What is typical: Atypical in young children's attention regulation?: Characterizing the developmental spectrum with the Multidimensional Assessment Profiles-Attention Regulation Infant-Toddler (MAPS-AR-IT) Scale.

While attention dysregulation is a promising early indicator of neurodevelopmental risk, in particular attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), it is difficult to characterize clinical concern due to its developmental expectability at the transition to toddlerhood. Thus, explicating the typical:atypical continuum of risk indicators is among the key future directions for research to promote early identification and intervention, and prevent decrements in the attainment of developmental milestones into early childhood. In this paper, we present the Multidimensional Assessment Profiles-Attention Regulation Infant-Toddler (MAPS-AR-IT) Scale, a novel parent-report survey of dimensional, developmentally specified indicators of attention (dys)regulation. Item Response Theory was employed to characterize the typical:atypical spectrum of both normative and more concerning dysregulation (including the contexts in which behavior occurs). We provide evidence of the validity of this measure in capturing the full typical:atypical spectrum via a longitudinal sample of typically developing children at 12-18 months of age (baseline) via concurrent scores on well-validated temperament and clinical measures. We also examine longitudinal stability and predictive validity if the MAPS-AR-IT via a clinical interview of ADHD symptoms at 24-30 months (follow-up). While not diagnostic, we present evidence of the utility of the MAPS-AR-IT in explicating individual neurodevelopmental risk and elucidating the broader typicality of behaviors related to attention (dys)regulation.

Aunque la desregulación de la atención es un prometedor indicador temprano del riesgo neural de desarrollo, en particular el trastorno de déficit en la atención/hiperactividad (ADHD), es difícil caracterizar las preocupaciones clínicas debido al factor de expectativa de desarrollo al momento de la transición a la temprana niñez. De manera que explicar la progresión típica:atípica de indicadores de riesgo está entre las futuras directrices claves para la investigación con el fin de promover la temprana identificación e intervención, y prevenir disminuciones en el alcance de hitos críticos hacia la temprana niñez. En este ensayo, presentamos la Escala de Perfiles de Evaluación Multidimensional - Regulación de la Atención del Infante-Niño Pequeñito (MAPS-AR-IT) una novedosa encuesta de reporte del progenitor, acerca de la (des)regulación de la atención, dimensional y específica para el desarrollo. Aportamos evidencia de la validez de esta medida para captar la completa gama típica:atípica por medio de una muestra longitudinal de niños típicamente en desarrollo, a los 12-18 meses de edad (edad base) por medio de puntajes concurrentes sobre el temperamento bien validado y las medidas clínicas, así como también la estabilidad longitudinal y la validez de predicción por medio de una entrevista clínica de síntomas de ADHD a los 24-30 meses (seguimiento). Se empleó la Teoría de Respuesta al Asunto para caracterizar la gama típica:atípica tanto de la desregulación normativa como de la más preocupante (incluyendo los contextos en los cuales ocurre el comportamiento). Aunque no se trata de diagnóstico, presentamos evidencia de la utilidad de MAPS-AR-IT para explicar el riesgo individual de desarrollo neural y elucidar el más amplio aspecto típico de comportamientos relacionados con la (des)regulación de la atención.

Bien que la dysrégulation de l'attention soit un indicateur précoce prometteur du risque neurodéveloppemental, en particulier le trouble déficitaire de l'attention/hyperactivité (TDHA) il est difficile de caractériser la préoccupation clinique du fait de sa prévisibilité développementale à la transition à la petite enfance. Par conséquent, expliquer le continuum typique:atypique des indicateurs de risque s'avère être une des directions futures de recherches clé pour promouvoir l'identification et l'intervention précoce, et prévenir les baisses dans la réalisation d'étapes développementales importantes jusque dans la petite enfance. Dans cet article nous présentons l'Echelle Multidimensional Assessment Profiles - Attention Regulation Infant-Toddler (MAPS-AR-IT) (échelle de profils d'évaluation multidimensionnelle - régulation de l'attention bébé-petit enfant, abrégée selon l'anglais MAP-AR-IT), une étude nouvelle basée sur les rapports faits par les parents de la (dys)régulation de l'attention dimensionnelle et spécifiée selon le développement. Nous démontrons la validité de cette mesure en capturant l'éventail total typique:atypique au moyen d'un échantillon longitudinal d'enfants se développement typiquement, à 12-18 mois (ligne de case) au moyen de scores concurrents de mesures cliniques et de tempérament bien validées, ainsi qu''une stabilité longitudinale et d'une validité prédictive au moyen d'un entretien Clinique des symptômes THHA à 24-30 mois (suivi). La Item Response Theory (IRT) a été employée pour caractériser l'éventail typique:atypique de la dysrégulation à la fois normative et celle plus inquiétante (y compris les contextes dans lesquels le comportement prend place). Bien que cela ne soit pas diagnostique, nous présentons la preuve de l'utilité de la MAPS-AR-IT en expliquant le risqué neurodéveloppemental individuel et en élucidant la typicalité plus large de comportements liés à la (dys)régulation de l'attention.

Serotonin transporter gene methylation and emotional regulation in preschool children born preterm: A longitudinal evaluation of the role of negative emotionality in infancy.

The aim of the study was to assess the contribution of negative emotionality at 3 months (T1) and serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) DNA methylation at 4.5 years of age (T2) to emotion regulation in pre-schoolers born very preterm and full-term. Forty one children (n = 21 born very preterm, n = 20 born full-term) participated in the study. Fretful behavior was assessed at T1 in response to the Face-to-FaceStill-Face (FFSF) paradigm. At T2, SLC6A4 DNA methylation was analyzed and emotion regulation was assessed using an observational procedure (i.e., the Pre-schooler Regulation of Emotional Stress, PRES). The very preterm group displayed higher emotion dysregulation during the PRES Reactivity phase than the full-term group. Higher levels of fretful behavior at 3 months were associated with greater emotional distress only for very preterm children with higher methylation at T2. No significant associations emerged in the full-term group. Despite current findings cannot be generalized owing to the relatively small sample size, this work provides preliminary longitudinal evidence about the link between negative emotionality during infancy, stress-linked epigenetic status at 4.5 years and emotion dysregulation in preschoolers born preterm.

