Unmasking vaccine hesitancy and refusal: a deep dive into Anti-vaxxer perspectives on COVID-19 in Spain.

BACKGROUND: At the time of the emergence of COVID-19, denialist and anti-vaccine groups have also emerged and are shaking public confidence in vaccination. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted using online focus groups. Participants had not received any doses of vaccination against the disease. A total of five focus group sessions were conducted with 28 participants. They were recruited by snowball sampling and by convenience sampling. RESULTS: The two major topics mentioned by the participants were adverse effects and information. The adverse effects described were severe and included sudden death. In the case of information, participants reported: (1) consultation of websites on which scientists posted anti-vaccination content; and (2) distrust. CONCLUSIONS: At a time when anti-vaccine groups pose a major challenge to public health in general, and to COVID-19 vaccination campaigns in particular, this study is a first step towards gaining deeper insight into the factors that lead to COVID-19 vaccine refusal.

Highly Educated Mother's Perception of Childhood Vaccination Hesitancy in Kazakhstan: A Thematic Analysis.

Background: Vaccine hesitancy among parents directly affects the child's vaccination status since they are the legal decision-makers regarding vaccinating their children. The study aimed to describe the perceptions of highly educated Kazakhstani mothers about childhood vaccination hesitancy. Methods: The study utilized a thematic analysis to explore the mothers' perceptions. A sample of 95 participants comprehensively answered the free-text questions in an online questionnaire from January to February 2023. The analysis of the free-text responses followed a semantic thematic analysis approach. The data were coded manually. Results: From the in-depth analysis of the data, 285 initial codes were extracted. The combination of similar meanings and concept codes led to 14 sub-themes and finally yielded four significant themes: misconceptions about childhood vaccination, fear of the effect of vaccine on children, distrust of the healthcare system, and social learning factors. Conclusion: The perceptions of Kazakh mothers about childhood vaccination hesitancy may lead to behaviors of delaying and refusing some or all childhood vaccines. Therefore, motivational and educational strategies can be used by healthcare providers to instill trust in parents about childhood vaccines and their safety and effectiveness.

Perceived impact of discussions with a healthcare professional on patients' decision regarding COVID-19 vaccine.

There is evidence that advice from Healthcare Professionals (HCPs) plays an important role in patients' decision to get vaccinated, but the extent to which patients perceive this impact is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the perceived impact of a discussion with a HCP on participants' decision to be vaccinated against COVID-19. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among adults who consulted a general practitioner (GP) or a pharmacist in Ile-de-France, France, after COVID-19 vaccines became available (October-November 2021 period). A total of 344 participants were included, 65.2% of whom reported having had a discussion about COVID-19 vaccines with a HCP. Overall, 55% of participants were advised to be vaccinated by their HCP. Most of the discussions took place with a GP (n = 203, 48.9%). According to 52.5% of participants, the discussion had a positive impact, i.e. it was perceived as encouraging vaccination. The latter reported that, among HCPs, GPs had the greatest number of discussions with a positive impact on the decision to be vaccinated against COVID-19 (93.1%). In the study population, the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy rate, according to the WHO definition, was high (38.1%), although the COVID-19 vaccine coverage rate was 87.1%. Vaccine hesitant participants were more likely to report a discussion that had a perceived negative impact on their decision to get vaccinated (20.0%) than non-hesitant participants (5.8%, p = .004).

Factors associated with intention to be vaccinated with the COVID-19 booster dose: a cross-sectional study in Peru.

Introduction: The pandemic of COVID-19 continues to impact people worldwide, with more than 755 million confirmed cases and more than 6.8 million reported deaths. Although two types of treatment, antiviral and immunomodulatory therapy, have been approved to date, vaccination has been the best method to control the spread of the disease. Objective: To explore factors associated with the intention to be vaccinated with the COVID-19 booster dose in Peru. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study, using virtual and physical surveys of adults with two or more doses of COVID-19 vaccine, where the dependent variable was the intention to be vaccinated (IBV) with the booster dose. We calculated prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals, using generalized linear models of the Poisson family with robust varying, determining associations between sociodemographic, clinical, and booster dose perception variables. Results: Data from 924 adults were analyzed. The IBV of the booster doses was 88.1%. A higher prevalence was associated with being male (aPR = 1.05; 95% CI [1.01-1.10]), having a good perception of efficacy and protective effect (PR = 3.69; 95% CI [2.57-5.30]) and belonging to the health sector (PR = 1.10; 95% CI [1.04-1.16]). There was greater acceptance of the recommendation of physicians and other health professionals (aPR = 1.40; 95% CI [1.27-1.55]). Conclusions: Factors associated with higher IBV with booster dose include male gender, health sciences, physician recommendation, and good perception of efficacy.

The Association between Parental Child Vaccination Refusal Rate and the Impact of Mass Vaccination against COVID-19 in Kazakhstan: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis with Predictive Modelling of Nationwide Data Sources from 2013 to 2022.

