transfer to a PCI hospital. We aimed to identify potentially modifiable factors to improve DIDO times in Ontario, Canada and to assess the impact of DIDO times on 30-day mortality. METHODS: A population-based, retrospective cohort study of 966 STEMI patients transferred for primary PCI in Ontario in 2012 was conducted. Baseline factors were examined across timely DIDO status. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine independent predictors of timely DIDO as well as the association between DIDO times and 30-day mortality. RESULTS: The median DIDO time was 55 min, with 20.1% of patients achieving the recommended DIDO benchmark of ≤30 min. Age (OR> 75 vs 18-55 0.30, 95% CI: 0.16-0.56), symptom-to-first medical contact (FMC) time (OR61-120mins vs < 60mins 0.60, 95% CI: 0.39-0.90; OR>120mins vs < 60mins 0.53, 95% CI:0.35-0.81) and emergency medical services transport with a pre-hospital electrocardiogram (ECG) (OREMS transport + ECG vs self-transport 2.63, 95% CI:1.59-4.35) were the strongest predictors of timely DIDO. Patients with timely ECG were more likely to have recommended DIDO times (33.0% vs 12.3%; P < 0.001). A significantly higher proportion of those who met the DIDO benchmark had timely FMC-to-balloon times (78.7% vs 27.4%; P < 0.001). Compared to patients with DIDO time ≤ 30 min, those with DIDO times > 90 min had significantly higher adjusted 30-day mortality rates (OR 2.82, 95% CI:1.10-7.19). CONCLUSIONS: While benchmark DIDO times were still rarely achieved in the province, we identified several potentially modifiable factors in the STEMI system that might be targeted to improve DIDO times. Our findings that patients who received a pre-hospital ECG were still being transferred to non-PCI capable centres suggest strategies addressing this gap may improve patient outcomes.

Complex Antiplatelet Therapy Management in Patients Requiring Urgent Interventions for Pseudoachalasia and Esophageal Obstruction.

This case report describes the use of intravenous (IV) cangrelor as a transient tool for antiplatelet bridging therapy in a 70-year-old male with coronary artery disease and esophageal strictures who underwent recent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and subsequently required a pre-oral endoscopic myomectomy (POEM) procedure. The patient was switched from oral clopidogrel to IV cangrelor drip prior to the procedure, which was successful in preventing stent thrombosis. The case highlights the potential benefits of IV antiplatelet therapy in patients unable to tolerate oral medications in the setting of esophageal obstructions following recent coronary stent placement in a critical care setting.

The Impact of Age, Comorbidities, and Discharge Timing on Clinical Outcomes Following Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Background The adoption of same-day discharge (SDD) in elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures offers potential benefits in terms of patient satisfaction and reduced healthcare costs. Despite these advantages, the safety and efficacy of SDD, especially among patients with diverse health profiles, are not fully understood. This study investigates the effects of patient-specific factors, including age, comorbidities, and discharge timing, on the clinical outcomes of elective PCI, focusing on the viability of SDD. Methods A prospective study was carried out at Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan, involving 220 patients undergoing elective PCI from January to June 2023. This research compared the clinical outcomes of patients discharged on the same day with those who had extended hospital stays, examining the impact of age, comorbidities, and PCI success. Main outcome measures included post-procedure complications and hospital readmissions within 30 days. Results The study enrolled participants with an average age of 62 years, the majority (88%, n=194/220) of whom had comorbidities. Interestingly, 16% (n=35/220) of the participants were discharged on the same day, while the rest stayed longer in the hospital. Notably, those in the SDD group experienced significantly more complications and readmissions, with 95.14% (n=33/36) compared to only 16.22% (n=30/184) in their counterparts. Factors such as age, comorbidities, success of PCI, timing of discharge, and patient satisfaction emerged as significant predictors of the observed outcomes. Conclusion This study highlights the essential role of personalized care in discharge planning following elective PCI, advocating for a cautious approach towards SDD, especially for older patients and those with multiple health issues.

