Effects of balloon pulmonary angioplasty procedure on electrocardiographic parameters in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the value of electrocardiography (ECG) in predicting postoperative hemodynamic improvement in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) undergoing balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 32 patients were included in the study. During ECG analysis, parameters that have been suggested to be related to right ventricular hypertrophy and/or dilatation were evaluated. The significance of the change in each parameter obtained at the pre-BPA visit and at the scheduled control visit 6 months after BPA was tested. In addition to ECG analysis, data related to right heart catheterization (RHC) and echocardiography, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels and World Health Organization (WHO) functional classifications of all patients were also recorded. The relationship between the amount of possible change in ECG parameters and the amount of possible change in hemodynamic parameters was investigated. RESULTS: The Daniel score, which has been suggested to have prognostic value in acute pulmonary embolism, decreased from 8.22 ± 5.68 to 6.56 ± 5.55 after the BPA procedure (p: 0.035). Among all parameters studied, only T wave height (V2 t) in V2 derivation changed significantly from -0.77 ± 2.39 to 1.27 ± 2.58 mm (p: 0.036). The amount of change in V2 T was found to significantly correlate with the amount of change in systolic right ventricular pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and systemic vascular resistance. CONCLUSION: Postprocedural T wave changes in lead V2 might serve as a marker of hemodynamic improvement in patients with CTEPH who undergo BPA.

Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty in Patients With Inoperable or Recurrent/Residual Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: A Single-Centre Initial Experience.

BACKGROUND: Patients with inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) are often treated with pulmonary arterial hypertension-specific drugs. However, most of these patients remain symptomatic, despite medical treatment. Balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) is an emerging therapeutic intervention for patients with inoperable CTEPH. This study aimed to report the initial experience of BPA in a tertiary referral centre for CTEPH. METHODS: A total of 26 consecutive patients, who underwent 91 BPA sessions, were included in the study. All patients underwent a detailed examination, including 6-minute walking distance (6MWD), and right heart catheterisation at baseline and 3 months after the last BPA session. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 51±17 years. Fifteen (15) patients had inoperable CTEPH and 11 patients had residual or recurrent CTEPH post pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA). Functional class improved in 17 of 26 (65%) patients. The 6MWD increased from a mean 315±129 to 411±140 m (p<0.001), and NT pro-BNP reduced from a median 456 to 189 pg/mL (p=0.001). The number of patients who required supplemental oxygen decreased from 11 (42.3%) to five (19%) (p=0.031) after BPA treatment. The mean pulmonary artery pressure decreased from a mean 47.5±13.4 to 38±10.9 mmHg (p<0.001), the pulmonary vascular resistance decreased from a mean 9.3±4.7 to 5.8±2.8 Wood units (p<0.001), and the cardiac index increased from a mean 2.4±0.7 to 2.9±0.6 L/min/m2 (p=0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Balloon pulmonary angioplasty improved haemodynamics, 6MWD, and functional class, and reduced the requirement for supplemental oxygen, with an acceptable risk-benefit ratio in patients with inoperable CTEPH and with residual/recurrent CTEPH.

Improvements of right ventricular function and hemodynamics after balloon pulmonary angioplasty in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

PURPOSE: Right ventricular (RV) function is an important factor in the prognosis of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) in patients. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the timing and magnitude of regional RV function before and after balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) using speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) and their relation to clinical and hemodynamic parameters in patients with CTEPH. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We enrolled 20 CTEPH patients and 19 healthy subjects in our study. Enrolled patients underwent echocardiography, right heart catheterization (RHC), and 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) test at baseline and after the BPA. RESULTS: In hemodynamic RHC measurements and clinical evaluations, mean pulmonary artery pressure (median: 53.5 mm Hg vs 37.0 mm Hg, P = .001) and pulmonary vascular resistance (median: 12 Wood units [WU] vs 7 WU, P = .001) and pro-brain natriuretic peptide level decreased and 6MWD increased after BPA sessions. There was no statistically significant difference between before and after the BPA sessions in conventional echocardiographic measurements. In STE analysis, the electromechanical delay (EMD) between RV free wall (RVF) and LV lateral wall (LVL) (median: 65 ms vs 47.5 ms, P = .01) and RV peak systolic strain dispersion index (52 ms vs 29 ms, P = .001) were higher in patients with CTEPH than healthy controls before the BPA. Both these parameters decreased significantly after BPA. CONCLUSION: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension was associated with RV electromechanical delay and dispersion based on the STE analysis. Balloon pulmonary angioplasty might have an important impact on the improvement of both RV function and hemodynamics.

Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery: A Two-dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography Study.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) may develop after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between preoperative left atrial function and atrial fibrosis and POAF after CABG. METHODS: Forty-eight consecutive patients undergoing CABG (mean age: 61.6±8.9 years, 39 male) were included. All patients were in sinus rhythm during surgery. Patients were followed by continuous electrocardiography monitoring and daily electrocardiogram. Left atrial function was assessed by both conventional and speckle tracking echocardiography. Atrial fibrosis was determined by samples taken from right atrium. RESULTS: Postoperative atrial fibrillation was detected in 13 patients. Female sex and number of bypassed vessels were significantly higher and cardiopulmonary bypass time was significantly longer in patients with POAF. Left atrial volume index (LAVI) was significantly higher while left atrial reservoir strain was significantly lower in POAF patients. The percentage of patients with severe fibrosis was higher in the POAF group. Regression analysis revealed fibrosis and LAVI as independent predictors of POAF. Left atrial volume index ≥36mL/m(2) predicted POAF with a sensitivity of 84.6% and specificity of 68.6% in our cohort. CONCLUSION: Patients who developed POAF after CABG had more fibrosis, increased LAVI and lower left atrial reservoir strain. Preoperative echocardiography might be helpful in discriminating these patients.

Acute proximal left anterior descending artery occlusion with de Winter sign.

Prompt recognition of electrocardiographic signs of acute coronary occlusion is essential for timely restoration of flow. ST-segment elevation or new onset left bundle-branch block are the most common electrocardiographic changes seen in acute phase of coronary occlusion. However, some patients may present with atypical electrocardiographic signs, and early diagnosis of these patients may constitute a clinical challenge. Here, we report a 41-year-old man presenting with an atypical electrocardiographic manifestation despite angiographically confirmed acute thrombotic occlusion of proximal left anterior descending artery.

Is Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure a Reliable Indicator of Postcapillary Pulmonary Hypertension?

Although current pulmonary hypertension (PH) guidelines recommend a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) >15 mm Hg for the detection of a postcapillary component, the rationale of this recommendation may not be quite compatible with the peculiar hemodynamics of PH. We hypothesize that a high PCWP alone does not necessarily indicate left-sided disease, and this diagnosis can be improved using left ventricle transmural pressure difference (∆ PTM). In this 2-center, retrospective, observational study, we enrolled 1,070 patients with PH who underwent heart catheterization, with the final study population comprising 961 cases. ∆ PTM was calculated as PCWP minus right atrial pressure. The patients with group II PH had significantly higher ∆ PTM values (12.6 ± 6.6 mm Hg) compared with the other groups (1.1 ± 4.8 in group I, 12.4 ± 6.6 in group II, 2.5 ± 6.4 in group III, and 0.8 ± 8.0 in group IV, p <0.001) despite overlapping PCWP values. A ∆ PTM cutoff of 7 mm Hg identifies left heart disease when PCWP is >15 (area under curve 0.825, 95% confidence interval 0.784 to 0.866, p <0.001). Five-year mortality was significantly higher in patients with high ∆ PTM and PCWP subgroups compared with low ∆ PTM plus high PCWP (26.1% vs 18.5%, p = 0.027) and low ∆ PTM and PCWP subgroups (26.1% vs 15.6%, p <0.001). ∆ PTM has supplementary discriminatory power in distinguishing patients with and without postcapillary PH. In conclusion, a new approach utilizing ∆ PTM may improve our understanding of PH pathophysiology and may identify a subpopulation that may potentially benefit from PH-specific treatments.

Which Diastolic Pressure Should Be Used to Assess Diastolic Function?