Despite well-established evidence supporting vaccination efficacy in reducing morbidity and mortality among infants and children, there is a global challenge with an increasing number of childhood vaccination refusals. This issue has intensified, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study aims to forecast mandatory childhood vaccination refusal trends in Kazakhstan until 2030, assessing the impact of mass COVID-19 vaccination on these rates. Utilizing annual official statistical data from 2013 to 2022 provided by the Ministry of Health of Kazakhstan, the study reveals a significant surge in refusals during the pandemic and post-pandemic periods, reaching record levels of 42,282 cases in 2021 and 44,180 cases in 2022. Notably, refusal rates sharply rose in specific regions, like Aktobe (13.9 times increase) and Atyrau (4.29 times increase), emphasizing the need for increased public healthcare attention in these areas. However, despite a decade of data, our forecasting analysis indicates a lack of volatility in childhood vaccine refusal trends for all vaccine types up to 2030, highlighting the statistical significance of the obtained results. The increasing trend in vaccine refusals underscores the necessity to enhance crisis response and support health initiatives, particularly in regions where a substantial rise in refusals has been observed in recent years.

Barriers and facilitators to the HPV vaccine: a multicenter qualitative study of French general practitioners.

BACKGROUND: In France, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage is low, with 30.7% of 17-year-old girls having received a complete HPV vaccination schedule in 2020. AIM: To determine the perspective and behaviors of general practitioners (GPs) regarding HPV vaccination with their patients and if a reluctance is observed. DESIGN AND SETTING: A qualitative study based on semi-directed individual interviews was conducted between December 2019 and December 2020. A representative sample of GPs with various profiles were included in 4 French regions. METHOD: A purposive sampling was used and interviews were continued until data saturation was reached. The analysis was based on the grounded theory. RESULTS: Twenty-six GPs aged 29-66 years were interviewed. The measures taken by the French health authorities (lowering the target age, reimbursing the vaccine, extending the target population to boys) were perceived as facilitators. The reported barriers were organizational, due to low attendance of adolescents, and relational, mainly due to parental vaccine hesitancy. Physicians had to deal with fears about the perceived risks and concerns about sexuality conveyed by HPV vaccination and linked to the socio-cultural characteristics of the families. Physicians developed strategies, including scientific knowledge mobilization, empowerment of families by promoting health through prevention, repetition of the vaccination proposals, personal experience and relationship. Different practices were identified according to three GP typologies: effective, convinced but unpersuasive, and reluctant physicians. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, specific interventions, including communication techniques, especially for hesitant or unpersuasive physicians, are needed to enable GPs to become more effective.

Worldwide Child Routine Vaccination Hesitancy Rate among Parents of Children Aged 0-6 Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Sectional Studies.

Routine vaccine hesitancy is a major global health challenge observed in over 190 countries worldwide. This meta-analysis aims to determine the worldwide prevalence of routine vaccination hesitancy among parents of children aged 0-6. An extensive search was conducted in four scientific databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Studies were included if they reported hesitancy related to WHO-recommended routine immunizations for children under 7 years of age. A single-arm meta-analysis was performed using the OpenMeta[Analyst] software. An initial search retrieved 5121 articles, of which only 23 publications, involving 29,131 parents, guardians, and caregivers from over 30 countries met the inclusion criteria and quality assessment. The cumulative prevalence of parental vaccine hesitancy was found to be 21.1% (95% CI = 17.5-24.7%, I2 = 98.86%, p < 0.001). When stratifying the prevalence of vaccine hesitancy per WHO region, significant variations were observed, ranging from 13.3% (95% CI = 6.7-19.9%, I2 = 97.72%, p < 0.001) in the Region of the Americas to 27.9% (95% CI = 24.3-31.4%) in the Eastern Mediterranean region. The study findings highlight the need for healthcare providers and governments to develop and improve comprehensive programs with communication strategies to reduce parental vaccine hesitancy.

Prediction and reasons for COVID-19 second dose vaccine hesitation: a cross-sectional study in a municipality of Brazil

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Hesitation and refusal to take a second dose of the vaccine for coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) are prevalent. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify predictive factors for hesitation or refusal and describe groups with higher rates of vaccine hesitancy. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study in Assis City, Brazil. METHODS: The study included adults who passed the due date for taking the COVID-19 second dose vaccine. Participants were recruited in December 2021 using a mobile-based text message. Sociodemographic and clinical data and reasons for hesitance were collected. The outcome was the attitude towards completing the recommended second dose of the vaccine. Bivariate and multivariate Poisson analyses were performed to determine the adjusted predictors. RESULTS: Participants between 30-44 years of age had a 2.41 times higher prevalence of hesitation than those aged 18-29 years. In addition, people who had adverse events or previously had COVID-19 had 4.7 and 5.4 times higher prevalences of hesitation, respectively (P value < 0.05). CONCLUSION: We found a significant group of adults aged between 30-44 years who refused the second dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Furthermore, those who reported adverse effects after the first dose and those who had COVID-19 previously were a significant group for refusal.

Hesitação vacinal de familiares de crianças durante a pandemia de COVID-19 / Vaccine hesitancy in families of children during the COVID-19 pandemic

RESUMO Objetivo identificar as razões que levaram familiares de crianças à hesitação vacinal durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos estudo qualitativo com entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com 20 familiares, sendo todas mães de crianças hospitalizadas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise lexicográfica, com o auxílio do software Interface de R pour Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires, pela Classificação Hierárquica Descendente. Resultados o medo do deslocamento durante a pandemia e o desabastecimento de vacinas se mostraram razões geradoras de hesitação vacinal de familiares de crianças durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Conclusão os motivos da hesitação vacinal de familiares de crianças identificadas nesse estudo ameaçam o avanço no combate às doenças imunopreveníveis. Contribuições para a prática órgãos governamentais, gestores e enfermeiros das unidades de saúde devem se corresponsabilizar pela tomada de medidas eficazes de implementação de educação em saúde com esse público, criando vínculo de confiança para reduzir os riscos do aumento da hesitação vacinal e das coberturas vacinais no país.