El propósito del estudio fue evaluar la contribución de la emocionalidad negativa a los 3 meses (T1) y la metilación del ADN en el gen transportador de la serotonina (SLC6A4) a los 4 años y medio de edad (T2) a la regulación de la emoción en prescolares nacidos muy antes de la gestación completa o de gestación completa. Cuarenta y un niños (n = 21 nacidos muy antes de la gestación completa, n = 20 nacidos de gestación completa) participaron en el estudio. El comportamiento irritable se evaluó a T1 como respuesta al Cara-a-Cara del paradigma de la Cara Inmóvil (FFSF). A T2, se analizó la metilación de ADN SLC6A4 y se evaluó la regulación de la emoción usando un procedimiento de observación (v.g. La Regulación del Estrés Emocional del Prescolar, PRES). El grupo nacido muy antes de la gestación completa mostró una más alta desregulación durante la fase de Reactividad PRES que el grupo nacido de gestación completa. Los niveles más altos de comportamiento irritable a los 3 meses se asociaron con una mayor angustia emocional solamente para los niños nacidos muy antes de la gestación completa con más alta metilación al T2. Ninguna asociación significativa surgió del grupo nacido de gestación completa. A pesar de que los actuales resultados no se pueden generalizar debido al tamaño relativamente pequeño del grupo muestra, este trabajo ofrece aporta evidencia longitudinal preliminar acerca de la conexión entre la emocionalidad negativa durante la infancia, el estado epigenético relacionado con el estrés a los 4 años y medio y la desregulación de la emoción en prescolares nacidos antes de la completa gestación.

Le but de cette étude était d'évaluer la contribution de l'émotivité négative à 3 mois (T1) et du gène vecteur de la sérotonine (SLC6A4) méthylation de l'ADN à l'âge de 4,5 ans (T2) à la régulation de l'émotion chez les enfants d'âge préscolaire nés très prématurés et à plein terme. Quarante et un enfant (n = 21 nés très prématurés, n = 20 nés à plein terme) ont participé à l'étude. Le comportement agité a été évalué au T1 en réponse au paradigme face-à-face visage inexpressif (abrégé FFSF en anglais). Au T2, la méthylation de l'ADN SLC6A4 a été analysée et la régulation de l'émotion a été évaluée en utilisant un protocole d'observation (à savoir, la Régulation du Stress Emotionnel de l'Enfant d'Age Préscolaire, abrégé en anglais PRES). Le groupe très prématuré a fait état d'une dysrégulation de l'émotion plus élevée durant la phase de Réactivité PRES que le groupe né à plein terme. Des niveaux plus élevés de comportement agité à 3 mois étaient liés à une détresse émotionnelle plus grande uniquement pour les enfants très prématurés avec une méthylation plus élevée au T2. Aucune association importante n'a émergé dans le groupe à plein terme. En dépit du fait que les résultats actuels ne peuvent pas être généralisés à cause de la taille relativement petite de l'échantillon, ce travail offre des preuves longitudinales préliminaires sur le lien entre l'émotivité négative durant la petite enfant, le statut épigénétique lié au stress à 4,5 ans et la dysrégulation de l'émotion chez les enfants d'âge préscolaires nés avant terme.

Associations between mothers' emotion regulation and real-time experiences of negative emotion: The moderating role of caregiving context.

Parents' emotion regulation and emotional experiences have important consequences for family well-being and child outcomes. Little is known about whether traitlike emotion regulation abilities predict statelike experiences of real-time negative emotion. Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), this study examines associations between mothers' self-reported emotion regulation abilities and their real-time experiences of negative emotion, as well as the moderating role of caregiving context among 145 mothers (41% Hispanic; 31% earned below $40,000) of young children (mean age = 20.9 months) across a 10-day period. Results indicated that on average, mothers who report high levels of traitlike rumination and difficulties in emotion regulation also report more statelike negative emotion. Further, the presence of children weakened the associations between mothers' traitlike reports of emotion dysregulation and statelike EMA negative emotion reports. The findings demonstrate the importance of parents' emotion regulation for supporting family well-being, especially when parents are separated from their children; the findings may have implications for developing family interventions.

La regulación de la emoción y las experiencias emocionales de los padres tienen consecuencias importantes para el bienestar de la familia y los resultados en el niño. Poco se sabe acerca de si las habilidades fijas de la regulación de la emoción predicen experiencias de estado momentáneas como parte de la emoción negativa en tiempo real. Por medio de usar la evaluación ecológica momentánea (EMA), este estudio examina las asociaciones entre las habilidades de regulación de la emoción auto reportadas por las madres y sus experiencias de emoción negativa en tiempo real, así como el papel moderador del contexto de la prestación de cuidado entre 145 madres (41% hispanas; 31% con una renta por debajo de los $40,000) de niños pequeños (edad media = 20.9 meses) a lo largo de un período de diez días. Los resultados indicaron que en promedio, las madres que reportaron altos niveles de reflexiones fijas y dificultades en la regulación de la emoción, también reportaron más emoción negativa de estado momentáneo. Es más, la presencia de niños debilitó las asociaciones entre los reportes fijos de las madres de la desregulación de la emoción y los reportes de estado momentáneos EMA de emoción negativa. Los resultados demuestran la importancia de la regulación de la emoción de los progenitores para apoyar el bienestar de la familia, especialmente cuando los padres están separados de sus niños; los resultados pudieran tener implicaciones para desarrollar las intervenciones familiares.