BACKGROUND: Although high left ventricular filling pressures [left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)] are widely taken as surrogates for LV diastolic dysfunction, the actual distending pressure that governs LV diastolic stretch is transmural pressure difference (∆PTM). Clinically, preferring ∆PTM over PCWP may improve diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making. We aimed to compare the clinical implications of diastolic function characterization based on PCWP or ∆PTM. METHODS: We retrospectively screened our hospital database for adult patients with a clinical diagnosis of heart failure who underwent right heart catheterization. Echocardiographic diastolic dysfunction was graded according to the current guidelines. LV end-diastolic properties were assessed with construction of complete end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship (EDPVR) curves using the single-beat method. Survival status was checked via the electronic national health-care system. RESULTS: A total of 693 cases were identified in our database; the final study population comprised 621 cases. ∆PTM-based, but not PCWP-based, EDPVR diastolic stiffness constants were significantly predictive of advanced diastolic dysfunction. PCWP-based diastolic stiffness constants were not able to predict 5-year mortality, whereas ∆PTM-based EDPVR stiffness constants and volumes all turned out to have significant predictive power for 5-year mortality. CONCLUSION: Left ventricular diastolic function assessment can be improved using ∆PTM instead of PCWP. As ∆PTM ultimately linked to right-sided functions, this approach emphasizes the limitations of taking LV diastolic function as an isolated phenomenon and underlines the need for a complete hemodynamic assessment involving the right heart in therapeutic and prognostic decision-making processes.

Are Guideline-recommended Risk Classification Schemes in Pulmonary Hypertension Adequately Robust to Guide the Real-world Setting?

Background: Pulmonary hypertension is a complex syndrome that encompasses a diverse group of pathophysiologies predisposed by different environmental and genetic factors. It is not clear to which extent the universal risk classification schemes can be applied to cohorts in individual pulmonary hypertension centers with differing environmental backgrounds, genetic pools, referral networks. Aims: To explore whether the recommended risk classification schemes could reliably be used for mortality prediction in an unselected pulmonary hypertension population of a tertiary pulmonary hypertension center. Study Design: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods: We retrospectively screened our hospital database for the patients with pulmonary hypertension between 2015 and 2022. The grouping of pulmonary hypertension was made as follows in accordance with current guidelines: Group 1: patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, Group 2: patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with left heart disease, Group 3: patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with lung disease and/or hypoxia, and Group 4: patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with pulmonary artery obstructions. Then, we compared the predicted and observed mortality rates of four different risk classification schemes (REVEAL, REVEAL-Lite, ESC/ERS and COMPERA). Results: We identified 723 cases in our pulmonary hypertension database, the final study population consisted of 549 patients. The REVEAL, REVEAL-Lite and European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society risk scores significantly underestimated the mortality risk in the low-risk stratum (5.3% vs. 1.9%, P < 0.001; 5.3% vs. 2.9%, P = 0.015 and 6.3% vs. 1%, P < 0.001, respectively) and overestimated the mortality risk in the high-risk stratum (11.8% vs. 25.8%, P < 0.001; 10.4% vs. 25.1%, P < 0.001 and 13.2% vs. 30%, P < 0.001, respectively). Although the COMPERA 4-strata model significantly underestimated the risk in low- and intermediate-low risk strata (4.9% vs. 1.5%, P < 0.001 and 6.8% vs. 2.8%, P = 0.001, respectively), it was accurate in intermediate-high and high-risk groups (10.1% vs. 8.7%, P = 0.592 and 15.6% vs. 22%, P = 0.384, respectively). The analyses limited only to group 1 pulmonary hypertension patients gave similar results. Conclusion: The established risk classification schemes may not perform as good as expected in unselected pulmonary hypertension populations and this may have important implications on management decisions. Tertiary centers should not uncritically accept the published risk prediction models and consider modifying current risk scores according to their own patient characteristics.

Right Ventricular Energy Failure Predicts Mortality in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension.

Right ventricular (RV) failure has a significant adverse impact on pulmonary hypertension (PH) prognosis. None of the currently used parameters directly assess whether RV fails to provide enough energy output to propel the blood through diseased pulmonary vascular system. Furthermore, most of the current parameters are affected by the volume status of the patient. We aimed to explore whether RV energy failure has a predictive power for mortality on top of the established prognostic risk parameters in patients with PH. We screened 723 cases from our database. A total of 3 sets of binary regression analyses were executed to determine the hazard ratios (HRs) of RV energy failure for 5-year mortality in clinical, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic context, using adjustment variables chosen according to previous studies. The final study population encompassed 549 cases. A total of 77 patients died during the 5-year follow-up (14%). RV energy failure was observed in 146 of 549 patients (26.6%). In the univariate model, RV energy failure strongly associated with increased long-term mortality (HR 4.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.58 to 7.00, p <0.001). It also emerged as a significant predictor of long-term mortality in clinical and hemodynamic multivariate models (HR 2.59, 95% CI 1.43 to 4.67, p = 0.002 and HR 2.05, 95% CI 1.15 to 3.63, p = 0.015, respectively). In conclusion, our study indicates that the presence of RV energy failure independently predicts long-term mortality in PH.