ABSTRACT Objective to identify the reasons that led families of children to vaccine hesitancy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods qualitative study with semi-structured interviews carried out with 20 children's relatives, all of which were mothers of hospitalized children. Data was submitted to lexicographical analysis in the software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires, using descending hierarchical classification. Results the fear of leaving one's house during the pandemic and the lack of vaccine supplies were the reasons found for vaccine hesitancy in the family of children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion the reasons for vaccine hesitancy in the families of children found in this study threaten advancements in the struggle against vaccine-preventable diseases. Contributions to practice government bodies, managers, and health unit nurses should be co-responsible for efficient measures to implement health education in this public, creating a bond of trust to reduce the risks from the increase in vaccine hesitancy and reduction in vaccine coverage in the country.

Vaccination hesitation in children under five years of age: a scoping review / Vacunación vacuna en niños menores de cinco años: una revisión del alcance / Hesitação vacinal em crianças menores de cinco anos: revisão de escopo

ABSTRACT Objectives: to synthesize scientific evidence on vaccine hesitancy in children under five years of age and its associated factors. Methods: a scoping review, conducted according to the methodological structure proposed by the JBI. Searches were carried out in the Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information, Scientific Electronic Library Online and PubMed databases, including gray literature. Studies in English, Spanish and Portuguese were included, without temporal delimitation. Editorials, studies that did not address vaccine hesitancy in children under five years of age and were not aligned with the objective and research question were excluded. The sample consisted of 18 articles. Results: misinformation, concern about adverse effects, distrust about efficacy, affliction regarding administration simultaneously, and insecurity in relation to the laboratories were the reported reasons. Conclusions: strategies are needed to combat the lack of information about immunobiological agents, as misinformation was the main factor in parents' vaccine hesitation.

RESUMEN Objetivos: sintetizar la evidencia científica sobre la reticencia vacunal en menores de cinco años y sus factores asociados. Métodos: revisión de alcance, realizada según la estructura metodológica propuesta por el JBI. Las búsquedas se realizaron en el Centro Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Información en Ciencias de la Salud, Scientific Electronic Library Online y PubMed, incluida la literatura gris. Se incluyeron estudios en inglés, español y portugués, sin delimitación temporal. Se excluyeron editoriales, estudios que no abordaran la reticencia vacunal en menores de cinco años y que no estuvieran alineados con el objetivo y pregunta de investigación. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 18 artículos. Resultados: la desinformación, la preocupación por los efectos adversos, la desconfianza en la eficacia, la angustia por la administración simultánea y la inseguridad por los laboratorios fueron los motivos informados. Conclusiones: se necesitan estrategias para combatir la falta de información sobre inmunobiológicos, ya que la desinformación fue el principal factor en la duda vacunal de los padres.

RESUMO Objetivos: sintetizar evidências científicas sobre hesitação vacinal em crianças menores de cinco anos e seus fatores associados. Métodos: revisão de escopo, conduzida conforme a estrutura metodológica proposta pelo JBI. Realizaram-se buscas nas bases Centro Latino-Americano e do Caribe de Informação em Ciências da Saúde, Scientific Electronic Library Online e PubMed, incluindo literatura cinzenta. Foram incluídos estudos em inglês, espanhol e português, sem delimitação, temporal. Foram excluídos editoriais, estudos que não abordaram hesitação vacinal em menores de cinco anos e não estiveram alinhadas com o objetivo e questão de pesquisa. A amostra foi composta por 18 artigos. Resultados: desinformação, preocupação com efeitos adversos, desconfiança sobre eficácia, aflição quanto à administração simultaneamente e insegurança em relação aos laboratórios foram os motivos relatados. Conclusões: são necessárias estratégias de combate à carência de informações acerca dos imunobiológicos, pois a desinformação foi o fator principal na hesitação vacinal dos pais.

Hesitação vacinal de pais e familiares de crianças e o controle das doenças imunopreveníveis / Vaccine hesitancy of parents and family members of children and the control of immunopreventable diseases / Vacilación vacunal entre los padres y familiares de los niños y la lucha contra las enfermedades inmunoprevenibles

