[Forehead injections: Anatomy, technics, products]. / Les injections du front : anatomie, techniques, produits.

Knowledge of anatomy not only allows optimal treatment and therefore full satisfaction of our patients, but is also fundamental in the prevention of complications. A thorough understanding of aging allows for effective treatments, as most patients demand a natural result, removing the inevitable signs of aging, which can only be understood by considering their aging. Facial aging is a natural but complex multifactorial process, particularly for the forehead. In this article, we will focus on botulinum toxin as well as fillers in aging.

[Frontotemporal volumetry to rejuvenate and re-feminize the face]. / Volumétrie frontotemporale pour rajeunir et re-féminiser le visage.

The author became interested in facial volume in the 1990s, during the period when he oversaw the feminization of the facial skeleton to improve the social integration of male transsexual patients. At that time, it was skeletal surgery. Very quickly, these techniques were extended to genetic women who wanted a more feminine face. The study of facial aging allowed the author to define criteria for frontotemporal aging, particularly an evolution with age towards a frontotemporal masculinization. The volumetric frontotemporal correction has thus become an essential element of facial rejuvenation. The evolution then, naturally took place towards the concept of frontotemporal beauty.

[The social imaginary of ageing: broadening the horizon of possibilities]. / L'imaginaire social du vieillissement, élargir l'horizon des possibles.

The social imaginary of aging confines the elderly to a narrow horizon. We need to broaden this horizon to open up new possibilities. We can do this by exploring the ways in which older people live their old age, by discovering what is not known. We can also do this by inventing new ways of aging, using the arts.

[Hydrosodium balance in aging]. / La balance hydrosodée au cours du vieillissement.

One of the kidney's major functions is to adjust the water and sodium balance in order to maintain a state of equilibrium. In the course of aging, even in the absence of renal pathology, changes are observed not only in renal macrostructure (reduction in kidney size, increase in the number of cysts), but also in microstructure (arteriosclerosis, glomerulosclerosis, fibrosis and tubular atrophy). All these changes can disrupt the homeostasis of water and sodium balances. The aim of this article is to review the physiology of water and sodium stores, and to assess the impact of aging on the regulatory loops of these different systems.

[Palliative care and care for the elderly: Worlds to be reconciled around an ethic of vulnerability]. / Soins palliatifs et soins au grand âge : des univers à réconcilier autour d'une éthique de la vulnérabilité.

The ageing of Western societies is leading to a marked increase in mortality. Death and old age are now intertwined. This situation should be of particular concern to palliative care. But in reality, palliative care remains too inaccessible to the oldest sections of the population. Why this paradox? After reviewing the clinical and organisational reasons that are often given, we invite you to take a more global look, one that is both sociological and ethical.

Reproducible method for assessing the effects of blue light using in vitro human skin tissues.

INTRODUCTION: High-intensity visible light (HEV), also referred to as blue light, has a wavelength of 400-500 nm and accounts for approximately one-third of the visible light. Blue light is also emitted from electronic devices and artificial indoor lighting. Studies have shown that exposure of human skin cells to light emitted from electronic devices, even as short as 1 h, can cause an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis and necrosis. Despite comprising a significant portion of the light spectrum, the effects of HEV light have not been studied as extensively. This is in part due to a lack of suitable in vitro testing methods. This work was conducted in order to develop a reproducible testing method for assessing the effects of blue light on the skin. METHODS: Testing was performed using a full thickness, 3D in vitro skin tissue model. Different exposure protocols were tested to (1) determine the biological effects of blue light on the skin and (2) to identify an appropriate exposure for routine testing of cosmetic materials that may protect the skin from blue light damage. Gene expression and protein biomarkers were measured using qPCR, ELISA and immunohistochemical (IHC) methods. RESULTS: Our work demonstrates that daily exposure to blue light produced dose-and-time-dependent changes in biomarkers associated with skin damage. Exposure to blue light for 6 h for 5 consecutive days (total intensity of 30 J/cm2 ) increased the expression of genes that regulate inflammation and oxidative stress pathways and decreased the expression of genes that maintain skin barrier and tissue integrity. Exposure to blue light significantly increased protein biomarkers associated with ageing, inflammation and tissue damage. IHC staining confirmed changes in collagen, filaggrin and NQO1 protein expression. Treatment with ascorbic acid inhibited the effects of blue light, demonstrating a role in protection from blue light. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that consistent blue light exposure produced skin damage via alterations in biological pathways that are associated with skin ageing. This work provides a new, reproducible in vitro testing method for assessing the effects of blue light on human skin using gene expression, protein ELISA and IHC staining.

