Serum Apolipoprotein-A2 Levels Are a Strong Predictor of Future Cardiovascular Events in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

BACKGROUND: Because apolipoprotein-A2 (ApoA2), a key component of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), lacks clear clinical significance, we investigated its impact on cardiovascular events in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Methods and Results: We examined 638 patients who underwent PCI with a new-generation drug-eluting stent for acute or chronic coronary syndrome and had their apolipoprotein levels measured between 2016 and 2021. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on the median serum ApoA2 values, and the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) was assessed. Of the 638 patients, 563 (88%) received statin treatment, with a median serum LDL-C level of 93 mg/dL. Furthermore, 137 patients (21.5%) experienced MACE, and Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the higher ApoA2 group had a significantly lower incidence of MACE than the lower ApoA2 group (30.9% vs. 41.6%). However, the other apolipoproteins, including ApoA1, ApoB, ApoC2, ApoC3, and ApoE, showed no significant differences in MACE. Multivariable Cox hazard analysis indicated that ApoA2 was an independent predictor of MACEs (hazard ratio, 0.666; 95% confidence interval, 0.465-0.954). Furthermore, ApoA2 levels exhibited the strongest inverse association with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (rs=-0.479). CONCLUSIONS: Among all the apolipoproteins, the serum ApoA2 level may be the strongest predictor of future cardiovascular events and prognosis in patients undergoing PCI.

Pd/Pa fluctuation with continuous ATP administration indicates inaccurate FFR measurement caused by insufficient hyperemia.

Continuous intravenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) administration is the standard method for inducing maximal hyperemia in fractional flow reserve (FFR) measurements. Several cases have demonstrated fluctuations in the ratio of mean distal coronary pressure to mean arterial pressure (Pd/Pa) value during ATP infusion, which raised our suspicions of FFR value inaccuracy. This study aimed to investigate our hypothesis that Pd/Pa fluctuations may indicate inaccurate FFR measurements caused by insufficient hyperemia. We examined 57 consecutive patients with angiographically intermediate coronary lesions who underwent fractional flow reverse (FFR) measurements in our hospital between November 2016 and September 2018. Pd/Pa was measured after continuous ATP administration (150 µg/kg/min) via a peripheral forearm vein for 5 min (FFRA); and we analyzed the FFR value variation in the final 20 s of the 5 min, defining 'Fluctuation' as variation range > 0.03. Then, 2 mg of nicorandil was administered into the coronary artery during continued ATP infusion, and the Pd/Pa was remeasured (FFRA+N). Fluctuations were observed in 23 of 57 patients. The cases demonstrating discrepancies of > 0.05 between FFRA and FFRA+N were observed more frequently in the fluctuation group than in the non-fluctuation group (12/23 vs. 1/34; p < 0.0001). The discrepancy between FFRA and FFRA+N values was smaller in the non-fluctuation group (mean difference ± SD; -0.00026 ± 0.04636 vs. 0.02608 ± 0.1316). Pd/Pa fluctuation with continuous ATP administration could indicate inaccurate FFR measurements caused by incomplete hyperemia. Additional vasodilator administration may achieve further hyperemia when Pd/Pa fluctuations are observed.

Estimation for Raw Material Plants of a Henna Product Using LC-High Resolution MS and Multivariate Analysis.

Henna is a plant-based dye obtained from the powdered leaf of the pigmented plant Lawsonia inermis, and has often been used for grey hair dyeing, treatment, and body painting. As a henna product, the leaves of Indigofera tinctoria and Cassia auriculata can be blended to produce different colour variations. Although allergy from henna products attributed to p-phenylenediamine, which is added to enhance the dye, is reported occasionally, raw material plants of henna products could also contribute to the allergy. In this study, we reported that raw material plants of commercial henna products distributed in Japan can be estimated by LC-high resolution MS (LC-HRMS) and multivariate analysis. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) score plot clearly separated 17 samples into three groups [I; henna, II; blended henna primarily comprising Indigofera tinctoria, III; Cassia auriculata]. This grouping was consistent with the ingredient lists of products except that one sample listed as henna was classified as Group III, indicating that its ingredient label may differ from the actual formulation. The ingredients characteristic to Groups I, II, and III by PCA were lawsone (1), indirubin (2), and rutin (3), respectively, which were reported to be contained in each plant as ingredients. Therefore, henna products can be considered to have been manufactured from these plants. This study is the first to estimate raw material plants used in commercial plant-based dye by LC-HRMS and multivariate analysis.