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar, nas produções científicas, os motivos que levam pais e familiares de crianças à hesitação vacinal no contexto do controle das doenças imunopreveníveis. Método: revisão integrativa utilizando os seguintes recursos informacionais: Scientific Eletronic Library Online, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Base de Dados de Enfermagem, Índice Bibliográfico Español en Ciencias de la Salud, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online e Cummulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Foi utilizado recorte temporal de 2016 a 2021. Resultados: Vinte e quatro artigos compuseram a amostra final, e emergiram duas categorias: Des(conhecimento) sobre vacinas; e In(decisão) e estilo de vida. Conclusão: esse estudo contribui para a prática profissional, incentivando as gestões das unidades de saúde a estabelecerem estratégias de intervenções com os hesitantes. A recusa vacinal ou o atraso na vacinação devem ser considerados por esses profissionais uma janela de oportunidade para aproximação com os pais e familiares.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze, in scientific productions, the reasons that lead parents and family members of children to vaccine hesitancy in the context of control of immunopreventable diseases. Method: integrative review using the following informational resources: Scientific Electronic Library Online, Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences, Nursing Database, Índice Bibliográfico Español en Ciencias de la Salud, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. A time cut-off from 2016 to 2021 was used. Results: Twenty-four articles comprised the final sample, and two categories emerged: Un(knowledge) about vaccines; and In(decision) and lifestyle. Conclusion: this study contributes to professional practice, encouraging health units' managements to establish strategies for interventions with the hesitant. Vaccine refusal or delay in vaccination should be considered by these professionals a window of opportunity to approach parents and family members.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar, a través de la producción científica, los motivos que llevan a países y familias de niños a la vacilación vacunal en el contexto de la lucha contra las enfermedades inmunoprevenibles. Método: revisión integradora utilizando los siguientes recursos informativos: Scientific Eletronic Library Online, Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud, Nursing Database, Índice Bibliográfico Español en Ciencias de la Salud, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online y Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Se utilizó un marco temporal de 2016 a 2021. Resultados: Veinticuatro artículos constituyeron la muestra final, y surgieron dos categorías: Des(conocimiento) sobre vacunas; e In(decisión) y estilo de vida. Conclusión: este estudio contribuye a la práctica profesional, animando a las direcciones de las unidades sanitarias a establecer estrategias de intervención con las personas indecisas. El rechazo o el retraso en la vacunación deben ser considerados por estos profesionales como una ventana de oportunidad para acercarse a los padres y familiares.

Decisão de profissionais de saúde sobre sua vacinação anti-Covid-19: revisão integrativa / Decision of health professionals about their anti-COVID-19 vaccination: integrative review

RESUMO A decisão vacinal de profissionais de saúde tem sido observada em diferentes países, devido ao seu comportamento de hesitação frente à vacinação contra a Covid-19, que pode interferir no controle da pandemia. Pretendeu-se identificar os fatores associados à decisão vacinal de profissionais de saúde contra a Covid-19 em publicações de julho de 2020 a julho de 2022. Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science e Cinahl. Das 439 publicações, foram escolhidos 35 artigos para análise. As características sociodemográficas da decisão vacinal revelaram que profissionais não médicos, principalmente enfermeiros, apresentaram maior hesitação. O estudo revelou fatores associados à hesitação vacinal, tais como: dúvidas sobre a eficácia das vacinas e o processo de produção, insegurança pela escassez de estudos, medo dos efeitos colaterais e informações veiculadas em mídias sociais. Em relação à aceitação e à recomendação vacinal, ressaltam-se a vacinação prévia contra a influenza, a confiança na eficácia das vacinas e o receio pelo risco de contágio por Covid-19. A identificação dos fatores associados à decisão vacinal de profissionais de saúde contra a Covid-19 foi estratégica em relação à ampliação da cobertura vacinal, tanto para a proteção da saúde dos profissionais quanto para a da população.

ABSTRACT The vaccine decision of health professionals has been observed in different countries, due to their hesitation behavior in the face of vaccination against COVID-19, which can interfere with the control of the pandemic. It was intended to identify the factors associated with the vaccination decision of health professionals against COVID-19 in publications from July 2020 to July 2022. An Integrative Literature Review was carried out in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and CINAHL databases. Of the 439 publications, 35 articles were chosen for analysis. The sociodemographic characteristics of the vaccine decision revealed that non-medical professionals, mainly nurses, had greater vaccine hesitancy. The study revealed factors associated with vaccine hesitancy, such as: doubts about the effectiveness of vaccines and the production process, insecurity due to lack of studies, fear of side effects and information conveyed on social media. Regarding vaccine acceptance and recommendation, prior vaccination against influenza, confidence in the effectiveness of vaccines and fear of the risk of contagion by COVID-19 stand out. Identifying the factors associated with the vaccination decision of health professionals against COVID-19 was strategic in relation to expanding vaccination coverage, both to protect the health of professionals and the population.

Autonomia do paciente ante a vacinação contra covid-19 / Patient autonomy regarding the COVID-19 vaccine / Autonomía del paciente ante la vacunación contra la covid-19

Resumo A pandemia de covid-19 causou uma grave crise de saúde pública e a vacinação se tornou uma importante ação para o enfrentamento da doença. Entretanto, a hesitação vacinal representa uma barreira no esforço para alcançar a imunidade coletiva. Deve-se considerar que tal recusa é um direito decorrente da autonomia do paciente e pode ser influenciada por fatores como política, confiança nos governantes, ceticismo em relação à indústria farmacêutica e exposição midiática, no contexto da pandemia. Diante disso, conhecer tais aspectos faz-se necessário a fim de minimizar esse problema e promover maior aceitação da vacina, por meio de amplos esforços das autoridades de saúde pública.