INTRODUCTION: La lumière visible à haute énergie (VHE), également appelée lumière bleue, a une longueur d'onde de 400 à 500 nm et représente environ un tiers de la lumière visible. La lumière bleue est également émise par les appareils électroniques et l'éclairage intérieur artificiel. Des études ont montré que l'exposition des cellules cutanées humaines à la lumière émise par les appareils électroniques, même pour une période de seulement 1 h, peut entraîner une augmentation des dérivés réactifs de l'oxygène (DRO), de l'apoptose et de la nécrose. Bien qu'ils représentent une partie importante du spectre lumineux, les effets de la lumière VHE n'ont pas été étudiés aussi largement. Cela est en partie dû à un manque de méthodes de test in vitro appropriées. Ces travaux ont été réalisé afin de développer une méthode de test reproductible pour évaluer les effets de la lumière bleue sur la peau. MÉTHODES: Les tests ont été réalisés à l'aide d'un modèle de tissu cutané 3D in vitro de pleine épaisseur. Différents protocoles d'exposition ont été testés pour (1) déterminer les effets biologiques de la lumière bleue sur la peau et (2) identifier une exposition appropriée pour les tests de routine des produits cosmétiques susceptibles de protéger la peau des dommages causés par la lumière bleue. L'expression génique et les biomarqueurs protéiques ont été mesurés à l'aide des méthodes de PCR quantitative, de dosage par la méthode immuno-enzymatique ELISA et immunohistochimiques (IHC). RÉSULTATS: Nos travaux démontrent que l'exposition quotidienne à la lumière bleue a produit des modifications dépendantes de la dose et du temps dans les biomarqueurs associés aux lésions cutanées. L'exposition à la lumière bleue pendant 6 h au cours de 5 jours consécutifs (intensité totale de 30 J/cm2) a augmenté l'expression des gènes qui régulent l'inflammation et les voies du stress oxydatif, et a diminué l'expression des gènes qui maintiennent la barrière cutanée et l'intégrité tissulaire. L'exposition à la lumière bleue a significativement augmenté les biomarqueurs protéiques associés au vieillissement, à l'inflammation et aux lésions tissulaires. La coloration par IHC a confirmé les modifications de l'expression du collagène, de la filaggrine et de la protéine NQO1. Le traitement par acide ascorbique a inhibé les effets de la lumière bleue, démontrant un rôle dans la protection contre la lumière bleue. CONCLUSION: Nos résultats ont montré qu'une exposition continue à la lumière bleue produisait des lésions cutanées par le biais d'altérations des voies biologiques associées au vieillissement de la peau. Ces travaux fournissent une nouvelle méthode de test in vitro reproductible pour évaluer les effets de la lumière bleue sur la peau humaine à l'aide de l'expression des gènes, du test ELISA de détection de protéines et de la coloration IHC.

[Facial feminization, history, evolution of objectives]. / Féminisation faciale, historique, évolution des objectifs.

The author's experience dates from 1990, during the period when he was in charge of the feminization of the facial skeleton in order to improve the social integration of male transsexual patients. Very quickly, these techniques were extended to genetic women who wanted a more feminine face. This facial skeletal surgery was then supplemented with soft tissue surgery. This skeletal and volumetric surgery has become an important contribution in the search of facial rejuvenation and beauty.

[What are the barriers to private practice in geriatrics?] / Quels sont les freins à l'exercice libéral de la gériatrie ?

Liberal geriatrics is not developed in France. However, given the aging of the population and the benefits of specialized care for elderly patients, the increase in this activity could be beneficial. For a liberal activity in geriatrics to be established, it would be necessary to better define the role of the geriatrician in the follow-up of patients, to inform during the studies of this possibility of exercise and that a real adapted nomenclature be put in place.

[A geriatric perspective on the sixth IPCC synthesis report]. / Un point de vue gériatrique sur le sixième rapport de synthèse du Giec.