Analysis of patch testing with cocamidopropyl betaine and its impurities in patients with intractable scalp dermatitis in a single clinic in Japan.

BACKGROUND: The allergen responsible for cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) allergies has been debated. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the sensitizing agents of CAPB, the patch test positivity rates of impurities were examined in Japanese patients with CAPB-related allergic contact dermatitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty patients with scalp dermatitis and positive patch tests for CAPB and/or lauramidopropyl betaine (LAPB) were enrolled in this study. They were patch tested with the detergents that they had been using at the time of their first visit and with the impurities dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) and lauramidopropyl dimethylamine (LAPDMA). RESULTS: The positivity rate in patch tests of the 37 detergents that the patients had been using was 78.4% (29/37). The positivity rates of DMAPA 1% pet., 1% aq. and 0.2% aq. were 32.1% (9/28), 14.3% (4/28) and 13.3% (4/30), respectively, whereas those of LAPDMA 0.1% and 0.05% were 30.0% (9/30) and 16.7% (5/30), respectively. Among the 30 patients, 6 exhibited positive results for both DMAPA and LAPDMA, 3 showed positive results for DMAPA alone and 6 produced positive results for LAPDMA alone. CONCLUSION: Patch tests produced an overall positivity rate for DMAPA, LAPDMA or both of 50.0% (15/30) in patients with scalp dermatitis and positive patch test results for CAPB and/or LAPB.

[A CASE OF ALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS CAUSED BY DETERGENTS CONTAINING COCAMIDOPROPYL BETAINE IN WHICH AN IMPURITY WAS THE POSSIBLE CAUSATIVE AGENT].

Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) is an amphoteric surfactant. It has several functions, including producing effervescence and washing effects, and thus, it is used in many cleansing products, such as shampoo and liquid body cleansers. Recently, it has become clear that some impurities that arise during the manufacturing process can have sensitizing effects. Herein, we report a case of allergic contact dermatitis caused by detergents containing CAPB, in which an impurity was determined to be the possible causative agent by patch testing and chemical analysis.A 64-year-old Japanese female developed a skin rash on the hairlines of her forehead and nuchal region one month before her first visit to our clinic. Later, the rashes, which were composed of desquamative erythema, expanded to her face, neck, upper back, and chest. Patch tests produced positive results for a shampoo and liquid body cleanser (1% aq.) that she had used as well as for CAPB (1% aq.); lauramidopropyl betaine (LAPB) (1% aq.); and lauramidopropyl dimethylamine (LAPDMA) (0.05% aq.), which is an impurity of CAPB. The rashes resolved completely after we instructed her to use products without CAPB and LAPB. When issuing such instructions, clinicians should have correct knowledge about surfactants, such as the differences between cosmetic ingredient names and quasi-drug ingredient names.

Accuracy of the Enhanced Liver Fibrosis test, and combination of the Enhanced Liver Fibrosis and non-invasive tests for the diagnosis of advanced liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

AIM: The Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) test comprises a logarithmic algorithm combining three serum markers of hepatic extracellular matrix metabolism. We aimed to evaluate the performance of ELF for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis and to compare it with that of liver stiffness measurement (LSM) by FibroScan in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. METHODS: ELF cut-off values for the diagnosis of advanced fibrosis were obtained using receiver operating characteristic analysis in patients with biopsy-confirmed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (training set; n = 200). Diagnostic performance was analyzed in the training set and in a validation set (n = 166), and compared with that of LSM in the FibroScan cohort (n = 224). RESULTS: The area under receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.81 for the diagnosis of advanced fibrosis, and the ELF cut-off values were 9.34 with 90.4% sensitivity and 10.83 with 90.6% specificity in the training set, and 89.8% sensitivity and 85.5% specificity in the validation set. There was no significant difference in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve between ELF and LSM (0.812 and 0.839). A combination of ELF (cut-off 10.83) and LSM (cut-off 11.45) increased the specificity to 97.9% and the positive predictive value, versus ELF alone. Sequential use of the Fibrosis-4 index (cut-off 2.67) and ELF (cut-off 9.34) increased the sensitivity to 95.9%. CONCLUSIONS: ELF can identify advanced liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and its diagnostic accuracy is comparable to that of FibroScan. According to the clinical setting, combinations or sequential procedures using other non-invasive tests complement the diagnostic performance of ELF for the identification of advanced fibrosis.

