Excessive daytime sleepiness after traumatic brain injury.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To identify the prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in a prospectively recruited patient population with traumatic brain injury (TBI) of mixed severity. Furthermore, the study aimed to assess the relationship between patient factors and EDS. METHOD: One-hundred and eighteen patients with TBI were assessed in a neurorehabilitation clinic after discharge from the emergency department. Enrolled participants were evaluated using several TBI-related outcome measures, 6-8 weeks after injury. RESULTS: EDS (defined using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale ≥10) occurred in 48 of 118 (41.7%) patients in this study. Anxiety; depression; change in ability to work; employment status; global outcome (GOSE); social and functional outcome (RHFUQ); and symptom severity (RPCS) were associated with EDS in a univariate analysis. Anxiety was the only factor associated with EDS in the multivariate analysis (OR: 0.28 [95% CI: 0.09-0.90], P = .032). CONCLUSION: EDS is common after TBI in a community setting and is associated with several factors, which likely interact to contribute toward worse outcome. Anxiety is a factor that, if routinely assessed and considered during patient care choices, may assist in favorable sleep-related outcome during and after post-TBI recovery.

Effects of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy on Insulin Sensitivity and Incretin Responses in Transgender People.

OBJECTIVE: The long-term influences of sex hormone administration on insulin sensitivity and incretin hormones are controversial. We investigated these effects in 35 transgender men (TM) and 55 transgender women (TW) from the European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence (ENIGI) study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Before and after 1 year of gender-affirming hormone therapy, body composition and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were evaluated. RESULTS: In TM, body weight (2.8 ± 1.0 kg; P < 0.01), fat-free mass (FFM) (3.1 ± 0.9 kg; P < 0.01), and waist-to-hip ratio (-0.03 ± 0.01; P < 0.01) increased. Fasting insulin (-1.4 ± 0.8 mU/L; P = 0.08) and HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (2.2 ± 0.3 vs. 1.8 ± 0.2; P = 0.06) tended to decrease, whereas fasting glucose (-1.6 ± 1.6 mg/dL), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) (-1.8 ± 1.0 pmol/L), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) (-0.2 ± 1.1 pmol/L) were statistically unchanged. Post-OGTT areas under the curve (AUCs) for GIP (2,068 ± 1,134 vs. 2,645 ± 1,248 [pmol/L] × min; P < 0.01) and GLP-1 (2,352 ± 796 vs. 2,712 ± 1,015 [pmol/L] × min; P < 0.01) increased. In TW, body weight tended to increase (1.4 ± 0.8 kg; P = 0.07) with decreasing FFM (-2.3 ± 0.4 kg; P < 0.01) and waist-to-hip ratio (-0.03 ± 0.01; P < 0.01). Insulin (3.4 ± 0.8 mU/L; P < 0.01) and HOMA-IR (1.7 ± 0.1 vs. 2.4 ± 0.2; P < 0.01) rose, fasting GIP (-1.4 ± 0.8 pmol/L; P < 0.01) and AUC GIP dropped (2,524 ± 178 vs. 1,911 ± 162 [pmol/L] × min; P < 0.01), but fasting glucose (-0.3 ± 1.4 mg/dL), GLP-1 (1.3 ± 0.8 pmol/L), and AUC GLP-1 (2,956 ± 180 vs. 2,864 ± 93 [pmol/L] × min) remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of transgender persons, insulin sensitivity but also post-OGTT incretin responses tend to increase with masculinization and to decrease with feminization.