L'émotion des parents et les expériences émotionnelles des parents ont des conséquences importantes pour le bien-être de la famille et les résultats de l'enfant. On sait peu de choses pour ce qui concerne si les capacités par traits de régulation de l'émotion prédisent les expériences par état d'émotion négative en temps réel. Utilisant une évaluation écologique momentanée (EMA) cette étude a examiné les liens entre la capacité de régulation de l'émotion au-déclarée des mères et leurs expériences d'émotion négative en temps réel, ainsi que le rôle de modération du contexte de soin de l'enfant chez 145 mères (41% Hispaniques; 31% gagnant moins de 40,000 dollars) de jeunes enfants (âge moyen = 20,9 mois) au travers d'une période de 10 jours. Les résultats indiquent qu'en moyenne les mères qui font état de niveaux élevés d'un trait de rumination et de difficultés de la régulation de l'émotion font aussi état d'un état d'émotion négative. De plus, la présence des enfants a affaibli les liens entre les rapports de traits de la dysrégulation de l'émotion des mères de les rapports de l'état de l'émotion négative EMA. Les résultats démontrent l'importance de la régulation de l'émotion des parents pour le soutien du bien-être de la famille, surtout lorsque les parents sont séparés de leurs enfants. Les résultats peuvent avoir des implications pour le développement d'interventions sur les familles.

Developmental patterns of emotion regulation in toddlerhood: Examining predictors of change and long-term resilience.

Emotion regulation is critical for optimal functioning across a wide range of domains and may be even more important for individuals in high-risk environments. While evidence suggests that childhood is generally a period of emotion regulation growth and development, research is needed to examine factors that may contribute to deviations from a typical trajectory. In a prospective study of 1,905 children, latent class growth analysis (LCGA) was used to identify trajectory groups of emotion regulation across toddlerhood (age 14-36 months), examine predictors of those trajectory groups from child temperament, parenting behaviors, and environmental risk, and explore predictions of resilience in 5th grade from the identified groups. LGCA supported a three-class model, with a Stable Incline group, a Decline group, and a Catch-Up group. Child negative emotionality, positive and negative parenting, and environmental risk predicted group membership. These trajectory groups in toddlerhood were predictive of child resilient functioning in the 5th grade. Our findings highlight the importance of utilizing developmental models of emotion regulation and provide implications for prevention and early intervention services to enhance emotion regulation development in early childhood.

La regulación de la emoción es crítica para el funcionamiento óptimo a lo largo de una amplia gama de dominios, y pudiera ser aún más importante para individuos en ambientes de alto riesgo. Aunque la evidencia sugiere que la niñez es generalmente un período de crecimiento y desarrollo de la regulación emocional, se necesita investigación para examinar los factores que pudieran contribuir a las desviaciones de esta trayectoria. En un estudio de probabilidad de 1,905 niños, se usó un análisis de crecimiento de clase latente (LCGA) para identificar grupos de trayectoria de la regulación emocional a lo largo de la primera infancia (edad 14-36 meses), examinar los factores de predicción de esos grupos de trayectoria como el temperamento del niño, conductas de crianza, y riesgo del ambiente, y explorar las predicciones de resistencia de los grupos en el quinto grado. LCGA apoyó un modelo de tres clases, con un grupo inclinado a la estabilidad, un grupo que disminuye, y un grupo que trata de alcanzar. La emocionalidad negativa del niño, la crianza positiva y negativa, así como el riesgo del ambiente predijeron la pertenencia al grupo. Estos grupos de trayectoria en la primera infancia predijeron el funcionamiento de la resistencia en el quinto grado. Nuestros resultados subrayan la importancia de utilizar modelos de desarrollo de la regulación de la emoción y proveer implicaciones para la prevención y servicios de intervención temprana.

La régulation de l'émotion est critique pour le fonctionnement optimal au travers d'un grand éventail de domaines et peut être même plus importante pour les individus dans des environnements à haut risque. Alors que l'évidence suggère que l'enfance est généralement une période de croissance de la régulation de l'émotion et de son développement, des recherches sont nécessaires afin d'examiner les facteurs qui pourraient contribuer à des déviations de cette trajectoire. Dans une étude prospective de 1 905 enfants, une analyse de la croissance à classes latentes (LGCA) a été utilisée afin d'identifier des groupes de trajectoires de la régulation de l'émotion au travers de la petite enfance (âge de 14-36 mois), d'examiner les prédicteurs de ces groupes de trajectoire à partir du tempérament de l'enfant, les comportements de parentage et le risque environnemental, et afin d'explorer des prédictions de résilience en dernière classe d'école élémentaire à partir de groupes identifiés. Une LGCA a soutenu un modèle de trois classes, avec un Groupe Stable Incliné, un groupe Déclin, et un groupe de rattrapage. L'émotion négative de l'enfant, le parentage positif et négatif, et le risque environnemental ont prédit l'appartenance au groupe. Ces groupes de trajectoire dans la petite enfance ont prédit le fonctionnement de résilience de l'enfant en dernière classe d'école élémentaire. Nos résultats mettent en lumière l'importance de l'utilisation de modèles développementaux de la régulation de l'émotion et offrent des implications pour la prévention et les services d'intervention précoce.

Associations between child physical abuse potential, observed maternal parenting, and young children's emotion regulation: Is participation in Early Head Start protective?

Clinicians working with Early Head Start (EHS) families consider family well-being and positive parent-child relationships as foundational to school readiness. Understanding the links between risk factors and these dimensions of family engagement can inform clinical decision-making, as risk assessments are used to tailoring program services. The current study examined the associations between high risk, or potential, for child physical abuse and both parenting quality and children's emotion regulation (ER) during toddlerhood; EHS participation was examined as a buffer. The sample included EHS-eligible mothers of infants (N = 80) drawn from one site of the EHS Research and Evaluation Project. Associations were tested between mothers' potential for child physical abuse, measured during infancy, and observed maternal sensitivity, positive regard, harshness, and children's ER skills at child ages 1 and 2 years. Results indicated that high potential for child physical abuse was associated with lower positive regard at age 1 and lower ER skills at age 2. EHS participation operated as a buffer on each of these associations. Implications for screening for child physical abuse potential and the constructs it represents in clinical settings as well as how EHS can promote family engagement are discussed.