Increase of ß2-integrin on adhesion of THP-1 cells to collagen vitrigel membrane.

When human monocyte-derived leukemia (THP-1) cells, which are floating cells, are stimulated with lipid peroxides, or Streptococcus suis, these cells adhere to a plastic plate or endothelial cells. However, it is unclear whether or not non-stimulated THP-1 cells adhere to collagen vitrigel membrane (CVM). In this study, firstly, we investigated the rate of adhesion of THP-1 cells to CVM. When THP-1 cells were not stimulated, the rate of adhesion to CVM was high. Then, to identify adhesion molecules involved in adhesion of THP-1 cells to CVM, expressions of various cell adhesion molecules on the surface of THP-1 cells adhering to CVM were measured. ß-actin, ß-catenin, and ß1-integrin expressions did not change in non-stimulated THP-1 cells cultured on CVM compared with those in cells cultured in a flask, but ß2-integrin expression markedly increased.

Risk assessment of skin lightening cosmetics containing hydroquinone.

Following reports on potential risks of hydroquinone (HQ), HQ for skin lightening has been banned or restricted in Europe and the US. In contrast, HQ is not listed as a prohibited or limited ingredient for cosmetic use in Japan, and many HQ cosmetics are sold without restriction. To assess the risk of systemic effects of HQ, we examined the rat skin permeation rates of four HQ (0.3%, 1.0%, 2.6%, and 3.3%) cosmetics. The permeation coefficients ranged from 1.2 × 10-9 to 3.1 × 10-7 cm/s, with the highest value superior than the HQ aqueous solution (1.6 × 10-7 cm/s). After dermal application of the HQ cosmetics to rats, HQ in plasma was detected only in the treatment by highest coefficient cosmetic. Absorbed HQ levels treated with this highest coefficient cosmetic in humans were estimated by numerical methods, and we calculated the margin of exposure (MOE) for the estimated dose (0.017 mg/kg-bw/day in proper use) to a benchmark dose for rat renal tubule adenomas. The MOE of 559 is judged to be in a range safe for the consumer. However, further consideration may be required for regulation of cosmetic ingredients.

[Gemcitabine in Combination with Cisplatin in Patients with Unresectable Advanced or Recurrent Biliary Tract Cancer--A Multicenter Prospective Observational Study in Fukuoka].

The standard chemotherapy for the treatment of unresectable advanced and recurrent biliary tract cancers is considered gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC) on the basis of favorable results reported in the ABC-02 study from the UK and the BT22 study from Japan. However, the GC cohort of the BT22 study consisted of only 42 patients, and we considered it necessary to confirm the effectiveness and safety of GC chemotherapy in a multicenter prospective observational study in Fukuoka. Thirty-seven patients were enrolled in this study, including two patients with recurrent disease. The median patient age was 67.5 years (range, 43-84 years). Twelve patients had intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, 13 patients had extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and 12 patients had gallbladder cancer. The median survival time (MST) was 14.9 months, the 1-year survival rate was 54.5%, and the median progression free survival (PFS) was 7.7 months. No chemotherapy-related deaths occurred, and Grade 3/4 adverse events were mainly hematological events including leucopenia in 13 (35.1%) patients and neutropenia in 12 (32.4%). The MST, 1-year survival rate, median PFS, and rate of Grade 3/4 adverse events in our study were similar to those of the BT22 study. In conclusion, this multicenter prospective observational study confirms the effectiveness and safety of GC chemotherapy for the treatment of unresectable advanced and recurrent biliary tract cancers.

A deep learning-based automated diagnosis system for SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging.

Images obtained from single-photon emission computed tomography for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI SPECT) contain noises and artifacts, making cardiovascular disease diagnosis difficult. We developed a deep learning-based diagnosis support system using MPI SPECT images. Single-center datasets of MPI SPECT images (n = 5443) were obtained and labeled as healthy or coronary artery disease based on diagnosis reports. Three axes of four-dimensional datasets, resting, and stress conditions of three-dimensional reconstruction data, were reconstructed, and an AI model was trained to classify them. The trained convolutional neural network showed high performance [area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC curve: approximately 0.91; area under the recall precision curve: 0.87]. Additionally, using unsupervised learning and the Grad-CAM method, diseased lesions were successfully visualized. The AI-based automated diagnosis system had the highest performance (88%), followed by cardiologists with AI-guided diagnosis (80%) and cardiologists alone (65%). Furthermore, diagnosis time was shorter for AI-guided diagnosis (12 min) than for cardiologists alone (31 min). Our high-quality deep learning-based diagnosis support system may benefit cardiologists by improving diagnostic accuracy and reducing working hours.