Bendopnea Predicts Right Ventricular Energy Failure in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: The development of right ventricular failure has a significant adverse prognostic impact on the course of pulmonary hypertension. Right ventricular energy failure has been shown to double the mortality of pulmonary hypertension even after correction for many established risk predictors. We hypothesize that bendopnea may indicate right ventricular energy failure in patients with pulmonary hypertension. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled patients with pulmonary hypertension who were admitted to our pulmonary hypertension outpatient clinic between January 2021 and June 2021. Bendopnea was assessed by asking patients to bend forward and report any shortness of breath within 30 seconds. Routine physical examination, laboratory tests, echocardiography, and right heart catheterization parameters were collected. RESULTS: A total of 167 patients were enrolled into the study. Bendopnea and right ventricular energy failure was present in 79 (47.3%) and 43 (25.7%) patients, respectively. Bendopnea accurately predicted the presence of right ventricular energy failure (area under the curve, 0.667; 95% CI, 0.574-0.760; P < 0.001) and had a significantly superior diagnostic power compared with many other symptoms and signs. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that bendopnea predicts right ventricular energy failure in patients with pulmonary hypertension and can be added to our physical examination armamentarium as an easy, rapid, and noninvasive prognostic tool.

Evaluation of Pulmonary Hypertension with Exercise Right Heart Catheterization in an Adult Patient with Cor Triatriatum Sinister.

Cor triatriatum sinister (CTS) is a rare adult congenital heart disease. The usual presentation may vary according to the size of the hole in the membrane in the left atrium and the pressure gradient. In addition to acute clinical presentations including acute pulmonary edema and sudden cardiac death, patients may present with chronic findings such as right heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension. The development of pulmonary hypertension is an important indicator of mortality. In cases where non-invasive methods are not sufficient for the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension, exercise right heart catheterization may also be used. We present a patient with CTS, in whom the final decision was made with the help of an exercise right heart catheterization.

The Effects of Iron Replacement on Functional Capacity in Patients with Group 1 and Group 4 Pulmonary Hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: Abnormal iron handling complicates pulmonary hypertension (PH), causes functional limitation and poor outcomes. Although preliminary results in group 1 PH patients support the use of iron replacement, whether this applies to other PH subgroups is not known. METHODS: A total of 58 patients with an established diagnosis of group 1 or 4 PH, who had a serum ferritin of <100 ng/mL or 100 to 300 ng/mL in combination with a transferrin saturation (TSAT) <20% and received 500 to 1000 mg of ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) were included in the study. The change in ferritin levels and TSAT were calculated at 12- and 24-weeks follow-up. A six-minute walk test (6MWT) is undertaken at the first, 12-week and 24-week follow-up visits. RESULTS: In group 1 PH patients, ferritin levels increased from 14 ng/mL-1 to 133 and 90 ng/mL-1 at 12- and 24-weeks, respectively ( P < .001 for both). In group 4 PH patients, ferritin levels increased from 22.1 ng/mL-1 to 145 and 88.9 ng/mL-1 at 12- and 24-weeks, respectively ( P < .001 for both). 6MWT distances were 356, 412, and 350 m in group 1 PH patients and 260, 315 and 290 m in group 4 PH patients. Although the difference between baseline and 12-week 6MWT was significant in both groups ( P < .001 for both), this difference was lost at 24-week. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that there is no difference in response to iron replacement in patients with group 1 and group 4 PH patients, in terms of treatment success and functional status.

Change in pulmonary arterial compliance and pulmonary pulsatile stress after balloon pulmonary angioplasty.