Los clínicos que trabajan con familias del Programa de Comienzo Temprano (Early Head Start - EHS) consideran el bienestar familiar y las positivas relaciones entre progenitor y niño como aspectos fundamentales para estar listo para la escuela (US DHHS, 2011). El poder comprender las conexiones entre los factores de riesgo y estas dimensiones de la participación familiar puede servir de base para la toma de decisiones clínicas, ya que las evaluaciones de riesgo se usan para amoldar los servicios del programa. El presente estudio examinó las asociaciones entre el alto riesgo, o riesgo potencial, del abuso físico del niño y tanto la calidad de la crianza como la regulación de la emoción por parte del niño durante la primera etapa de la niñez; se examinó la participación en EHS como mediadora. El grupo muestra incluía madres de infantes elegibles para EHS (N = 80) quienes formaban parte de un mismo Proyecto de Investigación y Evaluación del Programa de Comienzo Temprano. Se pusieron a prueba las asociaciones entre el potencial de las madres de abuso físico del niño, medidas durante la infancia, y las observaciones de sensibilidad materna, consideraciones positivas, dureza, y las habilidades de regulación de la emoción del niño a la edad de 1 y 2 años del niño. Los resultados indicaron que el alto potencial de abuso físico del niño estaba asociado con más bajas consideraciones positivas a la edad de 1 año, así como con las más bajas habilidades de regulación de la emoción a la edad de 2 años. La participación en EHS funcionó como mediadora en cada una de estas asociaciones. Se discuten las implicaciones para detectar el potencial de abuso físico del niño y la estructura que representa en escenarios clínicos, y también cómo EHS puede promover la participación familiar.

Les cliniciens travaillant avec des familles du programme américain de Early Head Start (EHS) familles considèrent le bien-être familial et des relations parent-enfants positives comme étant les fondations de la préparation au cadre scolaire (US DHHS, 2011). Le fait de comprendre les liens entre les facteurs de risque et ces dimensions de l'engagement familial peut informer la prise de décision clinique, comme les évaluations de risque sont utilisées pour adapter les services de programmes. Cette étude s'est penchée sur les liens entre le risque élevé, ou potentiel, de maltraitance physique de l'enfant et à la fois la qualité du parentage et la régulation d'émotion des enfants durant la petite enfance; la participation à l'EHS étant examinée comme tampon. L'échantillon a inclus des mères de nourrissons étant admissible à l'EHS (N = 80), tiré d'un site du Projet de Recherche et d'Evaluation du EHS. Les associations ont été testées entre le potentiel de maltraitance physique de l'enfant par les mères, mesuré durant la très petite enfance, et la sensibilité maternelle observée, l'égard positif, la dureté, et les compétences de régulation de l'émotion des enfants aux âges de 1 et 2 ans. Les résultats indiquent qu'un fort potentiel de maltraitance de l'enfant était lié à un égard positif plus bas à l'âge de 1 ans, et à des compétences de régulation de l'émotion moins élevées à l'âge de 2 ans. La participation à l'EHS a servi de tampon dans chacune de ces associations. Les implications pour le dépistage de potentiel de maltraitance physique de l'enfant et pour les constructions qu'il représente dans les contextes cliniques, ainsi que la manière dont l'EHS peut promouvoir un engagement familial sont discutées.

Like mother, like child? Maternal determinants of children's early social-emotional development.

Social-Emotional competencies evolve early in life. For example, early emotion regulation is learned primarily in the context of mother-child interaction, which may allow for maternal influences to shape children's social-emotional development. The aim of the current study was to longitudinally examine maternal determinants of children's early social-emotional development in a community-based sample of first-time mothers (N = 61, aged 22-39 years). Specifically, we used structural equation modeling to examine how maternal emotion regulation difficulties and subclinical depression directly and indirectly, through sensitivity and postnatal bonding, assessed at 6 to 8 months predicted child outcomes at 12 to 16 months. We found that mothers' sensitivity predicted fewer social-emotional and behavioral problems and that stronger bonding predicted fewer problems and more social-emotional competencies. Emotion regulation difficulties were significantly associated with depressive symptoms; yet, when accounting for shared variances, both factors differentially predicted less positive child outcomes such that more difficulties indirectly, through poorer bonding, predicted greater delay in competencies, and more symptoms indirectly, through less sensitivity, predicted more problems. Current findings underline the significance of maternal factors impacting the quality of mother-child interaction for children's positive development. Potential implications for early prevention programs to support children who are otherwise at risk for negative emotional outcomes due to mothers' emotional state postpartum are discussed.

Las competencias sociales-emocionales evolucionan temprano en la vida. Por ejemplo, la temprana regulación de la emoción se aprende primariamente en el contexto de la interacción madre-niño, lo cual pudiera permitir que las influencias maternas den forma al desarrollo socio-emocional de los niños. El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar longitudinalmente los determinantes maternos del temprano desarrollo socio-emocional de los niños en un grupo muestra con base comunitaria de madres primerizas (N = 61, edad 22-39 años). Específicamente, usamos modelos de ecuaciones estructurales para examinar cómo las dificultades de la regulación emocional materna y la depresión subclínica directa e indirectamente, a través de la sensibilidad y la vinculación posnatal, evaluada a los 6-8 meses predijeron los resultados en el niño a los 12-16 meses. (i) La sensibilidad de las mamás predijo menos problemas socio-emocionales y de conducta. (ii) Una más fuerte vinculación predijo menos problemas y más competencias socio-emocionales. (iii) Las dificultades de la regulación de la emoción estuvieron significativamente asociadas con síntomas depresivos, aunque cuando se toma en cuenta las variaciones compartidas, ambos factores diferencialmente predijeron menos positivos resultados en el niño de manera que más dificultades indirectamente, a través de una más pobre vinculación, predijeron mayor demora en las competencias y más síntomas indirectamente, a través de menos sensibilidad, predijeron más problemas. Los presentes resultados subrayan lo significativo de los factores maternos que impactan la calidad de la interacción madre-niño para el desarrollo positivo de los niños. Se discuten las posibles implicaciones para programas de temprana intervención para dar apoyo a los niños que de otra manera están bajo riesgo de resultados emocionales negativos debido al estado emocional de las madres después del parto.

