Protective effects of polysaccharide extracted from green alga Chaetomorpha linum against zinc and copper-induced testicular toxicity in male mice.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of copper (CuSO4) and zinc (ZnSO4) overload on male reproductive toxicity and the potential of a polysaccharide extracted from green alga Chaetomorpha linum (PS) in mitigating their toxicities. Adult male mice strain of 25 ± 2 g of weight was subdivided into eight groups. Group 1 served as control; group 2 received PS (200 mg/kg), and groups 3 and 4 received intraperitoneally zinc (60 mg/kg b.w) and copper (33 mg/kg b.w), respectively. Group 5 received both zinc (60 mg/kg b.w) and copper (33 mg/kg b.w), group 6 received zinc (60 mg/kg b.w) associated with PS (200 mg/kg), group 7 received copper (33 mg/kg b.w) associated with PS (200 mg/kg), and group 8 received zinc (60 mg/kg b.w) and copper (33 mg/kg b.w) associated with PS (200 mg/kg). Results suggested that ZnSO4 and CuSO4 significantly decreased the functional sperm parameters. Furthermore, extended exposure to these elements increased oxidative stress biomarkers, including malondialdehyde (MDA) as a measure of lipid peroxidation and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) indicating protein oxidative damage. This process also reduces the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which neutralize and catalyze free radicals. Histopathological changes in mice testis were also studied. However, the co-treatments with PS significantly reduced these effects and promoted the reproductive parameters in male mice. In conclusion, PS exhibited protective effects against zinc and copper-induced reproductive toxicity, making it a potential adjuvant treatment for testicular toxicity.

Differences in toxicity and accumulation of metal from copper oxide nanomaterials compared to copper sulphate in zebrafish embryos: Delayed hatching, the chorion barrier and physiological effects.

The mechanisms of toxicity of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) to the early life stages of freshwater fish, and the relative hazard compared to dissolved metals, is only partially understood. In the present study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to lethal concentrations of copper sulphate (CuSO4) or copper oxide (CuO) ENMs (primary size ∼15 nm), and then the sub-lethal effects investigated at the LC10 concentrations over 96 h. The 96 h-LC50 (mean ± 95% CI) for CuSO4 was 303 ± 14 µg Cu L-1 compared to 53 ± 9.9 mg L-1 of the whole material for CuO ENMs; with the ENMs being orders of magnitude less toxic than the metal salt. The EC50 for hatching success was 76 ± 11 µg Cu L-1 and 0.34 ± 0.78 mg L-1 for CuSO4 and CuO ENMs respectively. Failure to hatch was associated with bubbles and foam-looking perivitelline fluid (CuSO4), or particulate material smothering the chorion (CuO ENMs). In the sub-lethal exposures, about 42% of the total Cu as CuSO4 was internalised, as measured by Cu accumulation in the de-chorionated embryos, but for the ENMs exposures, nearly all (94%) of the total Cu was associated with chorion; indicating the chorion as an effective barrier to protect the embryo from the ENMs in the short term. Both forms of Cu exposure caused sodium (Na+) and calcium (Ca2+), but not magnesium (Mg2+), depletion from the embryos; and CuSO4 caused some inhibition of the sodium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase) activity. Both forms of Cu exposure caused some loss of total glutathione (tGSH) in the embryos, but without induction of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. In conclusion, CuSO4 was much more toxic than CuO ENMs to early life stage zebrafish, but there are subtle differences in the exposure and toxic mechanisms for each substance.

The Combined Use of Copper Sulfate and Trichlorfon Exerts Stronger Toxicity on the Liver of Zebrafish.

In aquaculture, copper sulphate and trichlorfon are commonly used as disinfectants and insecticide, sometimes in combination. However, improper use can result in biotoxicity and increased ecological risks. The liver plays a crucial role in detoxification, lipid metabolism, nutrient storage, and immune function in fish. Selecting the liver as the main target organ for research helps to gain an in-depth understanding of various aspects of fish physiology, health, and adaptability. In the present study, zebrafish were exposed to Cu (0.5 mg/L) and Tri (0.5 mg/L) alone and in combination for 21 days. The results demonstrate that both Cu and Tri caused hepatocyte structure damage in zebrafish after 21 days of exposure, with the combination showing an even greater toxicity. Additionally, the antioxidant and immune enzyme activities in zebrafish liver were significantly induced on both day 7 and day 21. A transcriptome analysis revealed that Cu and Tri, alone and in combination, impacted various physiological activities differently, including metabolism, growth, and immunity. Overall, Cu and Tri, either individually or in combination, can induce tissue damage by generating oxidative stress in the body, and the longer the exposure duration, the stronger the toxic effects. Moreover, the combined exposure to Cu and Tri exhibits enhanced toxicity. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the combined use of heavy metal disinfectants and other drugs.