Evaluating the Differential Risk of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Among Diabetic and Non-diabetic Patients Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Background Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) significantly complicates percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), with a higher prevalence in diabetic patients. This study compares the incidence of CIN in diabetic and non-diabetic patients undergoing PCI. Material and methods Conducted at Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, PAK, from January to December 2023, this observational study involved 450 adult patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing PCI. The cohort was categorized based on diabetes status, excluding patients with chronic kidney disease and those on renal replacement therapy. Baseline characteristics documented included age, gender, blood pressure, creatinine levels, and the presence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). CIN was defined as a ≥25% increase in serum creatinine from baseline within 48-72 hours post-PCI. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp., Version 25.0, Armonk, NY), incorporating descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and independent t-tests, with a significance level of p<0.05. Results The median age of the study population was 55 years. The cohort comprised 52% male (n=234) and 48% female (n=216). Notably, 33% (n=149) had ACS. Diabetic patients exhibited a significantly higher incidence of CIN post-PCI compared to non-diabetics. The highest incidence of CIN (17%, n=77) occurred in the 70+ age group. The findings highlight the criticality of renal function monitoring and procedural adjustments for diabetic patients. Conclusion Diabetic patients demonstrate an increased risk of CIN following PCI. This necessitates the development of tailored prevention strategies for this high-risk subgroup.

Assessment of Severity of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Using Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Its Correlation With Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Risk Score.

Introduction ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is an acute presentation of myocardial infarction (MI). It is caused by the complete occlusion of coronary arteries by a thrombus secondary to atherosclerotic plaque formation within these vessels. The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score is a seven-item scale used to categorize patients based on risk and to predict mortality in acute MI patients. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an independent assessor of prognosis in cardiovascular diseases; it holds a pivotal role in inflammation and atherosclerotic plaque formation. Methodology A hospital-based cross-sectional study was undertaken among 76 patients who had acute MI, out of which 50 patients who had STEMI were included and 26 patients were excluded (13 patients had non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), four patients had unstable angina, nine patients had arrhythmias). After detailed clinical and laboratory evaluation, NLR was calculated for all 50 patients, and they were distributed into low NLR, intermediate NLR and high NLR groups based on the ratio. Patients then underwent coronary angiography, and their TIMI-STEMI score was calculated and compared with their NLR score. Using SPSS software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), the collected data was statistically analyzed. Results Fifty patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) based on their NLR were distributed into three categories: Category A with low NLR of <1.7 (n=2), Category B with intermediate NLR of 1.7-3 (n=10), and Category C with high NLR of >3 (n=38). In this study, there were more male patients (two in Category A, six in Category B, 28 in Category C), mean age group was 55 +/- 10 (one in Category A, five in Category B, 32 in Category C), the most common presentation was chest pain (two in Category A, nine in Category B, 37 in Category C), the most common risk factor was smoking (two in Category A, six in Category B, 15 in Category C), the angiographic TIMI-STEMI score was calculated and two, six, and two patients in Category A, Category B, Category C respectively had a low score of <4, four and 36 patients in Category B and C respectively had a high score of >4, and there was a significant correlation between high NLR and high TIMI-STEMI score (P = 0.001). Conclusion This study infers that a simple bedside parameter like the NLR, which is easily available and affordable, can predict the outcome in STEMI patients and stands on par with conventional angiographic scores.

Antegrade Wire Tracking of the Retrograde Tract (ATRT): A Novel Technique for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Chronic Total Occlusion.

BACKGROUND: Chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesions are the most challenging subset of coronary lesions. For lesions with a failed antegrade approach, the initial retrograde, followed by a combined retrograde and antegrade approach, remains the mainstay of therapy. OBJECTIVE: The study evaluated a technique of initial retrograde followed by an antegrade approach to treat lesions with a failed antegrade approach. METHODS: We have adopted this technique to treat 31 CTO lesions with a failed antegrade approach, where a floppy wire was advanced antegrade through the tract created by a retrograde balloon advanced over the retrograde wire (antegrade wire tracking of the retrograde tract (ATRT)), which was advanced into the aorta retrogradely. RESULT: In 31 patients with failed antegrade approaches, the ATRT technique was tried, which was successful in 25 patients (the success rate was 80.6%). There was a failure to cross the microchannel in four patients, although angiographically, it looked promising. In two patients, it was impossible to advance the microcatheter or the smallest profile balloon retrogradely until the entire length of the CTO body. So, a reverse controlled antegrade and retrograde subintimal tracking (CART) was performed on these two patients excluded from the study. CONCLUSION: ATRT is a useful technique for CTO percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for patients with failed antegrade approaches with acceptable success rates. The procedure is safe in terms of procedural complications.

Acute Kidney Injury After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Guided by Intravascular Ultrasound.