Les compétences socio-émotionnelles évoluent tôt dans la vie. Par exemple, la régulation précoce de l'émotion est apprise principalement dans le contexte de l'interaction mère-enfant, ce qui pourrait permettre aux influences maternelles de former le développement socio-émotionnel des enfants. Le but de cette étude était d'examiner longitudinalement les déterminants maternels du développement socio-émotionnel précoce des enfants dans un échantillon à l'échelle communautaire de mères primipares (N = 61, âgées de 22 à 39 ans). Plus spécifiquement, nous avons utilisé une modélisation d'équation structurelle afin d'examiner la manière dont les difficultés de régulation de l'émotion maternelle et la dépression sub-clinique directement et indirectement, à travers la sensibilité et le lien postnatal, évalués à 6-8 mois, a prédit les résultats de l'enfant à 12-16 mois. (i) La sensibilité des mères a prédit moins de problèmes socio-émotionnels et de problèmes de comportement. (ii) Un lien plus fort a prédit moins de problèmes et plus de compétences socio-émotionnelles. (iii) Les difficultés de régulation de l'émotion ont été fortement liées aux symptômes dépressifs, cependant, en tenant compte de la variance communie, les deux facteurs ont prédit différentiellement moins de résultats positifs pour l'enfant, de telle façon que plus de difficultés indirectement, à travers un lien plus appauvri, ont prédit un plus grand délai dans les compétences et plus de symptômes indirectement, à travers moins de sensibilité, ont prédit plus de problèmes. Les résultats présents soulignent l'importance des facteurs maternels qui impactent la qualité de l'interaction mère-enfant pour le développement positif des enfants. Les implications potentielles pour les programmes précoces de prévention pour soutenir les enfants qui sans eux sont à risque de résultats émotionnels négatifs du fait de l'état émotionnel postpartum des mères sont discutées.

TODDLERS' USE OF GESTURE AND SPEECH IN SERVICE OF EMOTION REGULATION DURING DISTRESSING ROUTINES.

Research on the intersections of young children's emerging communication skills and emotion regulation has increased, following recognition of the link between these skills as they emerge in toddlerhood and the long-term impact of these skills on academic success. However, little is known about how toddlers use gesture and emerging language for emotion regulation. The current study describes toddlers' use of both words and gestures in naturally occurring distressing routines in childcare (diaper change, separation from parents). Seventeen toddlers between 11 and 28 months old were observed over the course of 3½ months in a childcare setting where symbolic gestures ("infant signs") were used as part of daily routines. Results show that toddlers communicated more frequently using gestures than speech, and used a greater range of self-regulatory strategies through gesture than through speech. Moreover, older, verbal toddlers continued to use gestures during heightened distress when they could not find their words. Findings suggest that toddlers use symbolic communication to implement complex and diverse emotion regulation strategies during distressing daily routines, and that gestures provide children with opportunities to employ more diverse emotion regulation strategies than does speech alone, which may ultimately enhance children's abilities to regulate their emotions.

MicroRNA-101-2-5p targets the ApoB gene in the liver of chicken (Gallus Gallus).

Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is a major protein component of plasma lipoproteins. It is involved in many important biological processes such as lipid transportation, enzyme activity regulation, and receptor recognition. Extensive studies have shown that the expression of ApoB is regulated at multiple levels. However, the regulation of ApoB expression by microRNAs (miRNAs) still remains unknown. In the present study, identified are miRNAs that are predicted to interact with ApoB in chicken. The predicted relationship between the identified miRNAs and ApoB was verified through dual luciferase reporter assay in chicken DF1 cells, and the effect of miRNAs on ApoB expression was analyzed in chicken embryo hepatocytes stimulated by 17ß-estradiol. The results show that miR-101-2-5p was predicted to interact with ApoB. Dual luciferase reporter assay together with the miR-101-2-5p mimics study demostrate that ApoB is the target of miR-101-2-5p, which suppresses the expression of ApoB through binding with the 3'UTR of ApoB. Our experiments suggest that miR-101-2-5p might be involved in lipid metabolism through binding to the 3'UTR of ApoB in the liver of egg-laying chickens.

THE MAGIC OF PLAY: LOW-INCOME MOTHERS' AND FATHERS' PLAYFULNESS AND CHILDREN'S EMOTION REGULATION AND VOCABULARY SKILLS.

Using data from a diverse sample of low-income families who participated in the Early Head Start Research Evaluation Project (n = 73), we explored the association between mothers' and fathers' playfulness with toddlers, toddler's affect during play, and children's language and emotion regulation at prekindergarten. There were two main findings. First, fathers' playfulness in toddlerhood was associated with children's vocabulary skills in prekindergarten whereas mothers' playfulness was related to children's emotion regulation. Cross-parental effects were found only for mothers. The association between mothers' playfulness and children's vocabulary and emotion regulation was strengthened when fathers engaged in more pretend play and when children were affectively positive during the play. These findings show that playfulness is an important source of variation in the vocabulary and emotion regulation of children growing up in low-income families. They also point to domain-specific ways that mothers and fathers promote children's regulatory and vocabulary skills, and highlight the importance of children's positive engagement in play.

[The Severe Chronic Irritability Concept: A clinical dimension to consider in child and adolescent]. / Le concept d'irritabilité chronique sévère : une dimension clinique à prendre en compte chez l'enfant et l'adolescent.

INTRODUCTION: For a decade, the concept of irritability has known a renewed interest in infant and child psychopathology. Indeed, longitudinal follow-up studies clearly highlighted their predictive value - in the short, medium and long terms - of a broad field of behavioral disorders and emotion dysregulation. This dimensional and transnosographic approach of irritability, coupled with the latest neuroscience data, points out that irritability could be the equivalent of a psychopathological marker, covering both a neurobiological, cognitive and emotional component. It is a major challenge today to better understand the developmental sequence of severe chronic irritability and its predictive influence on the etiology of mental disorders from childhood to adulthood. METHOD: We briefly review here the latest current data on this topic. RESULTS: The important point is that chronic and non-episodic irritability in children, associated with strong emotional sensitivity to negative events and frequent access of anger, could have a predictive value for progression to anxiety disorder or severe mood disorder but not to bipolar disorder as it was believed until now. The risk of developing a bipolar disorder would be more frequently correlated with the notion of transient and episodic irritability in a context of previous family history of bipolar disorder. CONCLUSION: Further studies are expected to narrow the discriminative validity of this notion of severe irritability and confirm or not its relevance as a major clinical criterion of Severe Mood Disorders in children and adolescents introduced in the last version of DSM (DSM-5).