Ecotoxicology and geostatistical techniques employed in subtropical reservoirs sediments after decades of copper sulfate application.

Spatial distribution linked to geostatistical techniques contributes to sum up information into an easier-to-comprehend knowledge. This study compares copper spatial distribution in surface sediments and subsequent categorization according to its toxicological potential in two reservoirs, Rio Grande (RG) and Itupararanga (ITU) (São Paulo-Brazil), where copper sulfate is applied and not applied, respectively. Sediments from 47 sites in RG and 52 sites in ITU were collected, and then, copper concentrations were interpolated using geostatistical techniques (kriging). The resulting sediment distributions were classified in categories based on sediment quality guides: threshold effect level and probable effect level; regional reference values (RRVs) and enrichment factor (EF). Copper presented a heterogenic distribution and higher concentrations in RG (2283.00 ± 1308.75 mg/kg) especially on the upstream downstream, associated with algicide application as well as the sediment grain size, contrary to ITU (21.81 ± 8.28 mg/kg) where a no-clear pattern of distribution was observed. Sediments in RG are predominantly categorized as "Very Bad", whereas sediments in ITU are mainly categorized as "Good", showing values higher than RRV. The classification is supported by the EF categorization, which in RG is primarily categorized as "Very High" contrasting to ITU classified as "Absent/Very Low". Copper total stock in superficial sediment estimated for RG is 4515.35 Ton of Cu and for ITU is 27.45 Ton of Cu.

Allicin ameliorates aluminium- and copper-induced cognitive dysfunction in Wistar rats: relevance to neuro-inflammation, neurotransmitters and Aß(1-42) analysis.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurological disorder associated with neuropathological and neurobehavioral changes, like cognition and memory loss. Pathological hallmarks of AD comprise oxidative stress, formation of insoluble ß-amyloid (Aß) plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles constituted by hyperphosphorylated tau protein (P-tau), neurotransmitters dysbalanced (DA, NE, 5-HT, GABA and Glutamate) and metal deposition. Chronic exposure to metals like aluminium and copper causes accumulation of Aß plaques, promotes oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, and degeneration of cholinergic neurons results in AD-like symptoms. In the present study, rats were administered with aluminium chloride (200 mg/kg p.o) and copper sulfate (0.5 mg/kg p.o) alone and in combination for 28 days. Allicin (10 and 20 mg/kg i.p) was administered from day 7 to day 28. Spatial and recognition memory impairment analysis was performed using Morris water maze, Probe trial, and Novel Object Recognition test. Animals were sacrificed on day 29, brain tissue was isolated, and its homogenate was used for biochemical (lipid peroxidation, nitrite, and glutathione), neuro-inflammatory (IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF- α), neurotransmitters (DA, NE, 5-HT, GABA and Glutamate), Aß(1-42) level, Al concentration estimation, and Na+/K+-ATPase activity. In the present study, aluminium chloride and copper sulfate administration increased oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines release, imbalanced neurotransmitters' concentration, and promoted ß-amyloid accumulation and Na+/K+-ATPase activity. Treatment with allicin dose-dependently attenuated these pathological events via restoration of antioxidants, neurotransmitters concentration, and inhibiting cytokine release and ß-amyloid accumulation. Moreover, allicin exhibited the neuroprotective effect through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neurotransmitters restoration, attenuation of neuro-inflammation and ß-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity.

Protective effect of surfactin on copper sulfate-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and hepatic injury in zebrafish.