Purpose We investigated the impact of intravascular ultrasound guidance on reducing the incidence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods Ninety-nine patients were enrolled in this prospective cohort who were not randomly assigned to angiography-guided percutaneous coronary intervention or intravascular ultrasound-guided percutaneous coronary intervention. The patients were hospitalized at the Vietnam National Heart Institute - Bach Mai Hospital between 2019 and 2020. Acute kidney injury incidence during hospitalization was the primary endpoint. Results A total of 99 patients were divided into two groups: the intravascular ultrasound-guided group (33 participants) and the angiography-guided group (66 participants). The mean ± SD contrast volume of each group was 95.2 ± 37.1 mL and 133.0 ± 36.0 mL for the ultrasound-guided and angiography-guided groups, with P < 0.0001. Intravascular imaging-guided percutaneous coronary intervention (IVUS-guided PCI) was associated with reduced acute kidney injury incidence during hospitalization: 0.0% vs. 12.12% and P = 0.049. Conclusions Intravascular ultrasound is a safe imaging tool that guides percutaneous coronary intervention and significantly reduces the rate of acute kidney injury compared to angiography alone. Patients who have a high chance of experiencing acute kidney injury benefit from using intravascular ultrasound.

Infarct Size Reduction in an Anterior ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Following "Optimized" Supersaturated Oxygen Therapy.

This comprehensive case report documents the treatment of a 37-year-old female patient who presented with anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The patient underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), followed by an innovative therapy - optimized supersaturated oxygen therapy (SSO2). This therapy was chosen due to its potential to enhance myocardial salvage, particularly in severe MI cases like the patient. The report meticulously details the patient's clinical course, including the diagnostic procedures and the rationale behind opting for SSO2 therapy. It highlights the significant improvements observed post-therapy: enhanced left ventricular (LV) function and a remarkable reduction in the size of the LV apical aneurysm. These outcomes suggest a direct benefit of SSO2 in reducing myocardial damage. Finally, the report discusses the broader implications of these findings. It underscores the potential of optimized SSO2 therapy in clinical settings, particularly for patients with anterior MI. The case exemplifies how advanced therapeutic interventions like SSO2 can play a pivotal role in improving clinical outcomes post-MI, thereby advocating for its consideration in similar clinical scenarios.

In-Hospital Outcomes in Patients With Non-ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Concomitant Neurodevelopmental Disorders in the United States: Insights From the National Inpatient Sample 2011-2020.

Patients with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) encounter significant barriers to receiving quality health care, particularly for acute conditions such as non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). This study addresses the critical gap in knowledge regarding in-hospital outcomes and the use of invasive therapies in this demographic. By analyzing data from the National Inpatient Sample database from 2011 to 2020 using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition (ICD-9) and Tenth Edition (ICD-10) codes, we identified patients with NSTEMI, both with and without NDDs, and compared baseline characteristics, in-hospital outcomes, and the application of invasive treatments. The analysis involved a weighted sample of 7,482,216 NSTEMI hospitalizations, of which 30,168 (0.40%) patients had NDDs. There were significantly higher comorbidity-adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality, cardiac arrest, endotracheal intubation, infectious complications, ventricular arrhythmias, and restraint use among the NDD cohort. Conversely, this group exhibited lower adjusted odds of undergoing left heart catheterization, percutaneous coronary intervention, or coronary artery bypass graft surgery. These findings underscore the disparities faced by patients with NDDs in accessing invasive cardiac interventions, highlighting the need for further research to address these barriers and improve care quality for this vulnerable population.

Spontaneous Left Main Coronary Artery Dissection in a Male.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is one of the causes of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) that is increasingly recognized in young to middle-aged women without typical coronary risk factors. This case report describes a 46-year-old male with a rare presentation of SCAD involving the left main (LM) coronary artery. The patient underwent an emergency coronary angiogram for high-risk ACS and had percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of LM due to active ischemia and hemodynamic instability. The extension of intramural hematoma after the LM coronary artery stent confirmed the initial suspicion of SCAD. The diagnosis of SCAD is crucial, as its management differs from other causes of ACS. Coronary angiography is the gold standard for diagnosing SCAD, with adjunctive imaging using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). In this patient, his physical examination findings and further imaging raised a suspicion for systemic connective tissue disease. Genetic analysis was executed, but no reportable variants in any of the 29 genes studied were identified. This case highlights the importance of recognizing SCAD as a potential cause of ACS even in men and emphasizes the findings during coronary angiography that can aid in an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.

Effectiveness and Safety of Left Distal Transradial Access in Coronary Procedures in the Caribbean.

