Paul Bastenie et la recherche en diabétologie à l'ULB.

The present chapter deals with the contribution of Professor Paul A. Bastenie, as Chief of the Department of Medicine of the Saint-Pierre Hospital and Director of the Laboratory of Experimental Medicine at Brussels Free University, in the field of diabetes with emphasis on the role of insulin in glucose homeostasis. The knowledge and experimental work under consideration is covering the period from 1955 to 1974. They entail not only three treatises contributed by Bastenie but also fundamental and clinical investigations, such as those presented in eight doctoral dissertations submitted for aggregation examination at Brussels Free University. These theses are dealing with the measurement of glucose assimilation (V. Conard), the measurement of insulin activity in men (J.R.M. Franckson), the mechanisms of action of hypoglycemic drugs (R. Bellens), the study of energy metabolism in children (H. Loeb), the study of insulin secretion in vitro (W. Malaisse), the distribution of insulin in body fluids as influenced by the permeability and structure of blood capillaries (E. Rasio), the regulation of the extra-hepatic metabolism of ketone bodies in anesthetized dogs (E.O. Balasse) and the use of radioiodinated insulin as tracers in biology (H.A. Ooms).

Le présent article concerne la contribution du Professeur Paul A. Bastenie, en tant que Chef du Département de Médecine à l'Hôpital Saint-Pierre et de Directeur du Laboratoire de Médecine expérimentale à l'Université libre de Bruxelles, dans le domaine de la diabétologie, en particulier le rôle de l'insuline dans l'homéostasie glucidique. Le travail expérimental pris en considération couvre la période de 1955 à 1974. Il comporte non seulement trois traités contribués par Bastenie, mais également des investigations fondamentales et cliniques telles que celles présentées à l'Université libre de Bruxelles dans huit thèses d'agrégation de l'enseignement supérieur. Celles-ci concernent la mesure de l'assimilation de glucose (V. Conard), la mesure de l'activité de l'insuline chez l'homme (J.R.M. Franckson), les mécanismes d'action des drogues hypoglycémiantes (R. Bellens), le métabolisme énergétique de l'enfant (H. Loeb), la sécrétion insulinique in vitro (W. Malaisse), le passage capillaire de l'insuline (E. Rasio), le métabolisme extra-hépatique des corps cétoniques in vivo (E.O. Balasse) et l'emploi des insulines radioiodées comme traceurs en biologie (H.A. Ooms).

From Technical Assistants to Critical Thinkers: The Journey to World War II.

A review of professional literature was conducted to examine the history of the education of medical laboratory practitioners. This comprehensive review included historical educational milestones from the birth of medical technology to the advent of World War II. During this time period standards were developed by clinical pathologists for laboratory personnel and training programs. In addition, a formal educational model began to form and by the 1940's two years of college was required for matriculation into a medical technology program. Intertwined within the educational milestones are imprints of the evolution of critical thinking requirements and skills within the profession. For the first laboratory practitioners, critical thinking was not developed, discussed, or encouraged as duties were primarily repetitive promoting psychomotor skills.

From Technical Assistants to Critical Thinkers: From World War II to 2014.

A review of professional literature was conducted to examine the history of the education of medical laboratory practitioners. This comprehensive review included historical educational milestones from World War II to present day. During this time period the standard of two years of college required for matriculation into a medical technology program increased to four years. Critical thinking skills promoted in the educational model and applied in practice expanded from an analytic and psychomotor orientation to include those requiring extensive situational interpretation and negotiation. By the end of the twentieth century, the clinical laboratory had experienced significant scientific and technologic transformations necessitating greatly expanded roles for the medical laboratory practitioner. Though the educational requirements and education model have changed minimally since the 1970's, the knowledge and skills required for the next generation of medical laboratory practitioners continue to escalate. The second decade of the 21st century portends a transformation in medical laboratory practitioner education commensurate with the rapid advancement of science, technology, communications, and the precepts of evidence-based practice.

Philip T. Cagle, MD-Editor-in-Chief of the Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 2005-2019.

• The Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine was first published in 1926 as a specialty journal of the American Medical Association. It became the official journal of the College of American Pathologists in 1995. Under the dynamic leadership of its most recent editor-in-chief, Philip T. Cagle, MD, the Archives has dramatically increased its impact factor and become the most widely read general pathology journal. Dr. Cagle has consistently added leading pathologists to the editorial board, and the collective expertise of these individuals is clearly evident in new, cutting-edge journal masthead sections. The Archives has featured innovative content in the field of digital pathology, including articles on the utilization of smart phones in pathology and the incorporation of whole-slide images and videos into the content of articles. During the current editorial board's tenure, special sections were introduced and have proven immensely popular with the journal's readership. As the Archives celebrates its 94th anniversary, its editorial board remains committed to providing insightful and relevant medical knowledge. The journal's open access Web site ( www.archivesofpathology.org ) allows the dissemination of this information to every corner of the globe at no expense to those who wish to expand their knowledge or improve their medical practice. Dr. Cagle, with support from the editorial board and journal staff, has worked tirelessly during his tenure as Archives editor-in-chief to greatly enhance the content of the journal and its stature within pathology and laboratory medicine.

[Corporate and technological changes in São Paulo medicine in 1930]. / Mudanças corporativas e tecnológicas da medicina paulista em 1930.