Surfactin, an antibacterial peptide, produced by various Bacillus subtilis strains, have broad-spectrum antibacterial and immune-enhancing functions. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective effect of surfactin on zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae following their exposure to copper sulfate (CuSO4 ). The mature AB wild-type and a transgenic line of zebrafish larvae that expressed enhanced GFP (EGFP) named Tg (Lyz:EGFP) were exposed to 0, 20, 40, and 60 µg/mL surfactin after incubation with 3.2 µg/mL CuSO4 for 2 h from 72 h postfertilization (hpf). Different endpoints, such as migration of GFP-labeled neutrophils, analysis of inflammatory cytokines and transaminases, markers of oxidation, expression of certain genes, and histological changes of liver, were studied to evaluate the function of surfactin. The protein expression levels of NF-κBp65, TNF-α, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and iNOS were determined in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells by western blotting. Our results show that surfactin reduced migration of neutrophils and relieved hepatic injury. In addition, surfactin reduced the index levels of inflammatory factors, oxidative stress response, and improved hepatic function. Surfactin also significantly inhibited the expression of IL-1ß, IL-8, TNF-α, nitric oxide, NF-κBp65, COX-2, and iNOS, and increased the expression of IL-10. Thus, our results demonstrate that surfactin has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective activities. Surfactin has potential as a novel inflammation and immune adjustment.

Rutin ameliorates copper sulfate-induced brain damage via antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities in rats.

Excessive exposure to Copper (Cu) may result in Cu toxicity and adversely affect health outcomes. We investigated the protective role of rutin on Cu-induced brain damage. Experimental rats were treated as follows: group I: control; group II: Cu-sulfate: 200 mg/kg; group III: Cu-sulfate, and rutin 100 mg/kg; and group IV: rutin 100 mg/kg, for 7 weeks. Cu only treatment significantly decreased body weight gain, while rutin cotreatment reversed this decrease. Cu treatment increased malondialdehyde, nitric oxide level, and myeloperoxidase activity and decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in rat brain. Immunohistochemistry showed that COX-2, iNOS, and Bcl-2 proteins were strongly expressed, while Bax was mildly expressed in the brain of Cu-treated rats. Furthermore, brain histology revealed degenerated neurons, and perforated laminae of cerebral cortex in the Cu-only treated rats. Interestingly, coadministration of Cu and rutin reduced the observed histological alteration, improved inflammatory and antioxidant biomarkers, thereby protecting against Cu-induced brain damage via antioxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Laboratory-scale evaluation of algaecide effectiveness for control of microcystin-producing cyanobacteria from Lake Okeechobee, Florida (USA).

Growth of microcystin-producing cyanobacteria in Lake Okeechobee (Florida, USA) and surrounding waters has resulted in adverse health impacts for humans and endangered species, as well as significant economic losses. As these issues worsen, there is growing pressure for efficacious solutions to rapidly mitigate harmful algal blooms (HABs) and protect critical freshwater resources. Applications of USEPA-registered algaecides as management tactics meet many decision-making criteria often required by water resource managers (e.g., effective, scalable, selective), but have not yet been evaluated on a large scale within the Lake Okeechobee waterway. This study was conducted to bolster the peer-reviewed database for available management tactics against microcystin-producing cyanobacteria in waters of this region. Laboratory-scale experiments can be conducted first to minimize uncertainty at larger scales and improve confidence in decision-making. In this study, samples containing microcystin-producing cyanobacteria collected from Lake Okeechobee were exposed to several USEPA-registered algaecides in laboratory toxicity experiments. Responses of target cyanobacteria were measured 3 days after treatment (DAT) in terms of cell density, chlorophyll-a concentrations, and phycocyanin concentrations. Based on responses of the cyanobacteria, minimum effective exposure concentrations were identified for each algaecide. Microcystin release (i.e. proportion of total microcystins in the aqueous phase) was measured and compared 1 DAT among effective exposures. Total microcystin concentrations were measured in effective treatments at 1, 4, and 9 DAT to discern potential for microcystin persistence following exposures to the effective formulations and exposure concentrations. Overall, several formulations including GreenClean Liquid® 5.0, GreenClean Liquid® 5.0 combined with Hydrothol® 191, and the copper-based algaecides evaluated (Algimycin® PWF, Argos, Captain® XTR, Cutrine® Ultra, and SeClear®) achieved significant and similar effects on target cyanobacteria. The chelated copper-based formulations (Algimycin® PWF, Argos, Captain® XTR, and Cutrine® Ultra) resulted in relatively less microcystin release 1 DAT and lesser total microcystin concentrations 4 DAT. At 9 DAT, total microcystin concentrations were significantly lower than in untreated controls in all treatments evaluated. These results provide the necessary comparative performance data for preliminary decision-making and designing additional studies at larger scales. Importantly, the comparative toxicity data and approach provided in this study demonstrate the initial steps for development of site-specific management strategies for Lake Okeechobee and other areas impacted by harmful algal blooms with large spatial and temporal scales.