INTRODUCTION: This retrospective study investigated the effectiveness and safety of left distal transradial access (LDTRA) in patients with cardiovascular disease in Trinidad undergoing coronary angiography (CAG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHOD: Procedural parameters, including technical success and safety outcomes such as vascular complications and radial artery occlusion (RAO), were assessed in 111 consecutive patients undergoing CAG or PCI from January 2023 to June 2023 at the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Trinidad and Tobago. Eighty-eight patients underwent LDTRA, while 23 received left transradial access (LTRA). RESULTS: There was no difference in procedural success with LDTRA compared to LTRA, 90.9% vs. 100%, p-value 0.202, non-significant (ns). LDTRA was associated with shorter fluoroscopy times (8.4 ± 6.8 minutes vs. 12.4 ± 7.7 minutes, p-value = 0.02), procedural duration (26.7 ± 18 minutes vs. 35.8 ± 20 minutes, p-value = 0.04), and hemostasis time (142 ± 41 minutes vs. 186 ± 44 minutes, p-value < 0.05). There were no significant differences in procedural-related complications (8% for LDTRA vs. 4.3% for LTRA, p-value = 0.476, ns). There were no reported cases of RAO. In the subgroup of patients with prior coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), the fluoroscopy and procedure times were similar for both access sites; however, LDTRA was associated with a shorter hemostasis time (128 ± 30 minutes vs. 194 ± 39 minutes, p-value = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: LDTRA is effective and safe for coronary procedures and is associated with a shorter hemostasis time. This study may prove clinically pertinent in a limited-resource Caribbean setting.

The Impact of the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio on In-Hospital Outcomes in Patients With Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

Introduction The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a significant predictor of cardiovascular diseases, influencing their progression and prognosis. The exact role of the NLR in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is unclear. We investigated the possible association between peak NLR values within the first three days after STEMI onset and in-hospital outcomes in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods This retrospective study included 641 patients who were diagnosed with acute STEMI and treated with primary PCI for 18 months at Dr. Siyami Ersek Hospital. The NLR was calculated using the maximum values obtained during the first three days after admission. The patients were divided into quartiles according to their NLR values for further analysis of potential complications during and after hospitalization, up to a follow-up period of three months. Results Significant differences were found in factors such as age, body mass index (BMI), and length of hospital stay among these groups. Specifically, we found that in-hospital mortality rates were significantly higher in the Q4 group, and there were variations in target vessel revascularization (TVR) rates, major adverse cardiac events (MACE) rates, and other clinical outcomes. Some parameters, such as reinfarction rates and certain procedural outcomes, did not show significant differences among the groups. However, despite the differences, most of the patients achieved successful outcomes after PCI, with the best results in the low NLR group and the worst results in the high NLR group. Conclusion Higher NLR values were associated with a higher risk of unfavorable outcomes during hospitalization.

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Young Patients: A Single-Center Experience.

Objective This study aimed to examine the clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of patients aged ≤45 years with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). Methods From January 2018 to March 2020, this retrospective observational study took place at a tertiary cardiac center in Bahrain. We included patients aged ≤45 years who were admitted with STEMI and had primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). Results In this study, 510 patients with STEMI receiving pPCI were included, of whom 95 (18%) were younger than 45 years. The young age group had more smokers (57.9% vs. 40.5%, p = 0.003), newly diagnosed dyslipidemia (41.1% vs. 25.5%, p = 0.004), and a positive family history of early coronary artery disease (CAD) (14.7% vs. 4.3%, p = <0.001). Traditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus, systemic hypertension, and dyslipidemia, were significantly less common in young patients. Major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) were also significantly less common in young patients at the one-year follow-up (2.1 vs. 8.4%, p = 0.05). Conclusion Young patients with STEMI are more often smokers with undiagnosed dyslipidemia and have a family history of CAD. MACCE at one year is significantly lower as compared to older patients, but it is not negligible. Public health efforts are needed to reduce the prevalence of modifiable risk factors among the susceptible population.

Spinal Cord Infarction: Access Site Complication of Femoral Artery Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Spinal cord infarction (SCI) is an uncommon vascular syndrome that leads to neurologic abnormalities with multiple implicated causes. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a non-surgical invasive procedure used to relieve an arterial occlusion or narrowing that causes ischemia to the heart. This is usually performed by different methods and different arterial access sites. Here, we present a case of a patient who developed bilateral lower limb weakness eight days after a femoral artery PCI and was diagnosed with SCI. This case report aims to document a rare complication and highlight the most important demographic, investigation, management, risk factors, and prognosis data available in the literature.