Abstract Amidst the serious public health crises caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination became a key measure to combat the disease; however, vaccination refusal or hesitancy hinders the efforts to reach collective immunity. Such refusal is a right arising from patient autonomy and can be influenced by political factors, trust in governments, skepticism towards the pharmaceutical industry, and media exposure. Thus, knowledge of these aspects added to public health efforts is paramount to mitigate refusal and promote vaccination acceptance.

Resumen La pandemia de la covid-19 causó una grave crisis de salud pública, y la vacunación es una acción importante para enfrentar la enfermedad. Sin embargo, la vacilación ante la vacuna representa una barrera en el esfuerzo por lograr la inmunidad colectiva. Se puede considerar que esta negativa es un derecho que surge de la autonomía del paciente y que puede estar influenciada por los factores como la política, la confianza en los gobernantes, el escepticismo hacia la industria farmacéutica y la exposición a los medios en el contexto de la pandemia. Por lo tanto, conocer estos aspectos es necesario para minimizar el problema y promover una mayor aceptación de la vacuna mediante un gran esfuerzo por parte de las autoridades de salud pública.

Inquérito online sobre os motivos para hesitação vacinal contra a COVID-19 em crianças e adolescentes do Brasil / Online survey on the reasons for vaccine hesitancy against COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Brazil / Encuesta en línea sobre los motivos de la indecisión a las vacunas contra COVID-19 en niños y adolescentes de Brasil

Resumo: Objetiva-se desvelar os motivos para hesitação vacinal de pais e/ou responsáveis de crianças e adolescentes para prevenção da COVID-19. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, que busca analisar as respostas da pergunta aberta "por que você não vai vacinar, não vacinou ou está na dúvida em vacinar as crianças e os adolescentes sob sua responsabilidade para prevenção da COVID-19?". A pesquisa incluiu indivíduos adultos, brasileiros, residentes no país, responsáveis por crianças e adolescentes menores de 18 anos. A coleta de dados aconteceu de forma eletrônica entre os meses de novembro e dezembro de 2021. As respostas foram organizadas e processadas com suporte do software Iramuteq. O corpus textual desta pesquisa foi composto pela resposta de 1.896 participantes, constituído por 87% de hesitantes (1.650) e 13% (246) de pais que têm intenção de vacinar, mas que esboçaram algumas dúvidas e considerações a respeito da vacinação de crianças e adolescentes. São motivos pelos quais pais e/ou responsáveis não vacinaram ou estão na dúvida em vacinar as crianças e os adolescentes sob sua responsabilidade para prevenção da COVID-19: receio em razão de a vacina estar em fase experimental e medo das reações adversas e dos efeitos a longo prazo. Já os motivos para ausência de intenção de vacinar decorrem dos entendimentos dos participantes de que a COVID-19 em crianças não é grave, os riscos da vacinação são maiores do que os benefícios e o direito de escolha em não vacinar.

Abstract: The objective is to unveil the reasons for vaccine hesitancy among parents and/or guardians of children and adolescents toward the prevention of COVID-19. This is a descriptive study, with a qualitative approach that seeks to analyze the answers to the open question "Why will you not vaccinate or have not vaccinated or are in doubt about vaccinating the children and adolescents under your responsibility, for the prevention of COVID-19?". The research included adult individuals, Brazilians, living in the country, responsible for children and adolescents under 18 years of age. Data collection took place electronically in November and December 2021. The answers were organized and processed with the support of the software Iramuteq. The textual corpus of this research was composed of the response of 1,896 participants, consisting of 87% who were hesitant (1,650) and 13% (246) of parents who intend to vaccinate but who outlined some doubts and considerations about the vaccination of children and adolescents. These are reasons why parents and/or guardians have not vaccinated or are in doubt about vaccinating the children and adolescents under their responsibility for the prevention of COVID-19: fears about vaccination regarding the conception that the vaccine is in the experimental phase, fear of adverse reactions and long-term effects. The reasons for the lack of intention to vaccinate stem from the understanding of the participants that COVID-19 in children is not serious, the risks of vaccination are greater than the benefits, and the right of choice not to vaccinate.

Resumen: El objetivo es revelar los motivos de la indecisión a las vacunas de padres y/o responsables de niños y adolescentes para la prevención de COVID-19. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo, que busca analizar las respuestas a la pregunta abierta "¿Por qué no va a vacunar o no vacunó o tiene dudas en vacunar a los niños y los adolescentes bajo su responsabilidad para la prevención del COVID-19?". La investigación incluyó individuos adultos, brasileños, residentes en el país, responsables de niños y adolescentes menores de 18 años. La recolección de datos se realizó de forma electrónica entre los meses de noviembre y diciembre de 2021. Las respuestas se organizaron y procesaron con ayuda del software Iramuteq. El corpus textual de esta investigación fue compuesto por la respuesta de 1.896 participantes, siendo constituido por el 87% de indecisos (1.650) y el 13% (246) de padres que tienen la intención de vacunar, pero que esbozaron algunas dudas y consideraciones respecto a la vacunación de niños y adolescentes. Son motivos por los cuales los padres y/o responsables no vacunaron o están en duda en vacunar a los niños y adolescentes bajo su responsabilidad para prevención del COVID-19: temores con la vacunación en cuanto a la concepción de que la vacuna está en fase experimental, miedo a las reacciones adversas y los efectos a largo plazo. Los motivos de la ausencia de intención en vacunar se deben a que los participantes entienden que el COVID-19 en niños no es grave, que los riesgos de la vacunación son mayores que los beneficios y que tienen derecho a decidir no vacunarse.