Soil invertebrate toxicity and bioaccumulation of nano copper oxide and copper sulphate in soils, with and without biosolids amendment.

The fate, toxicity and bioaccumulation of copper oxide nanoparticles (nCuO) was investigated in soil, with and without biosolids amendment, through chronic exposures using the earthworm, Eisenia andrei, and the collembolan, Folsomia candida. The effects of copper sulphate (CuSO4) were included so as to compare the behavior of nCuO to a readily soluble counterpart. The fate of nCuO was evaluated through characterization of dissolved and nano-particulate fractions (via single particle ICP-MS) as well as extractable Cu2+ throughout the duration of select tests. Neither Cu form was particularly toxic to F. candida, but effects on E. andrei reproduction were significant in all treatments (IC50 range: 98 - 149 mg Cu kg-1 dry soil). There were no significant differences in toxicity between the Cu forms, nor in extractable Cu2+ activities, indicative that particle dissolution within the soil and, subsequent activity of Cu2+ was likely the primary mode of toxicity in the nCuO exposures. The presence of biosolids did not significantly alter toxicity of nCuO, but did affect Cu2+ activity over time. Bioaccumulation of total Cu in E. andrei when exposed to nCuO (kinetic bioaccumulation factor (BAFk): 0.80 with biosolids and 0.81 without) was lower than exposure to CuSO4 (BAFk: 2.31 with biosolids and 1.12 without). Enhanced dark-field hyperspectral imaging showed accumulation of nCuO along the epidermis and gut of E. andrei, with trace amounts observed in muscle and chloragogenous tissue, providing evidence of nCuO translocation within the organism. The present study demonstrates that the current risk assessment approach for trace metals in the environment, based on substance solubility and bioavailability of the dissolved free ion, are applicable for nCuO exposure to soil invertebrates, but that the rate of particle dissolution in different soil environments is an important factor for consideration.

Mechanism of CuSO4 cytotoxicity in goat erythrocytes after high-level in vitro exposure to isotonic media.

Copper (Cu) is a common environmental pollutant in nature. Cu-poisoning can cause liver damage and erythrocytes hemolysis. To evaluate the effect of CuSO4 poisoning on the morphological and functional characteristics of goat red blood cells. Five 10-14-month-old goats were selected for jugular vein blood sampling to obtain erythrocytes, and then the erythrocytes were processed with different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 µmol/L) of CuSO4 for 48 h, and 40 µmol/L doses CuSO4 incubated for different time (12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h) to process erythrocytes. We observed the changes in erythrocyte morphology through scanning electron microscopy, and detected the antioxidant function and activities of three ATPases. Additionally, biological properties were examined from the perspectives of phospholipids and membrane protein components, permeability fragility, and fluidity in erythrocytes. We found that after CuSO4 treatment, the antioxidant capacity of erythrocytes decreased, which was manifested as increased MDA content and decreased CuZn-SOD and GSH-Px activities (p < 0.05). In addition, we also found that erythrocyte fluidity decreased, osmotic fragility increased, membrane phospholipid percentage and protein composition changes abnormally, and Na+/K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activities decreased (p < 0.05). From the results, it can be concluded that CuSO4 exposure causes hemolysis of goat erythrocytes through oxidative stress to the structure and function of erythrocytes, showing a dose-time effect.

Exploration of anti-inflammatory mechanism of forsythiaside A and forsythiaside B in CuSO4-induced inflammation in zebrafish by metabolomic and proteomic analyses.