Emotion Regulation, Relationship and Therapeutic Change in Analytical Psychology and Contemporary Psychodynamic Approaches.

All contemporary psychotherapies agree that (failing) emotion regulation is central to psychological disorders and that psychotherapy is about improving emotion regulation. In his research on the "emotion-laden" complex Jung put an emphasis on the role of failing emotion regulation in contributing to psychological disorders as well as to change in the process of psychotherapy, but he left this field of research and took a very different direction in favour of his archetype concept. Psychodynamic approaches generally argue that changes in emotion regulation are accomplished through corrective emotional experiences in the therapeutic relationship. Insights from affective neurosciences and attachment research have had a major influence on how the therapeutic relationship is constructed in contemporary psychodynamic approaches. There is a lack of similar developments in analytical psychology, which leads to substantial differences between the models of Jungian psychotherapy in contrast to other contemporary psychodynamic approaches. The implications of these differences for the practice of psychotherapy and especially the role of the therapeutic relationship are pointed out.

Toutes les psychothérapies actuelles s'accordent sur le fait que la régulation (défaillante) de l'émotion est au centre des désordres psychologiques et que la psychothérapie vise à améliorer la régulation de l'émotion. Dans sa recherche sur le « complexe à haute charge émotionnelle ¼, Jung a mis l'accent sur le rôle de la régulation défaillante de l'émotion comme participant aux désordres psychologiques ainsi qu'au changement dans le processus de psychothérapie. Mais il a abandonné ce champ de recherche et pris une direction très différente, y préférant son concept de l'archétype. Les approches psychodynamiques plaident généralement en faveur de l'idée que les changements dans la régulation de l'émotion sont atteints par les expériences émotionnelles corrective dans la relation thérapeutique. Des apports venant des neurosciences affectives et des recherches sur l'attachement ont eu une influence majeure sur comment la relation thérapeutique est construite dans les approches psychodynamiques actuelles. De tels développements font défaut dans la psychologie analytique, ce qui conduit à des différences considérables entre les modèles de psychothérapie jungienne en contraste avec les autres approches psychodynamiques actuelles. L'article souligne les conséquences de ces différences dans la pratique de la psychothérapie, tout particulièrement en ce qui concerne le rôle de la relation thérapeutique.

Todas las psicoterapias contemporáneas coinciden en que la regulación (fallida) de las emociones es central a los trastornos psicológicos y que la psicoterapia consiste en mejorar la regulación de las emociones. En su investigación sobre el complejo "de tonalidad afectiva", Jung hizo hincapié en el rol de una fallida regulación emocional en el desarrollo de los trastornos psicológicos, así como al cambio en el proceso de psicoterapia, pero abandonó este campo de investigación y tomó una dirección muy diferente en favor de su concepto de arquetipo. En general, los enfoques Psicodinámicos sostienen que los cambios en la regulación de las emociones se logran a través de experiencias emocionales correctivas en la relación terapéutica. Los conocimientos de las neurociencias afectivas y la investigación sobre el apego han tenido una gran influencia en cómo comprender la conformación de la relación terapéutica en los abordajes psicodinámicos contemporáneos. Faltan desarrollos similares en la psicología analítica, lo que conduce a diferencias sustanciales entre los modelos de la psicoterapia Junguiana en contraste con otros enfoques psicodinámicos contemporáneos. Se señalan las implicaciones de estas diferencias para la práctica de la psicoterapia y se destaca especialmente el rol de la relación terapéutica.

Influence of postexercise fasting on hunger and satiety in adults.

Research demonstrates that exercise acutely reduces appetite by stimulating the secretion of gut-derived satiety hormones. Currently there is a paucity of research examining the impact of postexercise nutrient intake on appetite regulation. The objective of this study was to examine how postexercise fasting versus feeding impacts the postexercise appetite response. In a randomized crossover intervention, 14 participants (body mass index: 26.9 ± 3.5 kg·m-2; age: 26.8 ± 6.7 years) received 1 of 2 recovery beverages: (i) water control (FAST) or (ii) sweetened-milk (FED) after completing a 45-min (65%-70% peak oxygen uptake) evening exercise session (∼1900 h). Energy intake was assessed through a fasted ad libitum breakfast meal and 3-day food diaries. Perceived appetite was assessed using visual analogue scales. Appetite-regulating hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), and acyl-ghrelin were assessed pre-exercise, 1 h after exercise, and the morning following exercise. FAST increased subjective hunger compared with FED (P < 0.05). PYY and GLP-1 after exercise were decreased and acyl-ghrelin was increased in FAST, with these differences disappearing the day after exercise (P < 0.05). Ad libitum energy intake at breakfast the following morning did not differ between trials. Overall, in the absence of postexercise macronutrient consumption, there was a pronounced increase in objective and subjective appetite after exercise. The orexigenic effects of postexercise fasting, however, were not observed the morning following exercise. Novelty Postexercise fasting leads to reduced GLP-1 and PYY and increased hunger. Reduced GLP-1 and PYY after exercise is blunted by postexercise nutrient intake. Energy intake the day after exercise is not influenced by postexercise fasting.

Opening the closed heart: affect-focused clinical work with the victims of early trauma.

This paper begins with the understanding that early trauma leads to powerful dissociative defenses which injure the capacity to feel. It further explores ways to restore this capacity through body-centred attention to affect-in-the-moment in the psychoanalytic situation. Using the author's personal experience while in analysis as well as a case of severe early trauma, he demonstrates the consciousness-killing effect of primitive defenses and shows how body-sensitive techniques hold the promise of restoring the patient's sense of aliveness and hence, opening the unconscious to those affect-images that are the building blocks of the human imagination. A final section focuses on the neglect of feeling in Jungian psychology and suggests that the "creation of consciousness" which Jung described as his personal myth, is quintessentially a process of emotional transformation - of bringing unconscious suffering into consciousness - as feelings.

