Effects of 100 GHz radiation on alkaline phosphatase activity and antigen-antibody interaction.

Equipment that generates microwave radiation (MWR) spanning the frequency range of 300 MHz-100 GHz is becoming more common. While MWR lacks sufficient energy to break chemical bonds, the disagreement as to whether MWR exposure is detrimental to cellular dysfunction may be difficult to clarify using complex systems such as whole animals, cells, or cell extracts. Recently, the high frequency range of terahertz (THz) radiation has been explored and sources of radiation and its detectors have been developed. THz radiation is associated with the frequency interval from 100 GHz to 20 THz and constitutes the next frontier in imaging science and technology. In the present study, we investigated the effect of radiation in the low frequency THz range (100 GHz) on two defined molecular interactions. First, the interaction of soluble or immobilized calf alkaline phosphatase with the substrate p-nitrophenylphosphate and second, the interaction between an antibody (mouse monoclonal anti-DNP) and its antigen (DNP). Irradiation of enzyme either prior to addition of substrate or during the enzymatic reaction resulted in small but significant reductions in enzyme activity. These differences were not observed if the enzyme had previously been immobilized onto plastic microwells. Exposure of immobilized antigen to radiation did not influence the ability of the antigen to interact with antibody. However, irradiation appeared to decrease the stability of previously formed antigen-antibody complexes. Our data suggest that 100 GHz radiation can induce small but statistically significant alterations in the characteristics of these two types of biomolecular interactions.

Freshly prepared immune complexes with intermittent microwave irradiation result in rapid and high-quality immunostaining.

We have previously reported that intermittent microwave irradiation shortened the primary or secondary antibody incubation time to 10 min in a special moist chamber. To achieve precise immunostaining within 1h, we attempted to generate a novel procedure, "freshly prepared immune complex with intermittent microwave irradiation (f-IC-M)". The advantage of this immunostaining procedure lies in a one-step incubation instead of primary and then secondary antibody application. In this study, we employed five primary antibodies to examine the efficiency and quality of this procedure. As expected, every primary antibody examined brought about precise immunostaining within 45 min for formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections, and within 15 min for frozen sections. In addition, this procedure is able to generate double-immunoenzymatic staining with different enzyme-labeled primary antibodies if desired. As any combination of primary and secondary antibodies is possible by this one-step application, f-IC-M increases the efficiency of immunostaining without losing quality. Therefore, this procedure is able to rapidly provide diagnostic information to the pathologists.

Hyperthermic enhancement of antibody-complement cytotoxicity against normal mouse B lymphocytes and its relation to capping.

Normal mouse B lymphocytes were exposed to water-bath hyperthermia in vitro and examined for susceptibility to antibody-complement (Ab-C) cytotoxicity. Enhancement of Ab-C cytotoxicity was observed during heat treatment at 42 or 43 degrees C. Sensitivity to Ab-C cytotoxicity returned to normal levels by 2-3 hr post exposure to 42 degrees C. No such recovery was observed when cells were preheated at 43 degrees C for 40 min. The mechanism responsible for heat-induced enhancement of Ab-C cytotoxicity may be related to the way heat affects the redistribution of membrane-bound antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) complexes. To investigate this possibility, cells were preheated at 37, 42, or 43 degrees C. The Ab-C assay was then performed at 37 degrees C immediately or 2.5 hr after hyperthermia. The distribution of Ag-Ab complexes was evaluated by immunofluorescence. A direct correlation was found between the hyperthermic enhancement of Ab-C cytotoxicity and the hyperthermic inhibition of capping, a process where membrane-bound Ag-Ab complexes coalesce into a polar cap on the cell surface. Sensitivity to Ab-C cytotoxicity returned to normal levels when cells restored the ability to cap Ag-Ab complexes following 42 degrees C hyperthermia. Cells heated at 43 degrees C were still sensitive to Ab-C cytotoxicity and did not recover the capping ability even 2.5 hr after heat treatment.

Sterilization of therapeutic immunoadsorbents by ionizing radiation.

The application of ionizing radiation (gamma-rays from 60Co) to sterilize therapeutic immunoadsorbents (IA)s was investigated. The IAs were porous bead carriers immobilizing anti-IgE antibodies and were irradiated in both the freeze-dried and precipitated (wet) states. The IgE removal (%), the IgE adsorption capacity of IA, was acceptable in terms of practical use even after an irradiation dose of 2.5 Mrad in the precipitated state; the anti-IgE antibody itself lost much of its activity, possibly because of intermolecular crosslinking of antibody molecules, after being irradiated with a dose at least of 0.5 Mrad. In the freeze-dried state only IA consisting of CPG-1400 could tolerate a dose of 2.5 Mrad. Dose-survival curves were obtained using Bacillus pumilus spores in both the freeze-dried and precipitated IAs and the D-values were calculated to be respectively 0.27 and 0.31 Mrad. Thus, ionizing radiation may be applicable for sterilizing IAs in the precipitated state and in the freeze-dried state for an IA consisting of CPG-1400 although the initial bioburden on IA should be low.

A study of humoral factors in carcinoma cervix.

Serum immunoglobulins, circulating immune-complexes and blocking effect of patients' sera on normal T lymphocytes were studied in 10 patients with chronic cervicitis, 25 with carcinoma cervix and 20 age matched healthy women. No significant difference was observed between the healthy controls and chronic cervicitis. In carcinoma, there was a significant increase in IgG and IgA in stage I, IgG and IgM in stage II and in all the three immunoglobulins in stage III as compared to chronic cervicitis. Circulating immune-complexes and T cell depression were also found to be increased and stage related. After radiotherapy, both these parameters and IgG were found to be significantly reduced. The study of these immune parameters seems to be a promising aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with carcinoma cervix.