Adaptação transcultural e validação para o Português (Brasil) do Parent Attitudes About Childhood Vaccine (PACV) / Cross-cultural adaptation and validation for Brazilian Portuguese of the Parent Attitudes about the Childhood Vaccine (PACV) questionnaire

Resumo No Brasil, a despeito da hesitação vacinal ser um problema reconhecido, sua mensuração ainda é um desafio. Por outro lado, sabe-se que identificar pais com hesitação às vacinas é condição fundamental para a implementação de programas eficientes de educação em saúde. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a adaptação transcultural e a validação do Parent Attitudes About Childhood Vaccine (PACV) para o português brasileiro. Trata-se, portanto, de um estudo de adaptação transcultural que envolveu as seguintes etapas: tradução, síntese, retrotradução, avaliação da qualidade, comitê de especialistas, pré-teste, avaliação da confiabilidade e, por fim, submissão e aprovação. Após a realização dessas etapas, foi observado que, na avaliação do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC), nenhuma questão do PACV obteve IVC<0,80 nas dimensões de equivalência semântica, idiomática, conceitual e cultural. No IVC global, a versão brasileira do PACV alcançou 0,91, indicando boa concordância interavaliador e evidência de validade baseada no conteúdo. O alfa de Cronbach para o instrumento foi de 0,91. O PACV foi adaptado para o Português do Brasil, dando origem ao PAVC-Brasil, versão que apresentou evidências de validade baseada no conteúdo, além de boa consistência interna.

Abstract Despite vaccine hesitancy being a recognized problem in Brazil, the extent of the problem is still a challenge. However, it is acknowledged that identifying parents who are hesitant about vaccines is a fundamental condition for the implementation of efficient health communication programs. Thus, the scope of this work was to carry out the cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Parent Attitudes About Childhood Vaccine (PACV) questionnaire in Brazilian Portuguese. It is a cross-cultural adaptation study with the following steps: translation, synthesis, back-translation, quality assessment, expert committee, pre-test, reliability assessment and, finally, submission and approval. After carrying out these steps, it was observed that, in the evaluation of the Content Validity Index (CVI), no PACV question obtained CVI<0.80 in the dimensions of semantic, idiomatic, conceptual and cultural equivalence. In the global IVC, the Brazilian version of the PACV reached 0.91, indicating good interappraiser agreement and evidence of content-based validity. Cronbach's alpha for the instrument was 0.91. The PACV was adapted to Brazilian Portuguese, giving rise to the PAVC-Brasil version, which presented evidence of content-based validity, in addition to good internal consistency.

Vaccine refusal/ hesitancy- the ethical standpoint regarding the COVID-19 pandemic / Rechazo/ vacilación ante vacunas - el punto de vista ético en la pandemia por COVID-19 / Recusa/ hesitação vacinal - o ponto de vista ético em pandemia de COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objective: To reflect about vaccine hesitancy from ethical and bioethical perspectives. Methodology: Reflective study through the analysis of bibliographic research carried out from December 2020 to May 2021 in the data banks SciELO, PubMed, Direção Geral da Saúde, and Ordem dos Enfermeiros. Results: Vaccination aims at collective protection. The effects desirable in the individual do not have the same ethical value in the collective, leading to cost-benefit imbalances. The insufficiency of principlist Bioethics leads us to use other moral values, such as responsibility, solidarity, and social justice, to reflect on problems related to vaccination. Conclusion: In ethics there are no perfect solutions, and they depend on the context. Group immunity is one of the most discussed issues in a pandemic. Equitable distribution and the principle of justice are reflected daily in the nursing profession.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre vacilación vacunal desde una perspectiva ética y bioética. Metodología: Estudio reflexivo con análisis de fuentes bibliográficas, realizado desde diciembre 2020 a mayo 2021 en las bases de datos SciELO, PubMed Central, Direção Geral da Saúde y Ordem dos Enfermeiros. Resultados: La vacunación visa la protección colectiva. Los efectos deseables en individuos no tienen el mismo valor ético que en el colectivo, generando desequilibrios costo-beneficio. La insuficiencia de la bioética principialista nos lleva a utilizar otros valores morales, como responsabilidad, solidaridad y justicia social, para reflexionar sobre los problemas relacionados con la vacunación. Conclusión: En ética no hay soluciones perfectas, pues dependen del contexto. La inmunidad de rebaño es un tema muy discutido en una pandemia. La distribución equitativa y el principio de justicia se reflejan a diario en la profesión de enfermería.

RESUMO Objetivo: Refletir e atualizar conhecimentos sobre hesitação vacinal numa perspetiva ética e bioética. Metodologia: Estudo reflexivo pela leitura e análise de pesquisa bibliográfica entre Dezembro 2020 a Maio 2021 nas bases de dados SciELO, PubMed Central, Direção Geral da Saúde e da Ordem dos Enfermeiros. Resultados: A vacinação visa proteção coletiva. Os efeitos desejáveis no indivíduo não possuem o mesmo valor ético no coletivo, levando a desequilíbrios custo/benefício. A insuficiência da bioética principialista, conduzem-nos ao uso de outros valores morais, como a responsabilidade, solidariedade e justiça social, para a reflexão dos problemas relacionados com a vacinação. Conclusão: Em ética não há soluções perfeitas e estas dependem do contexto. A imunidade de grupo é uma das questões mais discutidas em pandemia. A distribuição equitativa e o princípio da justiça, refletem-se diariamente na profissão de enfermagem.