Cet article commence avec l'acceptation que le traumatisme précoce produit de puissantes défenses dissociatives qui portent atteinte à la capacité à ressentir. L'article explore ensuite des manières de restaurer cette capacité par l'utilisation d'une attention centrée sur le corps et sur l'affect-dans-le-moment-présent dans la situation psychanalytique. En s'appuyant sur son expérience personnelle durant l'analyse ainsi que sur un cas de traumatisme précoce sévère, l'auteur montre que les défenses primitives ont pour effet de tuer la conscience. Il montre aussi comment des techniques sensibles au corps contiennent la promesse de la restauration du sens de la vitalité du patient, et ainsi d'ouvrir l'inconscient aux images chargées d'affect qui sont les éléments constitutifs de l'imagination humaine. La dernière partie de l'article montre la négligence en ce qui concerne le sentiment dans la psychologie Jungienne et suggère que la « création de la conscience ¼ que Jung décrit comme étant son mythe personnel, est en quintessence un processus de transformation émotionnelle: d'amener la souffrance inconsciente à la conscience, en tant que sentiments.

El presente trabajo comienza con la comprensión de que el trauma temprano conduce a poderosas defensas disociativas las cuales dañan la capacidad de sentir. Explora formas de restaurar esta capacidad a través de una atención-centrada-en-el-cuerpo al afecto-en-el-momento, en la situación psicoanalítica. A partir, de la experiencia personal del autor durante análisis y también con un caso de trauma temprano severo, demuestra el efecto asesino de la conciencia de las defensas primitivas y muestra cómo técnicas corporales-sensitivas sostienen la promesa de restaurar en el/la paciente su sentido de vitalidad, y por lo tanto, posibilitan la apertura inconsciente a aquellas imágenes-afectivas que son las piedras fundacionales de la imaginación humana. Una sección final se focaliza en la desconsideración del sentimiento en la psicología Junguiana y sugiere que la 'creación de la consciencia', la cual Jung describe como su mito personal es quinta-esencialmente un proceso de transformación emocional, de traer el sufrimiento inconsciente a la consciencia, como sentimientos.

[The PLANOPH study: Ophthalmologic symptoms collected by the general practitioner]. / Étude PLANOPH : plaintes ophtalmologiques recueillies par le médecin généraliste.

Little data concerning the management of eye disease in general medical practice is reported in the literature. The main objective of the study was the description and management of ophthalmologic symptoms encountered by the general practitioner. The study was a quantitative, longitudinal, prospective, multi-center trial conducted in 3 departments in France, with data gathered from medical residents' consultation results. The inclusion criteria were: any new ophthalmologic problem with or without complaint, regardless of the patient's age. The resident filled in an observatory questionnaire collecting data on: the complaint within its context ; specific and non-specific reasons for the complaint ; identification of the medical problem and the management offered. The consultation data were classified according to the CISP-2. From May 1, 2015 to April 30, 2016, 674 of the 53,463 consultations held by resident investigators were for an ophthalmologic problem, corresponding to a 1.3% incidence. In over 70% of the cases, the ocular complaint was the main reason for the consultation. The majority of the conditions were benign and managed without specialty consultation. Eighty-six percent of the consultations lead to medication prescription, including 47% topical antibiotics. Eleven percent of the consultations led to referral to a hospital emergency or eye department. Additional multidisciplinary studies could compliment this study and enable a global vision of patients' clinical care pathways.

Elevated insulin levels following 7 days of increased sedentary time are due to lower hepatic extraction and not higher insulin secretion.

Higher insulin following sedentary behavior may be due to increased insulin secretion (IS), decreased hepatic insulin extraction (HIE), or a combination of both. Ten healthy adults completed glucose tolerance tests following 7 days of normal activity and 7 days of increased sitting. There were no differences in IS; however, HIE at 120 min after ingestion (85.4% ± 7.2% vs. 74.6% ± 6.6%, p < 0.05) and the area under the curve (73.6% ± 9.4% vs. 67.5% ± 11.3%, p < 0.05) were reduced following 7 days of increased sedentary time.

High-intensity interval exercise induces greater acute changes in sleep, appetite-related hormones, and free-living energy intake than does moderate-intensity continuous exercise.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on sleep characteristics, appetite-related hormones, and eating behaviour. Eleven overweight, inactive men completed 2 consecutive nights of sleep assessments to determine baseline (BASE) sleep stages and arousals recorded by polysomnography (PSG). On separate afternoons (1400-1600 h), participants completed a 30-min exercise bout: either (i) MICE (60% peak oxygen consumption) or (ii) HIIE (60 s of work at 100% peak oxygen consumption: 240 s of rest at 50% peak oxygen consumption), in a randomised order. Measures included appetite-related hormones (acylated ghrelin, leptin, and peptide tyrosine tyrosine) and glucose before exercise, 30 min after exercise, and the next morning after exercise; PSG sleep stages; and actigraphy (sleep quantity and quality); in addition, self-reported sleep and food diaries were recorded until 48 h after exercise. There were no between-trial differences for time in bed (p = 0.19) or total sleep time (p = 0.99). After HIIE, stage N3 sleep was greater (21% ± 7%) compared with BASE (18% ± 7%; p = 0.02). In addition, the number of arousals during rapid eye movement sleep were lower after HIIE (7 ± 5) compared with BASE (11 ± 7; p = 0.05). Wake after sleep onset was lower following MICE (41 min) compared with BASE (56 min; p = 0.02). Acylated ghrelin was lower and glucose was higher at 30 min after HIIE when compared with MICE (p ≤ 0.05). There were no significant differences between conditions in terms of total energy intake (p ≥ 0.05). HIIE appears to be more beneficial than MICE for improving sleep quality and inducing favourable transient changes in appetite-related hormones in overweight, inactive men. However, energy intake was not altered regardless of exercise intensity.