Climate change brings with it many foreseeable consequences for ecosystems and populations, including health consequences that could have a particular impact on older populations. Extreme climatic events, including heat waves, are associated with higher morbidity and mortality among the elderly. Air pollution has a deleterious effect on illnesses associated with aging, or which become more frequent with age. The health consequences of climate change must be anticipated, as they will require the adaptation of healthcare systems, which could be of particular interest to geriatric medicine.

Body Satisfaction and Associated Predictors Among Baby Boomer Women in Rural and Urban Manitoba.

Purpose: This study examines body satisfaction, weight attitudes, dieting behaviours, and aging concerns of baby boomer women (BBW; born 1946-1965) from rural and urban Manitoba.Methods: Primary data collection occurred November 2015, and 1083 participants completed the Body Image and Food Choice Survey. Four strata of BBW were represented to examine differences between older and younger BBW and location of residence. Multinomial logistic regression models were fit to determine predictors of weight and appearance satisfaction. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were considered significant at p ≤ 0.05.Results: Fifty-three percent of participants were satisfied with their appearance, whereas only 34% were satisfied with their weight. Ninety-one percent desired to lose weight (29.9 ± 29.3 lbs). Aging anxiety was evident for 46% of participants and associated with appearance satisfaction (χ2 = 27.46, df = 4, p < 0.001). Body work and dieting behaviours were used to mitigate body dissatisfaction, and media influence was associated with both appearance (χ2 = 76.17, df = 6, p < 0.001) and weight satisfaction (χ2 = 67.90, df = 6, p < 0.001). Desired weight change, appearance stress, appearance importance, and self-rated health predicted both weight and appearance satisfaction.Conclusions: There is a need for greater awareness of aging women's body image concerns and the need for age-appropriate tools/resources to help dietitians support women achieve a healthy body image.

[Risks and Opportunities of Reproducing with HIV]. / Équipe mobile de soins palliatifs et professionnels du handicap : acculturons nos pratiques.

End-of-life support and the implementation of a palliative approach require specific skills deployed in multidisciplinary teams. The same is true for professionals in the disability sector who accompany the life projects of people living in specialized facilities. This article proposes, based on a clinical situation at the end of life, a reflection on the acculturation of practices between the health, social and medico-social fields in favor of better end-of-life support for people with disabilities.

Versatile method to measure locomotion in adult Drosophila.

Many studies require the ability to quantify locomotor behavior over time. The list of tracking softwares and their capabilities are constantly growing. At the 2019 CanFly Conference, we presented preliminary results from an investigation of the effects of expressing polyglutamine repeats in fly muscles on longevity, locomotion, and protein aggregation. Numerous requests have been received regarding our protocol to measure locomotion and how to use the FlyTracker MatLab software. This report describes a versatile locomotion measuring device and custom MatLab scripts for the extraction, analysis, and compilation of FlyTracker data in a format compatible with spreadsheet softwares. The measurement and analysis of multiple genotypes of both sexes across age demonstrates that this method yields reproducible results that confirm that normal aging is associated with a progressive decline in locomotion as indicated by increased immobility and reduced velocity.

Vascular smooth muscle remodeling in health and disease.

In blood vessels, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) generally exist in two major phenotypes: contractile and non-contractile (synthetic). The contractile phenotype is predominant and includes quiescent or differentiated VSMCs, which function as the regulators of blood vessel diameter and blood flow. According to some literature in the field, contractile VSMCs do not switch to the non-contractile phenotype due to the activation of specific transcription factors that are considered as guardians of the contractile phenotype. However, a vast amount of the literature uses the terms remodeling and phenotype switching of contractile VSMCs interchangeably based mainly on studies dealing with atherosclerosis. The use of the terms remodeling and switching to describe changes in phenotype based on morphological criteria can be confusing. The term remodeling was first used to describe morphological changes in the heart and was soon used to describe phenotype changes of contractile VSMCs based on morphological criteria. The latter were introduced in early studies, and new molecular criteria were later added, including changes in gene expression, which could be irreversible. In this review, we will discuss the different views concerning remodeling and possible switching of contractile VSMCs to a non-contractile phenotype. We conclude that only remodeling of contractile VSMCs may take place upon vascular injury and disease.

[Cognitive aging apart from dementia]. / Le vieillissement cognitif en dehors de la démence.