BACKGROUND: Inflammation is a general pathological phenomenon during severe disturbances to the homeostasis. Forsythiaside A (FA) and forsythiaside B (FB), isolated from the dried fruit of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl, are phenylethanoid compounds that show a significant anti-inflammatory effect. However, the properties and therapeutic mechanisms of this effect have not yet been systematically elucidated. METHODS: In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of FA and FB were investigated in CuSO4-induced inflammation in zebrafish larvae. Intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) was investigated using fluorescence probes. Metabolomic and proteomic analyses using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were carried out to identify the expressions of metabolites and proteins associated with the anti-inflammatory mechanism of FA and FB. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the progressive changes in gene expression. RESULTS: FA and FB inhibited neutrophils migration to the damaged neuromasts and remarkably reduced CuSO4-induced ROS and NO generation in zebrafish larvae. Metabolomic analysis pointed to the involvement of nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, energy metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and purine metabolism. Proteomic analysis identified 146 differentially expressed proteins between the control and model groups. These included collagen [collagen type II alpha 1b precursor (col2a1b), collagen alpha-2(IX) chain precursor (col9a2), collagen type IX alpha I precursor (col9a1b)], nucleoside diphosphate kinase 3 isoform X1 (Nme3), WD repeat-containing protein 3 (Wdr3), and 28S ribosomal protein S7 mitochondrial precursor (Mrps7). FA and FB were shown to reverse the abnormal expressions of potential metabolite and protein biomarkers and alleviate CuSO4-induced damage to the neuromasts in the zebrafish lateral line. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that FA and FB possess remarkable anti-inflammatory properties, protecting against CuSO4-induced neuromasts damage in zebrafish larvae. The results also suggest a multi-component and multi-regulatory therapeutic mechanism for FA and FB.

Effects of dietary monoterpene, myrcene, administration on immune- and health-related genes expression in common carp gill following exposure to copper sulfate.

The present study assessed the potential benefits of myrcene administration to suppress negative effects of copper exposure on immune-, antioxidant-, tight junction-, stress- and osmoregulatory-related gene expressions in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) gill. Fish were fed with diets containing 0% (control), 0.5% (M0.5) and 1% (M1) myrcene for 6 weeks, and then, exposed to 0.25 mg/L copper for further two weeks. The fish gill samples were taken for gene expression assays after six and eight weeks. The results showed that there were interaction effects of myrcene levels and copper exposure on superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), glutathione peroxidase (gpx), glutathione-s-transferase (gst), glutathione reductase (gr), heat shock protein-70 (hsp70), interleukin 1-beta (il1b), interleukin 10 (il10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnfa), occludin (occl), caludin 3 (cld3), caludin 7 (cld7), and Na+-K+-ATPase (nka) genes expressions. Overall, the M0.5 treatment had significantly lower antioxidant genes expression, and higher hsp70, cytokines, tight-junction proteins, and nka genes expression, compared to the control treatment, before copper exposure. Copper exposure significantly down-regulated most of the tested genes (except il10), however, the M0.5 treatment had significantly higher antioxidant (except gpx), hsp70, cld7, and nka gene expression compared to the control treatment. The M1 treatment showed fluctuated antioxidant gene expressions, down-regulated gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and occl, and up-regulation of cld3 gene expressions, before copper exposure. After copper exposure, this treatment had significantly higher gr and cat expression compared to the control; moreover, there was a marked up-regulation in il10 gene expression in this treatment, which was the highest value among all treatment combinations. In conclusion, copper exposure significantly down-regulates antioxidant-, inflammatory-, and tight junction-related along with hsp70 and nka genes expression in common carp gills. Pre-treatment with 0.5% myrcene is beneficial to suppress such negative effects, probably due to its antioxidant properties. However, myrcene administration must be done with caution, as higher levels may interfere with antioxidant and immune defenses.

Toxicities of copper oxide nanomaterial and copper sulphate in early life stage zebrafish: Effects of pH and intermittent pulse exposure.