OBJECTIVE: Although the underlying pathology of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is mechanical obliteration of the major pulmonary vessels, high pulsatile stress penetrating into the normal distal pulmonary microvasculature resulting from reduced pulmonary arterial compliance (CPA) may cause progressive deterioration in pulmonary hemodynamics. Hypothetically, balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) may be beneficial in reducing CPA and pulsatile stress in patients with CTEPH. METHODS: In total, 26 patients with available pre- and post-BPA right heart catheterization results were included in the study. BPA was performed in a series of staged procedures by 2 experienced interventional cardiologists. RESULTS: The median CPA showed a 59.2% increase (1.03 to 1.64 mL/mm Hg, p=0.005). The median pre-BPA pulsatile stress product decreased by 20.7% (4,266 to 3,380 mm Hg/min, p=0.003). A linear regression model established that the percent change in CPA after BPA accounted for 21.8% of the explained variability in the change in 6-minute walk test (p=0.009). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that BPA decreases CPA and pulmonary pulsatile stress. These changes may be partly responsible for the improvement in functional capacity after BPA.

The effect of paclitaxel plus carboplatin chemotherapy on subclinical cardiotoxicity in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: A speckle tracking echocardiography-based study.

BACKGROUND: Although chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity is an emerging problem, limited information is available on the effects of chemotherapy on left ventricular (LV) mechanical functions in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). OBJECTIVE: We aimed to explore chemotherapy-induced alterations in cardiac mechanical functions in patients with NSCLC using speckle tracking echocardiography (STE). METHODS: Seventy-one patients with NSCLC and 34 age and sex matched control subjects were consecutively included. Based on their good performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status), 39 patients were treated with paclitaxel plus carboplatin (PC) regimen and 32 patients were treated with vinorelbine plus cisplatin (VC) regimen. All patients and controls underwent conventional two-dimensional echocardiography and STE at baseline to assess their LV functions. The echocardiographic examinations of NSCLC patients were repeated after the chemotherapy regimens. RESULTS: None of the NSCLC patients developed any signs or symptoms of clinical heart failure during or after the chemotherapy. There were not any significant differences in LV ejection fraction between NSCLC patients and controls before and after chemotherapy. There were not any significant differences in baseline LV global longitudinal strain (GLS), radial strain (RS), and circumferential strain (CS) between NSCLC patients and controls. However, all LV GLS, RS and CS significantly decreased in patients treated with the PC regimen resulting in a significant difference compared to both VC group and controls while no significant decreases were observed in strain measures in VC group. CONCLUSION: Paclitaxel plus carboplatin, but not VC, may induce subclinical cardiotoxicity in patients with NSCLC, which may be detected by STE.

Intra-aortic Balloon Occlusion for Refractory Cardiac Arrest in a Patient with Anterior Myocardial Infarction.

Despite recent advances in its management, the outcome of cardiac arrest is often poor despite appropriate cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The arteriovenous perfusion gradient achieved dur ing cardiopulmonary resuscitation is associated with the successful return of spontaneous cir culation. Continuous balloon occlusion of the descending aorta is an experimental method that can occlude the "unnecessary" part of the circulation, thus diverting generated pressure and blood flow to the heart and brain. In this study, we present a case report of a patient unre sponsive to standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation, in whom constant intra-aortic balloon occlusion achieved a return of spontaneous circulation and successful survival.

Prediction of subclinical left ventricular dysfunction by speckle-tracking echocardiography in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody--associated vasculitis.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate left ventricular functions using speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). Patients and methods: Between June 2018 and July 2019, a total of 31 AAV patients (17 males, 14 females; median age: 53 years; range, 47 to 62 years) and 21 healthy controls (11 males, 10 females; median age: 56 years; range, 46 to 60 years) were included in the study. Clinical and biochemical characteristics of all participants were recorded. All participants underwent conventional and two-dimensional STE. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the cut-off value of serum N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) that predicted subclinical left ventricular dysfunction. The Spearman correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) and NT-pro-BNP. Results: The LV-GLS was lower in AAV patients (19.3% vs. 21.7%, respectively; p=0.014). NT-pro-BNP was negatively correlated with LV-GLS (p=0.005, r=0.401). Conclusion: Subclinical left ventricular dysfunction can be detected by STE in patients with AAV who have free of clinically overt cardiovascular disease. The LV-GLS is negatively correlated with serum NT-pro-BNP levels.