Hesitação vacinal para influenza entre trabalhadores(as) da saúde, Bahia, Brasil / Influenza vaccine hesitancy among health workers, Bahia State, Brazil / Vacilación en la vacunación contra la gripe entre trabajadores/as de salud, Bahía, Brasil

Resumo: A Organização Mundial da Saúde reconhece a hesitação vacinal como uma das dez maiores ameaças à saúde pública no mundo. Este estudo investigou a associação entre confiança, conveniência e complacência e a hesitação vacinal para influenza entre trabalhadores(as) do setor saúde. Foram incluídos 453 trabalhadores(as) de serviços de atenção primária e média complexidade de uma cidade de médio porte do estado brasileiro da Bahia. Foram considerados hesitantes em vacinar aqueles que não receberam vacina para influenza em 2019. Modelos de equações estruturais foram utilizados para avaliar interrelações entre variáveis preditoras de interesse e hesitação vacinal. Um quarto dos(as) trabalhadores(as) (25,4%) hesitaram em se vacinar para influenza. Menor confiança (coeficiente padronizado - CP = 0,261; p = 0,044) e maior complacência (CP = 0,256; p < 0,001) associaram-se significativamente à hesitação vacinal. A conveniência não esteve associada à hesitação vacinal. Trabalhadores(as) não assistenciais, da média complexidade e do sexo masculino referiram menor acolhimento pelo profissional que administrava as vacinas. O medo de agulhas associou-se à menor confiança e à hesitação vacinal. História de reação vacinal não esteve associada diretamente com hesitação vacinal, mas associou-se à maior complacência, isto é, menor percepção do risco de doenças imunopreveníveis. Por ser uma vacina recomendada anualmente, a hesitação vacinal para influenza pode contribuir para aumentar a carga da doença na população. Os dados sustentam a hipótese de que fatores relacionados à confiança e complacência produzem prejuízos na aceitação desta vacina, devendo ser considerados no desenvolvimento de estratégias e ações para maior adesão à vacinação.

Abstract: The World Health Organization acknowledges vaccine hesitancy as one of the ten most serious global health threats. The study investigated the association between confidence, convenience, and complacency and influenza vaccine hesitancy among male and female health workers. The study included 453 workers in primary and medium-complexity health services in a medium-sized city in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Vaccine-hesitant individuals were defined as those who had not received an influenza vaccine in 2019. Structural equation models were used to assess interrelations between target predictive variables and vaccine hesitancy. One-fourth of the workers (25.4%) hesitated to be vaccinated for influenza. Lower confidence (standardized coefficient - SC = 0.261; p = 0.044) and higher complacency (SC = 0.256; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy. Convenience was not associated with vaccine hesitancy. Workers not involved in patient care, workers in medium-complexity services, and male workers reported less receptiveness from the health professional administering the vaccines. Fear of needles was associated with both lower confidence and greater vaccine hesitancy. History of vaccine reactions was not associated directly with vaccine hesitancy, but it was associated with greater complacency, that is, less perception of risk from vaccine-preventable diseases. Since annual influenza vaccination is recommended, influenza vaccine hesitancy can increase the burden of this disease in the population. The data back the hypothesis that factors related to confidence and complacency produce harms in this vaccine´s acceptance and should be considered in the development of strategies and actions for greater adherence to vaccination.

Resumen: La Organización Mundial de la Salud reconoce la vacilación en la vacunación como una de las diez mayores amenazas para la salud pública en el mundo. Este estudio investigó la asociación entre confianza, conveniencia y complacencia, así como la indecisión para vacunarse contra la gripe entre trabajadores/as del sector salud. Se incluyeron a 453 trabajadores/as de servicios de atención primaria y media complejidad de una ciudad de tamaño medio en Bahía, Brasil. Se consideraron vacilantes para vacunarse a aquellos que no recibieron una vacuna contra la gripe en 2019. Se utilizaron los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales para evaluar interrelaciones entre variables predictoras de interés y vacilación en vacunarse. Un cuarto de los/as trabajadores/as (25,4%) dudaron en si vacunarse contra la gripe. Menor confianza (coeficiente estandarizado - CE = 0,261; p = 0,044) y mayor complacencia (CE = 0,256; p < 0,001) se asociaron significativamente a la vacilación en la vacunación. La conveniencia no estuvo asociada a la vacilación en la vacunación. Los trabajadores/as no asistenciales, de media complejidad y de sexo masculino informaron de una menor acogida por parte del profesional que administraba las vacunas. El miedo a las agujas se asoció a una menor confianza y a la vacilación en la vacunación. Un historial de reacción a la vacunación no estuvo asociado directamente con la vacilación en la vacunación, pero se asoció a una mayor complacencia, esto es, menor percepción del riesgo de enfermedades inmunoprevenibles. Al tratarse de una vacuna recomendada anualmente, la vacilación en la vacunación para la gripe puede contribuir a aumentar la carga de enfermedad en la población. Los datos sostienen la hipótesis de que factores relacionados con la confianza y la complacencia producen prejuicios en la aceptación de esta vacuna, debiendo ser considerados en el desarrollo de estrategias y acciones para una mayor adhesión a la vacunación.