Left Main Snorkel Stent Thrombosis in Association With Takayasu Arteritis.

Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare form of large vessel arteritis that predominantly affects the aorta and its major branches. This inflammation leads to thickening, fibrosis, and stenosis of the arterial walls, which may lead to thrombus formation. The resulting symptoms are typically due to ischemia of the end organs. Coronary artery involvement is uncommon and primarily affects the ostia of the arteries. Ostial involvement of the coronary arteries can have a dramatic course, including fatal outcomes. We present the case of a 16-year-old female with TA involving the ostium of the left main coronary artery, causing severe stenosis. A successful percutaneous coronary intervention was performed on the left main artery with snorkel stent placement, which was complicated by cardiac arrest seven months later due to complete thrombosis of the proximal opening of the protruding stent.

Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of Acute Thrombotic Occlusion of a Low-Lying Tortuous Right Coronary Artery With a Multipurpose Catheter in an Octogenarian.

Right coronary artery intervention is usually accomplished with a Judkins right (JR) coronary guide catheter. Abnormal right coronary artery take-off from the right coronary sinus poses difficulty in engaging the right coronary artery with a conventional JR guide catheter. We report a rare case of primary percutaneous intervention of the right coronary artery which was performed with a multipurpose catheter as the patient had an extremely low-lying coronary artery from the coronary sinus where conventional catheters could not engage the right coronary artery in an octogenarian with acute inferior wall ST-elevation myocardial infarction in cardiogenic shock.

Development of Multi-Vessel Coronary No-Reflow Following Elective Percutaneous Intervention in One Vessel.

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a frequently performed procedure that can have minor or major complications. One of the more serious complications of PCI is the development of coronary no-reflow. No-reflow signifies reduced or absent coronary flow in the distal coronary circulation in the absence of flow-limiting lesions. We present a case of a middle-aged man who presented as an outpatient for elective coronary angiography due to angina pectoris and a high-risk exercise stress test. Coronary angiography demonstrated significant single-vessel disease with lesions in the proximal and mid-segments of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Successful placement of drug-eluting stents in the LAD was followed by a severe drop in blood pressure, worsening chest pain, and ST elevation on telemetry. Immediate angiography showed the development of no-reflow in both the LAD and left circumflex coronary arteries. Ionotropic and intravenous anti-platelet agents were administered with simultaneous placement of an intra-aortic balloon pump, restoring normal flow in both arteries. No-reflow occurs most commonly following PCI in certain lesion subsets, and it is usually seen only in the vessel in which the PCI was performed (culprit vessel). It is important to realize that this phenomenon can occur in other circumstances since immediate recognition and treatment can be lifesaving.

The Effect of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention on QT Dispersion and the Association Between Them: A Systematic Review.

Electrocardiography (ECG) parameters are significant in the prognosis of ischemia and other cardiovascular conditions. Reperfusion or revascularization techniques are essential in reestablishing blood flow to ischemic tissues. This study aims to demonstrate the association between percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), a revascularization technique, and the electrocardiography (ECG) parameter, QT dispersion (QTd). We conducted a systematic review of the association between PCI and QTd through a literature search in three electronic databases, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar, for empirical studies published in English. Review Manager (RevMan) 5.4 (Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, England) was used for statistical analysis. Of 3,626 studies, 12 articles met the inclusion criteria, enrolling a total of 1,239 patients. After a successful PCI procedure, QTd and corrected QT (QTc) tremendously reduced at various time intervals with statistical significance in most of the studies. There was a clear association between ECG parameters QTd, QTc, and corrected QT dispersion (QTcd), and PCI, in that there is a considerable reduction in these ECG parameters after PCI treatment.

A Case of Subacute Stent Thrombosis.

A 67-year-old male presenting with an anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) underwent stent placement in the left anterior descending coronary. The patient was discharged on an appropriate medical regimen containing dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). Four days later, the patient presented with repeat acute coronary syndrome symptomatology. Electrocardiogram demonstrated ongoing STEMI in the previously treated artery distribution. Emergency angiography revealed restenosis and total thrombotic occlusion. Post-intervention stenosis was 0% after aspiration thrombectomy and balloon angioplasty. Stent thrombosis is a high-mortality and therapeutically challenging condition requiring prepared clinicians who recognize predisposing risk factors and initiate early management.