Absolute quantitation of stevioside and rebaudioside A in commercial standards by quantitative NMR.

The extract prepared from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana BERTONI (Asteraceae) contains sweet steviol glycosides, mainly stevioside and rebaudioside A. Highly purified stevia extracts have become popular worldwide as a natural, low-calorie sweetener. They contain various types of steviol glycosides, and their main components are stevioside and rebaudioside A. The content of each steviol glycoside is quantified by comparing the ratios of the molecular weights and the chromatographic peak areas of the samples to those of stevioside or rebaudioside A standards of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and other specifications. However, various commercial standard reagents of stevioside and rebaudioside A are available. Their purities are different and their exact purities are not indicated. Therefore, the measured values of stevioside and rebaudioside A contained in a sample vary according to the standard used for the quantification. In this study, we utilized an accurate method, quantitative NMR (qNMR), for determining the contents of stevioside and rebaudioside A in standards, with traceability to the International System of Units (SI units). The purities of several commercial standards were determined to confirm their actual values.

Subendocardial Infarction in Severe Bicuspid Aortic Stenosis without Coronary Stenosis Confirmed by Contrast-enhanced Computed Tomography and Autopsy.

A 59-year-old man with aortic stenosis (AS) showed cardiopulmonary arrest requiring extracorporeal circulation. Although coronary angiography did not show coronary artery stenosis, he had an elevated creatine kinase-myocardial band value of 1,298 U/L. Echocardiography revealed severe AS and global hypokinesia of the thickened myocardium. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) detected a circumferential subendocardial perfusion defect of the left ventricular myocardium. Eventually, the patient died from brain anoxia. Autopsy revealed circumferential subendocardial infarction of the left ventricular myocardium. This is the first case of circumferential subendocardial defect on CT corresponding to circumferential subendocardial infarction on autopsy in severe AS without coronary stenosis.

Efficacy of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Inhibitor Treatment for Repeated In-stent Restenosis in a Coronary Artery.

A 57-year-old woman experienced chest pain. A coronary angiogram revealed middle left anterior descending artery stenosis. Despite receiving adequate anti-hyperlipidemia treatment and undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), she experienced angina and required PCI six more times for in-stent restenosis. As she had high lipoprotein (a) [LP-(a)] levels at the seventh PCI procedure, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor (PCSK9i) was administered, and a reduction in the LP-(a) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) values was observed. She experienced no recurrence of angina for five years with PCSK9i treatment. PCSK9i can reduce not only LDL-C but also LP-(a) levels, resulting in cardiac event risk reduction.

Ventricular septal perforation naturally reduced in takotsubo cardiomyopathy.

An 80-year-old female was transferred to our hospital with dyspnea. Chest X-ray showed severe pulmonary congestion and electrocardiogram showed ST-segment elevation, abnormal Q, and negative T waves in leads V1-4. Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated left ventricular apical akinesia with apical ventricular septal perforation. Emergent coronary angiography showed no coronary artery stenosis, and right-heart catheterization revealed a pulmonary to systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs) of 2.2 on oximetry run. She was diagnosed with takotsubo cardiomyopathy with an associated complication of ventricular septal perforation. Her cardiac function gradually improved with nonsurgical treatment. An oximetry run performed 67 days later revealed that Qp/Qs decreased to 1.2. The size of ventricular septal perforation associated with takotsubo cardiomyopathy reduces naturally by conservative treatment, unlike that in acute myocardial infarction. .

A cell-based evaluation of human tyrosinase-mediated metabolic activation of leukoderma-inducing phenolic compounds.