Cognitive aging apart dementia results from different genetic programming, different according to individuals. The aging of the various cognitive and very heterogeneous cognitive functions largely depends on the life course of each person. Social factors, in particular the environment in which a person lives, may or may not accelerate the processes of cognitive aging. The slower processing speeds of information from the environment, practical or strategic new acquisitions, and the difficult management of multiple tasks, reflect an age-related hypofrontality. Physical and mental health, social and relational well-being participate in good cognitive aging. Exploration of the different facets of cognitive aging shows its complexity.

[New developments in pain management for the elderly]. / Les nouveautés concernant la prise en charge de la douleur chez le sujet âgé.

Pain in old age is still too common. Yet it deserves our interest because it weakens elderly patients who are already very vulnerable. As medical knowledge is constantly evolving, all caregivers are concerned in updating their knowledge in order to control the multiple pains of the elderly. Review of key points relating to the evaluation of pain, but also to today's drug and non-drug treatments, in order to optimise algological management in geriatrics.

[The digital tool for the prevention of dependency in the elderly]. / L'outil numérique au service de la prévention de la dépendance des sujets âgés.

Dependency care is a real public health issue. The lengthening of life expectancy and the increase in polypathologies require health policies that are as close as possible to the needs of the elderly. The World Health Organisation has set up a program to encourage healthy ageing. Based on this program, the Toulouse gerontopôle has developed digital tools for the prevention, evaluation, monitoring and management of ageing in order to detect and monitor 200,000 elderly people in Occitania within five years.

Insertions of mitochondrial DNA into the nucleus-effects and role in cell evolution.

We review the insertion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragments into nuclear DNA (NUMTS) as a general and ongoing process that has occurred many times during genome evolution. Fragments of mtDNA are generated during the lifetime of organisms in both somatic and germinal cells, by the production of reactive oxygen species in the mitochondria. The fragments are inserted into the nucleus during the double-strand breaks repair via the non-homologous end-joining machinery, followed by genomic instability, giving rise to the high variability observed in NUMT patterns among species, populations, or genotypes. Some de novo produced mtDNA insertions show harmful effects, being involved in human diseases, carcinogenesis, and ageing. NUMT generation is a non-stop process overpassing the Mendelian transmission. This parasitic property ensures their survival even against their harmful effects. The accumulation of mtDNA fragments mainly at pericentromeric and subtelomeric regions is important to understand the transmission and integration of NUMTs into the genomes. The possible effect of female meiotic drive for mtDNA insertions at centromeres remains to be studied. In spite of the harmful feature of NUMTs, they are important in cell evolution, representing a major source of genomic variation.

Stimulation of the endogenous hydrogen sulfide synthesis suppresses oxidative-nitrosative stress and restores endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation in old rats.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gas transmitter with profound effects on the cardiovascular system. We hypothesized that stimulation of H2S synthesis might alleviate age-associated changes in vascular reactivity. Pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP), the coenzyme of H2S-synthesizing enzymes, was administrated to old male Wistar rats per os at a dose of 0.7 mg/kg body mass once a day for 2 weeks. H2S content in the aortic tissue, markers of oxidative stress, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS), arginase activities, and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of the aortic rings were studied. Our results showed that PLP restored endogenous H2S and low molecular weight S-nitrosothiol levels in old rat aorta to the levels detected in adults. PLP significantly reduced diene conjugate content, hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite generation rates, and iNOS and arginase activity in the aortic tissue of old rats. PLP also greatly improved acetylcholine-induced relaxation of old rat aorta (47.7% ± 4.8% versus 18.4% ± 4.1% in old rats, P < 0.05) that was abolished by NO inhibition with N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) or H2S inhibition with O-carboxymethylhydroxylamine (O-CMH). Thus, PLP might be used for stimulation of endogenous H2S synthesis and correction of oxidative and nitrosative stress and vessel tone dysfunction in aging and age-associated diseases.

[Normal sensory aging]. / Le vieillissement sensoriel normal.

Normal aging can be defined as the result of the effects of genetic and environmental factors to which subjects are exposed throughout their lives. This process is slow and progressive and must be distinguished from disease. All organs are subject to aging in a physiological way.

[Vision pathologies]. / Les pathologies de la vision.

The prevalence of visual impairment increases very significantly with age. The most common visual pathologies with aging are: Age-related Macular Degeneration, Cataracts, Glaucoma, Diabetic Retinopathy. Given their consequences on autonomy and quality of life, it is important to have regular ophthalmological monitoring, to identify and at best prevent these pathologies which can be disabling.