Effort has been made to standardise regulatory ecotoxicity tests for engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), but the environmental realism of altered water quality and/or pulse exposure to these pollutants should be considered. This study aimed to investigate the relative toxicity to early life-stage zebrafish of CuO ENMs at acid pH and then under pulse exposure conditions, all compared to CuSO4. At all pH values, CuSO4 was more toxic to zebrafish than CuO ENMs. Additions of H+ were protective of CuSO4 toxicity, with median lethal concentrations LC50 (with 95% confidence intervals) of: 0.36 (0.33-0.40), 0.22 (0.20-0.24) and 0.27 (0.25-0.29) mg L-1 at pH 5, pH 6 and pH 7, respectively. In contrast, the toxicity of CuO ENMs increased with acidity; LC50 values were: 6.6 (4.5-8.5), 19.4 (11.6-27.2) and >100 mg L-1 at pH 5, pH 6 and pH 7, respectively. The increased toxicity of the CuO ENMs in acid water corresponded with greater dissolution of dissolved Cu from the particles at low pH, suggesting free Cu2+ ion delivery to the zebrafish was responsible for the pH-effect. In continuous 96 h exposures to the substances at the LC10 values and at pH 6, both CuSO4 and CuO ENMs caused Cu accumulation, inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase and depletion of total glutathione in zebrafish. However, two 24 h pulses of CuSO4 or CuO ENMs at the same peak concentration caused similar effects to the continuous 96 h exposure, despite the shorter exposure durations of the former; suggesting that the pulses were more hazardous than the continuous exposure. In conclusion, the current water quality correction for pH with respect to Cu toxicity to freshwater fish should not be applied to the nano form. Crucially, CuO ENMs are more toxic in pulse than continuous exposure and new corrections for both water pH and the Cu exposure profile are needed for environmental risk assessment.

Arsenic (III) or/and copper (II) exposure induce immunotoxicity through trigger oxidative stress, inflammation and immune imbalance in the bursa of chicken.

The environmental hazards of arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) contamination have swept through quite a few districts worldwide. Whereas, molecular mechanisms involved in As- and Cu-induced immunotoxicity in Gallus gallus bursa of Fabricius (BF) are complex and elusive. Male Hy-line chickens were exposed to arsenic trioxide (As2O3; 30 mg/kg) and copper sulfate (CuSO4; 300 mg/kg) alone or in combination, respectively, to examine the potential ecotoxicity of them. The ions homeostasis and BF index of chicken had distinct changes after As or/and Cu exposure. Moreover, As or/and Cu treatment significantly increased the MDA content and NOS activity, and simultaneously resulted in reductions in CAT and AHR activities. Subsequently, it was further exhibited up-regulations of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammation cytokines accompanied by depletion of anti-inflammatory cytokines and severe pathological conditions. Moreover, decreased ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4 and increased level of IL-17 illustrated an imbalance of the immune response. Meanwhile, incremental mRNA transcription and protein levels of heat shock proteins (HSPs) alleviated toxicity caused by As or/and Cu. Importantly, exposure to both contaminants significantly soared the BF injury in comparison with exposure to As or Cu alone. All these results illustrated that exposure to As2O3 or/and CuSO4 elicited BF tissue damage and ions changes, and its severity was associated with prolonged persistence of oxidative damage, accompanied by a dysregulated immune response which played a vital role in inflammatory injury. Additionally, combined management of As2O3 and CuSO4 could exacerbate BF injury.

Copper sulfate-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress promotes hepatic apoptosis by activating CHOP, JNK and caspase-12 signaling pathways.

Copper (Cu), a transition metal, is an essential trace element in human and animal nutrition at low concentration, but Cu has toxic effects on tissues and organs at high concentration. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a toxicological target in Cu poison. Thus far, no studies have focused on the relationship among copper, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis in animal and human livers. In the present study, mice treated with copper sulfate (CuSO4) were used to assess the impacts of copper on ER stress and hepatic apoptosis. A total of 240 mice were orally administered with 0 (control), 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg of CuSO4 for 42 days. The results indicated that CuSO4 at 10 mg/kg markedly induced hepatocyte apoptosis and ER stress. In addition, ER stress was characterized by the increased mRNA and protein levels of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and 94 (GRP94). Furthermore, ER stress-triggered 3 apoptotic pathways were also activated by the increased intracellular calcium and up-regulated expression levels of genes involved in growth arrest- and DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (Gadd153/CHOP), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and cysteine aspartate-specific protease 12 (caspase-12) signaling pathways in CuSO4-treated mice. In conclusion, CuSO4-induced ER stress can promote hepatic apoptosis in mice by activating CHOP, JNK and caspase-12 signaling pathways.

As3+ or/and Cu2+ exposure triggers oxidative stress imbalance, induces inflammatory response and apoptosis in chicken brain.

Arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) are common environmental pollutants in nature. When they are excessively present in living organisms, they can cause heavy metal poisoning. There were relatively few studies of the toxicological concentrations of As and Cu in the brain using chicken as a model. Therefore, in this study, arsenic trioxide or/and copper sulfate were added to chicken diets for a 12-week toxicity test. The test results showed that excessive intake of As or/and Cu led to a significant reduction in the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT) and hydroxyl radicals. And significant increase in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) indicates an imbalanced oxidation reaction. In addition, the increase in heat shock protein (HSPs), the increase of NF-κB pathway-related pro-inflammatory mediators, the change of apoptosis factors on the death receptor and mitochondrial apoptosis pathway show that, As or/and Cu exposure induced chicken brain has heat shock response (HSP), tissue inflammation and apoptosis. This damage is inseparable from the oxidative imbalance. It is worth noting that these injury changes are time-dependent, and the combined effect of these two metals is more severe than that of a single group of injuries. Our findings can inform the regulation of animal feed additives and avoid agricultural economic losses or biological health damage.

Influence of calcium and EDTA on copper ion bioavailability in copper nanoparticle toxicity tests improves understanding of nano-specific effects.

Metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) can release metal ions that are toxic to aquatic organisms; however, whether the toxicity is from metal ions rather than unique "nano-scale" effects of the NPs is unresolved. The present study aimed to compare the toxicity of Cu2+ and Cu-NPs in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) to clarify whether toxic effects are attributable to release of Cu ions and to determine the effect of the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and calcium hardness (as CaCO3) on the Cu toxicity. First, the acute toxicity (96-h lethality) of Cu-NPs was determined in comparison to aqueous Cu in larvae exposed to CuSO4, and subsequently, sublethal tests with Cu-NPs and CuSO4 were conducted with additions of EDTA or calcium ions to evaluate alterations in expression of metallothionein-2 (MT2) gene transcripts (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction). Acute toxicity of Cu in larvae exposed to CuSO4 was greater (LC50 = 226 µg Cu/L) than for larvae exposed to Cu-NPs (LC50 = 648 µg Cu/L). The expression of MT2 increased with Cu concentration (p < 0.05), and the slope of the linear regression was significantly greater in fish exposed to CuSO4 (slope = 0.090) compared to Cu-NPs (slope = 0.011). Cu2+ was 2.9-fold more toxic than Cu-NPs. The presence of 5 mg/L EDTA and 220 mg/L CaCO3 significantly reduced the expression of MT2 (1.8-fold for EDTA, 2.3-fold for CaCO3) in larvae exposed to CuSO4. For larvae exposed to Cu-NPs, the presence of EDTA reduced the expression of MT2 (1.7-fold) relative to Cu-NP concentration. While Cu-NPs induced MT2 expression, the differences in concentration relationships of MT2 expression between Cu-NPs and CuSO4 indicated that factors other than release of Cu ions from Cu-NPs influenced acute toxicity of Cu-NPs. The conclusion drawn from this ecotoxicological risk assessment was that EDTA and calcium significantly decreased Cu toxicity in freshwater fish.

Integrated biomarker parameters response to the toxic effects of high stocking density, CuSO4, and trichlorfon on fish and protective role mediated by Angelica sinensis extract.