Comparison of subfoveal choroidal thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with coronary slow flow phenomenon and microvascular angina: Optical coherence tomography based study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFLT) in patients with microvascular angina (MA), coronary slow flow phenomenon (CSFP) and healthy controls. METHODS: Thirty-two consecutive patients with MA, 35 consecutive patients with CSFP and 40 age and sex-matched controls were enrolled. SFCT, average pRNFLT and four quadrants of pRNFLT were measured by spectral domain- optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). RESULTS: The mean SCFT in patients with CSFP (267.57 ± 30.61 µm) was significantly thinner than those of patients with MA (288.84 ± 28.25 µm) and control (291.21 ± 31.75 µm) (p = 0.002) while SFCT of patients with MA were similar with those of controls. Patients with CSFP had thinner superior and inferior pRNFLT compared to patients with MA and controls (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively) while there were no significant differences in average pRNFLT, nasal and temporal quadrant of pRNFLTs among three groups. In the multivariate linear regression analyses, the presence of CSFP was found negatively correlated with SFCT and superior pRNFLT. CONCLUSION: Patients with CSFP had thinner SFCT, superior and inferior quadrants of pRNFLT proposing the presence of a generalized endothelial dysfunction and increased microvascular resistance in these patients.

The role of SCUBE1 in the development of late stent thrombosis presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: There is an important link between platelets and inflammation, thrombosis, and vascular and tissue repair mechanisms. SCUBE1 (signal peptide-CUB-EGF domain-containing protein 1) may function as a novel platelet-endothelial adhesion molecule and play pathological roles in cardiovascular biology. Stent thrombosis (ST) following percutaneous coronary intervention is an uncommon and potentially catastrophic event that can manifest as myocardial infarction and sudden death. High platelet reactivity is a risk factor for thrombotic events, including late ST. For this reason, in the current study, we researched the role of SCUBE1 in the development of late coronary ST. METHODS: We included 40 patients admitted to our hospital with a diagnosis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and signs of late ST on a coronary angiogram. For the control group, we recruited 50 healthy gender- and age-matched individuals who were seen for health check-ups. We also randomly included 100 patients with a diagnosis of STEMI without ST. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of baseline and demographic characteristics. The mean SCUBE1 level in patients with STEMI with late ST at admission and the STEMI without ST group was significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.01). The mean SCUBE1 level in the STEMI with late ST group was significantly higher than in the STEMI without ST group (p=0.03). In multivariate regression analysis, serum SCUBE1 (odds ratio [OR]: 1.022; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.011-1.033, p<0.001) remained an independent predictor for the presence of late ST. In addition, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the optimal SCUBE1 cut-off value for predicting late ST. The area under the curve was 0.972 (95% CI 0.95-0.98). The SCUBE1 cut-off value was 59.2 ng/ml, with a sensitivity of 95.4% and specificity of 82.9%. CONCLUSION: The present work is the first clinical study to demonstrate that serum SCUBE1 levels are significantly higher in patients with late ST and serum SCUBE1 was an independent predictor for the presence of late ST in our study population.

The role of SCUBE1 in the pathogenesis of no-reflow phenomenon presenting with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: SCUBE1 [signal peptide-CUB (complement C1r/C1 s)-EGF (epidermal growth factor)-like domain-containing protein 1] might function as a novel platelet-endothelial adhesion molecule and play pathological roles in cardiovascular biology. Acute myocardial infarction is one of the most common causes of death in modern society. The concept of "no reflow" (NR) refers to a state of myocardial tissue hypoperfusion in the presence of a patent epicardial coronary artery. The main mechanisms of this phenomenon are thought to be high platelet activity and much thrombus burden. So, we researched the role of SCUBE1 in the pathogenesis of NR. METHODS: A total of 142 patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (n=42 with NR and n=100 without NR) and 50 healthy individuals were prospectively case-control recruited between March 2015 and October 2016 from our outpatient clinics of cardiology department. Patients with STEMI were diagnosed according to American Heart Association (AHA) guideline for the management of STEMI. RESULTS: The mean SCUBE1 levels of the control subjects were 34±8.4 ng/mL, the mean SCUBE1 levels of patients with STEMI who were treated successfully with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were 51±6.2, and the mean SCUBE1 levels of patients with STEMI who had NR phenomenon after primary PCI procedure were 97.2±8.9 ng/mL. CONCLUSION: In our opinion, SCUBE1 might contribute to NR phenomenon via thrombus activation and aggregation. The pathophysiology of NR phenomenon is unclear. The present study is the first clinical study that demonstrated that serum SCUBE1 level was significantly higher in patients with NR and that serum SCUBE1 was an independent predictor for the presence of NR in our study population.