[Reasons for first-consultation in nephrology in the health area 5 of Britanny during the year 2014]. / Motifs de primo-consultations de néphrologie en 2014 dans le territoire de santé 5 de Bretagne.

BACKGROUND: In France, the coordinated healthcare circuit means that patients should be referred to specialists, for example nephrologists, by another physician. However, there are no recommendations concerning the reasons justifying the referral to a nephrologist. The main purpose of our study is to describe the motif of first consultations in nephrology in the health area 5 of Brittany. METHODS: We retrospectively collected medical reports of first consultations by 17 nephrologists in the 4 centers of the study area, during the year 2014. In these letters, we noted the consultation motif, the specialty of the physician who refers the patient, and main characteristics of patients. RESULTS: We included 662 first consultations. The main reason for consultations was chronic kidney disease (68.7%), including chronic renal insufficiency (56.9%), proteinuria (7.3%), microscopic hematuria (3.3%) and searching for chronic kidney disease in the presence of risk factor (1.2%). Other frequent reasons were the follow-up consultation after a pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia (9.5%), urinary lithiasis (5.7%), hypertension (3.8%) and hydroelectrolytic disorder (3.5%). Non-nephrology reasons represent 3.2% of first consultations. Almost all patients have been referred by a physician (99.7%), mainly a general practitioner (71.9%). CONCLUSION: Nephrology first consultations are realized according to the coordinated healthcare circuit since almost all are requested by another physician. The reasons are adapted to the specialty. The main reason is chronic kidney disease, often already associated with renal insufficiency chronic.

Large-scale bioinformatic analysis of the regulation of the disease resistance NBS gene family by microRNAs in Poaceae.

In the present study, we have screened 71, 713, 525, 119 and 241 mature miRNA variants from Hordeum vulgare, Oryza sativa, Brachypodium distachyon, Triticum aestivum, and Sorghum bicolor, respectively, and classified them with respect to their conservation status and expression levels. These Poaceae non-redundant miRNA species (1,669) were distributed over a total of 625 MIR families, among which only 54 were conserved across two or more plant species, confirming the relatively recent evolutionary differentiation of miRNAs in grasses. On the other hand, we have used 257 H. vulgare, 286T. aestivum, 119 B. distachyon, 269 O. sativa, and 139 S. bicolor NBS domains, which were either mined directly from the annotated proteomes, or predicted from whole genome sequence assemblies. The hybridization potential between miRNAs and their putative NBS genes targets was analyzed, revealing that at least 454 NBS genes from all five Poaceae were potentially regulated by 265 distinct miRNA species, most of them expressed in leaves and predominantly co-expressed in additional tissues. Based on gene ontology, we could assign these probable miRNA target genes to 16 functional groups, among which three conferring resistance to bacteria (Rpm1, Xa1 and Rps2), and 13 groups of resistance to fungi (Rpp8,13, Rp3, Tsn1, Lr10, Rps1-k-1, Pm3, Rpg5, and MLA1,6,10,12,13). The results of the present analysis provide a large-scale platform for a better understanding of biological control strategies of disease resistance genes in Poaceae, and will serve as an important starting point for enhancing crop disease resistance improvement by means of transgenic lines with artificial miRNAs.

Ghrelin, GLP-1, and leptin responses during exposure to moderate hypoxia.

Severe hypoxia has been indicated to cause acute changes in appetite-related hormones, which attenuate perceived appetite. However, the effects of moderate hypoxia on appetite-related hormonal regulation and perceived appetite have not been elucidated. Therefore, we examined the effects of moderate hypoxia on appetite-related hormonal regulation and perceived appetite. Eight healthy males (21.0 ± 0.6 years; 173 ± 2.3 cm; 70.6 ± 5.0 kg; 23.4 ± 1.1 kg/m(2)) completed two experimental trials on separate days: a rest trial in normoxia (FiO2 = 20.9%) and a rest trial in hypoxia (FiO2 = 15.0%). The experimental trials were performed over 7 h in an environmental chamber. Blood samples and scores of subjective appetite were collected over 7 h. Standard meals were provided 1 h (745 kcal) and 4 h (731 kcal) after initiating exposure to hypoxia or normoxia within the chamber. Although each meal significantly reduced plasma active ghrelin concentrations (P < 0.05), the response did not differ significantly between the trials over 7 h. No significant differences in the area under the curves for plasma active ghrelin concentrations over 7 h were observed between the two trials. No significant differences were observed in glucagon-like peptide 1 or leptin concentrations over 7 h between the trials. The subjective feeling of hunger and fullness acutely changed in response to meal ingestions. However, these responses were not affected by exposure to moderate hypoxia. In conclusion, 7 h of exposure to moderate hypoxia did not change appetite-related hormonal responses or perceived appetite in healthy males.

Effects of different periods of paradoxical sleep deprivation and sleep recovery on lipid and glucose metabolism and appetite hormones in rats.

Sleep has a fundamental role in the regulation of energy balance, and it is an essential and natural process whose precise impacts on health and disease have not yet been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to assess the consequences of different periods of paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) and recovery from PSD on lipid profile, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results, and changes in insulin, corticosterone, ghrelin, and leptin concentrations. Three-month-old male Wistar rats weighing 250-350 g were submitted to 24, 96, or 192 h of PSD or 192 h of PSD with 480 h of recovery. The PSD was induced by the multiple platforms method. Subsequently, the animals were submitted to an OGTT. One day later, the animals were killed and the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, lipoproteins (low-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein), insulin, ghrelin, leptin, and corticosterone in plasma were quantified. There was a progressive decrease in body weight with increasing duration of PSD. The PSD induced basal hypoglycemia over all time periods evaluated. Evaluation of areas under the curve revealed progressive hypoglycemia only after 96 and 192 h of PSD. There was an increase in corticosterone levels after 192 h of PSD. We conclude that PSD induces alterations in metabolism that are reversed after a recovery period of 20 days.