Through the historical study of the corporate and technological changes experienced by doctors in São Paulo in the 1930s, we intend to identify how changes in the fields of equipment and knowledge came from the emergence of specialties, which led to corporate changes and rearrangements in the face of the dilemmas introduced by the Getúlio Vargas government and its policy of centralizing power. Connections are pointed out of a symbolic and representative order, backed by doctors considered 'old-school' and those that represented the 'new' times in medicine, evidencing the clashes between these currents vis-à-vis the specialization movement and particular landmarks in the history of São Paulo.

[Machines and arguments: from life support technologies to the definition of brain death]. / Máquinas e argumentos: das tecnologias de suporte da vida à definição de morte cerebral.

The article analyzes academic production about the debate surrounding the definition of brain death, based on bibliographic and documental research of international medical periodicals in the 1960s. The development and adoption of life support technologies during the twentieth century sparked a heated debate that sought to legitimize new procedures like organ transplants. As its practices changed, medical science set about inventing new knowledge about these practices. Discussions as to the definition of brain death turned it into a 'black box', dismantled by anthropological studies into the topic starting in 1980s. The present article explores the deconstruction of brain death as a black box.

[On the 20th anniversary of the Scientific-Manufacturing Association "Elektron"].

Elektron Scientific-Manufacturing Association is one of the leading domestic designers, manufacturers, and suppliers of medical X-ray equipment. It holds a leading position in development of digital diagnostic equipment. Out of a small enterprise, Elektron Scientific-Manufacturing Association has developed into one of the leading domestic manufacturers of X-ray equipment. The goal of this work was to provide information about Elektron Scientific-Manufacturing Association, its history, currently available products, and developmental strategies.

Philip Hillkowitz The "Granddaddy of Medical Technologists" and Cofounder of the American Society for Clinical Pathologists and the Jewish Consumptives' Relief Society.

CONTEXT: - In the early 20th century, the future of hospital-based clinical pathology practice was uncertain and this situation led to the formation of the American Society for Clinical Pathologists in 1922. Philip Hillkowitz, MD, and Ward Burdick, MD, were its cofounders. No biography of Hillkowitz exists. OBJECTIVE: - To explore the life, beliefs, and accomplishments of Philip Hillkowitz. DESIGN: - Available primary and secondary historical sources were reviewed. RESULTS: - Hillkowitz, the son of a Russian rabbi, immigrated to America as an 11-year-old child in 1885. He later attended medical school in Cincinnati, Ohio, and then moved to Colorado, where he began his clinical practice, which transitioned into a clinical pathology practice. In Denver, he met Charles Spivak, MD, another Jewish immigrant and together they established the Jewish Consumptives' Relief Society, an ethnically sensitive tuberculosis sanatorium that flourished in the first half of the 20th century because of its national fundraising network. In 1921, Hillkowitz and Burdick, also a Denver-based pathologist, successively organized the pathologists in Denver, followed by the state of Colorado. Early the next year, they formed the American Society for Clinical Pathologists (ASCP). Working with the American College of Surgeons, the ASCP put hospital-based practice of clinical pathology on solid footing in the 1920s. Hillkowitz then established and oversaw the ASCP Board of Registry of Medical Technologists. CONCLUSIONS: - Philip Hillkowitz changed the directions of clinical pathology and tuberculosis treatment in 20th century America, while simultaneously serving as a successful ethnic power broker within both the American Jewish and Eastern European immigrant communities.

[Defense industry technologies in contemporary medicine].

The article considers one of the Russian defense industry enterprises and its considerable contribution to the development and manufacture of medical equipment, including portable non-contact type intraocular pressure meters. Information on the pressure meters is given.

Cinematic representations of medical technologies in the Spanish official newsreel, 1943-1970.

NO-DO, the Spanish official newsreel produced by Franco's dictatorship (1939-1975), held a 30-year monopoly over audio-visual information in Spain from 1943 to 1975. This paper reports on an analysis of coverage of medical technologies by the Spanish Cinematic Newsreel Service, NO-DO, from 1943 to 1970. The study focuses on the changing roles played by cultural representations of medical technologies deployed in NO-DO. Our analysis shows how these representations offered a new space for the legitimization of the regime, and, more importantly, played a key role in the attempts to construct and enforce a hegemonic national identity after the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). During the period of isolationist autocracy that ended in the mid-1950s, the images of medical technologies reinforced the idea of a self-sufficient "national space" and deepened the break with the historical past. Once the international isolation of the regime was overcome in the late 1950s and the 1960s, the representation of medical technologies contributed to establishing a Spanish national identity that mirrored the outside world, the foreign space. Finally, gender representations in NO-DO are also explored.

Electroneurodiagnostics--for the joy of it!

During the middle of the last century, discoveries about the brain and the nervous system gave birth to a new technology. Thanks to the pioneers in those efforts, the early EEG technicians, and our efforts through the years, the technology has grown, expanded, and become amazingly sophisticated. This is about loving what we do, and finding joy and satisfaction in our accomplishments. We make health care better. We improve the quality of people's lives. We prompt physicians to sit up and take notice because we complement their efforts at diagnosing, monitoring, and treating people's neurologic illnesses. We're old enough to have a history, and a story...about Kathy Mears and hundreds of dedicated technologists, many of whom sprouted from those first small groups trained by the Fathers of EEG to give them important scientific data. And here we are, fifty-some years later, several thousand strong, influenced by things those first technicians never dreamed about! We're still producing data, but things have changed. Let's examine the challenges electroneurodiagnostic (END) technologists encounter in the current healthcare arena, and focus on what we need to find joy and fulfillment in our important work. Come celebrate our profession. Come share the joy!