[Effects of extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation on the immune system and systemic regulation of homeostasis]. / Vliianie élektromagnitnogo izlucheniia kraine vysokikh chastot na immunnuiu sistemu i sistemnaia reguliatsiia gomeostaza.

Low-intensity of electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequencies (EHF EMR) is effectively used in medical practice for diagnostics, prevention and treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases of different etiology. However, in spite of existence of many hypotheses about mechanisms of EHF EMR effects on the molecular and cellular levels of organization of living systems, there is not conception that could explain all diversity of the EHF-therapy effects from unified approach. In our opinion, the problem of determination of mechanisms of EHF EMR effects on living organism is divided into two basic tasks: first, determining subcellular structures which can receive radiation, and, second, studying physiological reactions of the organism which are caused by radiation. It is obviously, that investigation of functions of single cells and subcellular elements can not entirely explain therapeutic effects and mechanisms of EHF EMR influence on multicellular organism on the whole. Plenty of functional relationships between organs and systems of organs should be taken into account. In the present review, a realization of the EHF-therapy effects due to the influence on immune system functions and start of system mechanisms of maintenance of the homeostasis on the organism level is hypothesized. Potential targets for EHF EMR acception on the level of different systems of the organism are analysed. The material is formed so that functional relations between immune system and other regulatory systems (nervous and endocrine systems) are traced.

[Morphological signs of the blocking effect of immunoglobulins and immune complexes in breast cancer before and after radiotherapy]. / Morfologicheskoe proiavlenie blokiruiushchego deistviia immunoglobulinov i immunnykh kompleksov pri rake molochnoi zhelezy do i posle luchevogo lecheniia.

Parenchyma of radiation-treated (48.0%) and untreated (47.9%) fibroadenomas, dysplasias, breast cancer (in 57.1%, 55.6% and 47.9% of cases, respectively) are shown to contain deposits of immune complexes (IC) and immunoglobulins (Ig) of the main classes. This may be an underlying cause of the blocked interaction between epithelial cells and lymphocytes supported by a significant reduction in the specific lymphocyte density observed for parenchyma of IC-positive fibroadenoma and dysplasia, breast cancer periphery occurring before radiation therapy. Poor long-term outcomes of IC-positive breast cancer irrespective of radiation treatment allow the author to refer IC and Ig deposits to criteria of unfavorable prognosis as well as indicators of breast cancer cells radioresistance.

[Thymus endocrine function and the immune system indices of cancer patients after neutron and gamma therapy]. / Endokrinnaia funktsiia timusa i nekotorye pokazateli sostoiannia immunnoi systemy onkologicheskikh bol'nykh posle neitronnoi i gamma-terapii.

Patients with head and neck and locomotor system tumors received neutron therapy in the total doses of 4-8 and 12-14 Gy which was followed by a pronounced dose-dependent decrease in the serum thymus factor and total blood-lymphocyte levels. The latter changes were predominantly due to a decrease in the non-T-non-B cell concentration. Following the treatment, a rise in the level of circulating immune complexes and those of IgA and IgG was observed. Changes in the immune system proved less apparent in patients with locomotor system cancer who had been given 20 Gy of gamma-ray radiation.

[The characteristics of the immunity status of people with arterial hypertension who took part in the cleanup of the aftermath of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station]. / Osobennosti sostoianiia immuniteta u lits s arterial'noi gipertenziei, prinimavshikh uchastie v likvidatsii posledstvii avarii na ChAES.

Clinical and immunological investigations were conducted in 70 patients with arterial hypertension from among those individuals having taken part in the elimination of the aftereffects of the Chernobyl APP breakdown in 1986-1987. The analysis of the results obtained showed the patients with primary and renal hypertension present with pathogenetic heterogeneity of the immune disturbances, which fact necessitates conducting rigorous immunologic monitoring for the methods of immune correction to be objectivized.

[Heparin inhalations and laser exposure of blood in treatment of patients with open-angle glaucoma]. / Ispol'zovanie ingaliatsii geparina i lazernogo oblucheniia krovi pri lechenii bol'nykh s otkrytougol'noi glaukomoi.

Comparative assessment of methods aimed at amelioration of the immunohemostatic processes in patients with open-angle glaucoma suffering from chronic vascular diseases showed that the most remarkable improvement of the visual functions and decrease of the level of circulating immune complexes in the blood were attained in the patients treated by heparin inhalations combined with intravenous laser exposure of the blood as against patients treated by one of these methods alone or traditionally.

[Immunogenicity in Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum irradiated with gamma rays]. / Imunogennost na Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum, oblucheni s gama-luchi.

Studied with the imunogenicity of Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum bacteria treated with 1, 10 and 20 MR gamma rays or killed with acetone. Bacterial cultures were irradiated with a LMB-gamma M device, having a 137Cs source, single doses being of a 3,252 R/min power Biozzi's clearance test was employed to determine the changes in the immunogenic properties of the irradiated bacteria. The results obtained with both the clearance test and the protection test spoke of a considerable drop in the immunogenic capacity of the irradiated bacteria, using rates of 10, and especially of 20 MR gamma rays as compared to those killed with acetone. Protection was manifested best by bacteria treated at the rate of 1 MR gamma-rays, which pointed to the possibility of their practical use in the immunoprophylaxis of pullorum disease in birds.