The present study explored the protective role of dietary the extract of Angelica sinensis (EAs) on high density, CuSO4, or trichlorfon-treated Crucian carp (Carassius auratus auratus). Firstly, the study showed that the optimum density for growth and growth inhibition was 0.49 and 0.98 fish L-1 water, respectively. Dietary EAs relieved the high density-induced growth inhibition in Crucian carp. The appropriate concentration of EAs for recovery of growth was estimated to be 4.30 g kg-1 diet in high-density fish. Moreover, high density decreased both digestive and absorptive enzyme activities and increased lipid oxidation in digestive organs, suggesting the ability of high density to induce oxidative damage. However, dietary EAs inhibited the oxidative damage through elevating ROS scavenging ability and enzymatic antioxidant activity in digestive organs. Secondly, our data demonstrated that the appropriate concentration of CuSO4 to induce the decrease in feed intake (FI) was 0.8 mg Cu L-1 water. Dietary EAs returned to FI of Crucian carp treated with CuSO4. The appropriate concentration of EAs for recovery of FI was estimated to be 4.25 g kg-1 diet. Moreover, dietary EAs suppressed the CuSO4-induced decrease in digestion and absorption capacity and increase in protein metabolism in digestive organs of Crucian carp. Finally, the present results suggested that dietary EAs inhibited the trichlorfon-induced rollover (loss of equilibrium) in Crucian carp. The appropriate concentration of EAs for inhibition of rollover was estimated to be 4.18 g kg-1 diet. Moreover, trichlorfon stimulated not only the decrease in energy metabolism but also lipid and protein oxidation, suggesting that trichlorfon caused loss of function and oxidative damage in muscles of fish. However, dietary EAs improved muscular function and inhibited oxidative damage via quenching ROS and elevating non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant activity in muscles of trichlorfon-induced fish. So, EAs could be used as an inhibitor of high density, CuSO4, and trichlorfon stress in fish.

Consequences of oxidative damage on the fatty acid profile in muscle of Cichlasoma amazonarum acutely exposed to copper.

Rapid industrialization results in the production of large quantities of waste that are commonly discharged into water bodies, leading to the damage of the aquatic ecosystem and freshwater organisms. Copper (Cu) can induce oxidative damage in fish muscle, the main fish portion that is consumed by humans. However, the responses of the Amazon fish Cichlasoma amazonarum and its capacity to withstand acute Cu concentrations found in Amazon water around mines remain unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether exposure to Cu causes muscle oxidative stress and/or oxidative damage and impairs the fillet fatty acid profile of C. amazonarum acutely exposed to Cu found in Amazon waters around mines. Muscle reactive oxygen species and protein carbonylation levels were significantly higher in fish exposed to 1500 µg/L Cu compared with the control group, while muscle lipid peroxidation levels were significantly higher in fish exposed to 500, 750, and 1500 µg/L Cu compared with control group. Muscle antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radical's levels and glutathione peroxidase activity were significantly lower in fish exposed to 1500 µg/L Cu compared with the control group, while muscle superoxide dismutase activity was significantly lower in fish exposed to 750 and 1500 µg/L Cu compared with control group. The total content of saturated fatty acids was significantly higher in fish exposed to 1500 µg/L Cu compared with the control group, while the total content of monounsaturated fatty acids and sum of n3 fatty acids were significantly lower in fish exposed to 1500 µg/L Cu compared with control group. No significant difference was observed regarding muscle catalase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione reductase activities. Based on these lines of evidence, the results of this comprehensive study agree with the initial hypothesis that the exposure to Cu found in Amazon water around mines induces oxidative damage and inhibits enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant response in the muscle of C. amazonarum exposed to high Cu levels. Moreover, the impairment of the fillet fatty acid profile appears to be mediated by oxidative damage, representing a negative impact on fish health.

Copper affects steroidogenesis and viability of human adrenocortical carcinoma (NCI-H295R) cell line in vitro.

Copper is an environmental risk factor, which has various effects on reproductive endocrinology. In this study human adrenocortical carcinoma (NCI-H295R) cell line was used as an in vitro biological model to study the effect of copper sulfate (CuSO4.5H2O) on steroidogenesis and cytotoxicity. The cell cultures were exposed to different concentrations (3.90, 62.50, 250, 500, 1000 µM) of CuSO4.5H2O and compared to control group (medium without CuSO4.5H2O). Cell viability was measured by the metabolic activity assay. Quantification of sexual steroid production directly from the medium was performed by ELISA assay. Following 48 h culture of NCI-H295R cell line in the presence of CuSO4.5H2O a dose-dependent depletion of progesterone release was observed even at the lower concentrations of CuSO4.5H2O. The lowest levels of progesterone were detected in groups with the higher doses (≥ 250 µM) of CuSO4.5H2O, which elicited significant cytotoxic action. Testosterone production decreased significantly, and this decline was more prominent in comparison to that of progesterone. The lowest release of testosterone was recorded at 1000 µM of CuSO4.5H2O. The cytotoxic effect of CuSO4.5H2O was evident at all concentrations used in the study. The presented data suggest that copper has detrimental effects on sexual steroid hormones and consecutively on reproductive physiology.