A central role for regulated protein stability in the control of TFE3 and MITF by nutrients.

The TFE3 and MITF master transcription factors maintain metabolic homeostasis by regulating lysosomal, melanocytic, and autophagy genes. Previous studies posited that their cytosolic retention by 14-3-3, mediated by the Rag GTPases-mTORC1, was key for suppressing transcriptional activity in the presence of nutrients. Here, we demonstrate using mammalian cells that regulated protein stability plays a fundamental role in their control. Amino acids promote the recruitment of TFE3 and MITF to the lysosomal surface via the Rag GTPases, activating an evolutionarily conserved phospho-degron and leading to ubiquitination by CUL1ß-TrCP and degradation. Elucidation of the minimal functional degron revealed a conserved alpha-helix required for interaction with RagA, illuminating the molecular basis for a severe neurodevelopmental syndrome caused by missense mutations in TFE3 within the RagA-TFE3 interface. Additionally, the phospho-degron is recurrently lost in TFE3 genomic translocations that cause kidney cancer. Therefore, two divergent pathologies converge on the loss of protein stability regulation by nutrients.

A Post-translational Modification-enhanced Pull-down Method to Study Degron Domains and the Associated Protein Degradation Complexes.

The identification and characterization of the ubiquitin E-ligase complexes involved in specific proteins' degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) can be challenging and require biochemical purification processes and in vitro reconstitution assays. Likewise, evaluating the effect of parallel phosphorylation and ubiquitination events occurring in vivo at dual phospho/ubiquitin-regulated motifs (called Phospho-Degrons or pDegrons) driving UPS degradation of the targeted protein has remained elusive. Indeed, the functional study of such E1-E2-E3 complexes acting on a protein-specific level requires previously or otherwise acquired knowledge of the nature of such degradation complex components. Furthermore, the molecular basis of the interaction between an E3 ligase and its pDegron binding motif on a target protein would require individually optimized in vitro kinase and ubiquitination assays. Here, we describe a novel enzymatically enhanced pull-down method to functionally streamline the discovery and functional validation of the ubiquitin E-ligase components interacting with a phospho-degron containing protein domain and/or sub-domain. The protocol combines key features of a protein kinase and ubiquitination in vitro assay by including them in a pull-down step exerted by a known or putative pDegron-tagged peptide using the cell extracts as a source of enzymatically active post-translational modification (PTM) modifying/binding native proteins. The same method allows studying specific stimuli or treatments towards the recruitment of the molecular degradation complex at the target protein's phospho-degron site, reflecting in vivo-initiated events further enhanced through the assay design. In order to take full advantage of the method over traditional protein-protein interaction methods, we propose to use this PTM-enhanced (PTMe) pull down both towards the degradation complex discovery/ID phase as well as for the functional pDegron recruitment validation phase, which is the one described in the present protocol both graphically and in a stepwise fashion for reproduceable results. Key features • Suitable to study UPS-regulated (a) cytosolic and/or nuclear proteins, (b) intracellular region of transmembrane proteins, and (c) protein sub-domains bearing a known/putative pDegron motif. • Requires a biotin-tagged recombinant version of the target protein and/or sub-domain. • Allows the qualitative and quantitative analysis of endogenous ubiquitin (Ub) E-ligases recruitment to a known or putative pDegron bearing protein/sub-domain. • Allows simultaneous testing of various treatments and/or conditions affecting the phosphorylative and/or ubiquitylation status of the studied pDegron bearing protein/sub-domain and the recruited factors. Graphical overview.

The Highs and Lows of FBXW7: New Insights into Substrate Affinity in Disease and Development.

FBXW7 is a critical regulator of cell cycle, cell signaling, and development. A highly conserved F-box protein and component of the SKP1-Cullin-F-box (SCF) complex, FBXW7 functions as a recognition subunit within a Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for ubiquitinating substrate proteins and targeting them for proteasome-mediated degradation. In human cells, FBXW7 promotes degradation of a large number of substrate proteins, including many that impact disease, such as NOTCH1, Cyclin E, MYC, and BRAF. A central focus for investigation has been to understand the molecular mechanisms that allow the exquisite substrate specificity exhibited by FBXW7. Recent work has produced a clearer understanding of how FBXW7 physically interacts with both high-affinity and low-affinity substrates. We review new findings that provide insights into the consequences of "hotspot" missense mutations of FBXW7 that are found in human cancers. Finally, we discuss how the FBXW7-substrate interaction, and the kinases responsible for substrate phosphorylation, contribute to patterned protein degradation in C. elegans development.

The DTX Protein Family: An Emerging Set of E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer.

Until recently, Deltex (DTX) proteins have been considered putative E3 ligases, based on the presence of an E3 RING domain in their protein coding sequence. The human DTX family includes DTX1, DTX2, DTX3, DTX3L and DTX4. Despite the fact that our knowledge of this class of E3-ubiquitin ligases is still at an early stage, our understanding of their role in oncogenesis is beginning to unfold. In fact, recently published studies allow us to define specific biological scenarios and further consolidate evidence-based working hypotheses. According to the current evidence, all DTX family members are involved in the regulation of Notch signaling, suggesting a phylogenetically conserved role in the regulation of this pathway. Indeed, additional evidence reveals a wider involvement of these proteins in other signaling complexes and cancer-promoting mechanisms beyond NOTCH signaling. DTX3, in particular, had been known to express two isoform variants (DTX3a and DTX3b). The recent identification and cloning of a third isoform variant in cancer (DTX3c), and its specific involvement in EphB4 degradation in cancer cells, sheds further light on this group of proteins and their specific role in cancer. Herein, we review the cumulative knowledge of this family of E3 Ubiquitin ligases with a specific focus on the potential oncogenic role of DTX isoforms in light of the rapidly expanding findings regarding this protein family's cellular targets and regulated signaling pathways. Furthermore, using a comparative and bioinformatic approach, we here disclose a new putative motif of a member of this family which may help in understanding the biological and contextual differences between the members of these proteins.