Vaccine hesitation and the 'pandemic' of the unvaccined: What to do to face the new "Vaccine Revolt"? / Hesitação vacinal e a 'pandemia' dos não vacinados: o que fazer para enfrentar a nova "Revolta da Vacina"?

ABSTRAC: The frequency of people hesitating to get vaccinated is increasing worldwide and regarding the covid-19 pandemic, this phenomenon has been increasingly noticed at a national level. This article exposes a brief presentation of the historical factors of this phenomenon, approaches its main determinants and conceptual model, in addition to presenting a set of communication strategies in vaccine health that can be implemented to face this problem to raise the credibility and adherence to immunizations. (AU)

RESUMO: A frequência da hesitação vacinal está aumentando em todo o mundo e, no contexto da pandemia da Covid-19, esse fenômeno vem sendo cada vez mais percebido no âmbito nacional. No presente trabalho, realizamos uma breve apresentação de fatores históricos desse fenômeno, abordamos seus principais determinantes e modelo conceitual, além de apresentar um conjunto de estratégias de (edu)comunicação em saúde vacinal que podem ser implementadas para enfrentamento dessa problemática com vista a elevar a credibilidade e a adesão às imunizações. (AU)

Percepciones de aceptabilidad y reticencia a las vacunas contra la COVID-19 en el Perú / Perceptions of acceptance and reluctance to COVID-19 vaccination in Peru

RESUMEN Objetivos. Explorar los factores que predisponen la aceptabilidad o reticencia a la vacunación contra la COVID-19 utilizando métodos cualitativos. Materiales y métodos. Estudio cualitativo descriptivo realizado entre abril y junio del 2021. Se utilizó una guía de entrevista semiestructurada que exploró las percepciones de los participantes de diferentes regiones del Perú con relación a la aplicación de la vacuna para la COVID-19, tomando como marco teórico el modelo de creencias en salud, cuyas dimensiones son: susceptibilidad, severidad, beneficios, barreras y estímulos asociados para ejecutar la acción. Resultados. Se entrevistó a treinta personas, en su mayoría mujeres. Para los participantes la eficacia de las vacunas se relaciona con el país de procedencia, además, consideran que es importante conocer los efectos a largo plazo en la salud luego de la aplicación de la vacuna. La información recibida por las autoridades gubernamentales y sanitarias puede ser un factor decisivo para la aplicación de la vacuna. Las personas con la intención de no vacunarse sienten que las estrategias de promoción de la vacunación vulneran sus derechos humanos. Conclusiones. Existe un grupo de personas indecisas o inseguras de recibir las vacunas contra la COVID-19 en quienes es necesario fomentar estímulos de acuerdo con sus preocupaciones y necesidades. Las autoridades gubernamentales y sanitarias deben trabajar conjuntamente para mejorar la confianza de la población y brindar mensajes que despejen las principales dudas sobre la eficacia y las reacciones adversas de las vacunas.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To explore factors that influence the acceptance or reluctance to COVID-19 vaccination using qualitative methods. Materials and methods. Descriptive qualitative study conducted between April and June 2021. A semi-structured interview guide was used to explore the perceptions of participants from different regions of Peru regarding COVID-19 vaccination. The Health Belief Model was used as theoretical framework and its dimensions are: susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, and cues to action. Results. We interviewed 30 people, mostly were women. For the participants, the efficacy of vaccines is related to the country of origin of the vaccines; in addition, they consider that it is important to know the long-term effects on health after vaccination. The information received by governmental and health authorities can be a decisive factor for vaccination. People with the intention of not being vaccinated feel that vaccination promotion strategies violate their human rights. Conclusions. There is a group of people undecided or unsure about receiving COVID-19 vaccines who need to be encouraged according to their concerns and needs. Governmental and health authorities should work together to improve the confidence of the population and provide messages to clarify doubts about the efficacy and adverse reactions of vaccines.

Implicações da autonomia na recusa de vacinação contra a COVID-19: reflexões a partir do entendimento do Supremo Tribunal Federal / Implications of autonomy in the refusal of vaccination against COVID-19: reflecting upon the Brazilian Supreme Court understanding

Objetivo: discutir as implicações da autonomia na obrigatoriedade da vacina contra a COVID-19 a partir de decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal, correlacionando-as com a ética baseada em princípios. Metodologia: trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, pautada por decisões recentes do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) e bibliográfica, utilizando bases de dados científicas. Resultados: observou-se que a vacinação compulsória no Brasil vem sendo aplicada em vários períodos da história e configura uma medida que assegura os direitos fundamentais, como o direito à saúde. Em um cenário pandêmico, a autonomia do indivíduo perde o protagonismo frente às necessidades coletivas, já que o direito à saúde é individual e coletivo. Concomitantemente, a suposta restrição da liberdade individual respalda-se no fundamento do interesse coletivo à saúde e à dignidade da pessoa humana. Conclusão: a imunização da população brasileira deve ser abordada de forma segura e eficaz para o controle dessa crise sanitária.