BACKGROUND: Chemical leukoderma is a skin depigmentation disorder induced through contact with certain chemicals, most of which have a p-substituted phenol structure similar to the melanin precursor tyrosine. The tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation of phenols to highly reactive o-quinone metabolites is a critical step in inducing leukoderma through the production of melanocyte-specific damage and immunological responses. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to find an effective method to evaluate the formation of o-quinone by human tyrosinase and subsequent cellular reactions. METHODS: Human tyrosinase-expressing 293T cells were exposed to various phenolic compounds, after which the reactive o-quinones generated were identified as adducts of cellular thiols. We further examined whether the o-quinone formation induces reductions in cellular GSH or viability. RESULTS: Among the chemicals tested, all 7 leukoderma-inducing phenols/catechol (rhododendrol, raspberry ketone, monobenzone, 4-tert-butylphenol, 4-tert-butylcatechol, 4-S-cysteaminylphenol and p-cresol) were oxidized to o-quinone metabolites and were detected as adducts of cellular glutathione and cysteine, leading to cellular glutathione reduction, whereas 2-S-cysteaminylphenol and 4-n-butylresorcinol were not. In vitro analysis using a soluble variant of human tyrosinase revealed a similar substrate-specificity. Some leukoderma-inducing phenols exhibited tyrosinase-dependent cytotoxicity in this cell model and in B16BL6 melanoma cells where tyrosinase expression was effectively modulated by siRNA knockdown. CONCLUSION: We developed a cell-based metabolite analytical method to detect human tyrosinase-catalyzed formation of o-quinone from phenolic compounds by analyzing their thiol-adducts. The detailed analysis of each metabolite was superior in sensitivity and specificity compared to cytotoxicity assays for detecting known leukoderma-inducing phenols, providing an effective strategy for safety evaluation of chemicals.

Correlation Between the Japanese Version of the High Bleeding Risk (J-HBR) Criteria and the PRECISE-DAPT Score, and Optimal J-HBR Cut-Off Score to Predict Major Bleeding.

Background: The correlation between the Japanese version of high bleeding risk (J-HBR) criteria and the Predicting Bleeding Complications in Patients Undergoing Stent Implantation and Subsequent Dual Antiplatelet Therapy (PRECISE-DAPT) score is unknown, as is the relationship of both risk scores with ischemic events. Methods and Results: This study enrolled 842 patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between January 2016 and December 2020. The 2 bleeding risk scores at the time of PCI and the subsequent risk of bleeding and ischemic events over a 1-year follow-up were examined. The J-HBR score was significantly correlated with the PRECISE-DAPT score (r=0.731, P<0.001). However, 1 year after PCI, the J-HBR was not significantly associated with the incidence of major bleeding and ischemic events (log-rank, P=0.058 and P=0.351, respectively), whereas the PRECISE-DAPT score predicted both the incidence of major bleeding and ischemic events (log-rank, P=0.006 and P=0.019, respectively). According to receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, a J-HBR score ≥1.5 was significantly associated with a higher cumulative incidence of major bleeding, but not ischemic events (log-rank, P=0.004 and P=0.513, respectively). Conclusions: The J-HBR score is highly correlated with the PRECISE-DAPT score. A J-HBR score ≥1.5 can identify high bleeding risk patients without an increased risk of ischemic events.

HSPA8 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Is Associated with Serum HSC70 Concentration and Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

There is an association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and atherosclerosis, but the genetic risk of atherosclerosis in NAFLD remains unclear. Here, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the heat shock 70 kDa protein 8 (HSPA8) gene was analyzed in 123 NAFLD patients who had been diagnosed using a liver biopsy, and the NAFLD phenotype including the maximum intima-media thickness (Max-IMT) of the carotid artery was investigated. Patients with the minor allele (A/G or G/G) of rs2236659 showed a lower serum heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein concentration than those with the major A/A allele. Compared with the patients with the major allele, those with the minor allele showed a higher prevalence of hypertension and higher Max-IMT in men. No significant associations between the HSPA8 genotype and hepatic pathological findings were identified. In decision-tree analysis, age, sex, liver fibrosis, and HSPA8 genotype were individually associated with severe carotid artery atherosclerosis (Max-IMT ≥ 1.5 mm). Noncirrhotic men aged ≥ 65 years were most significantly affected by the minor allele of HSPA8. To predict the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, HSPA8 SNP genotyping might be useful, particularly for older male NAFLD patients.

Zebrafish as a new model for rhododendrol-induced leukoderma.

Idiopathic leukoderma is a skin disorder characterized by patchy loss of skin pigmentation due to melanocyte dysfunction or deficiency. Rhododendrol (RD) was approved as a cosmetic ingredient in Japan in 2008. However, it was shown to induce leukoderma in approximately 20,000 customers. The prediction of cytotoxicity, especially to melanocytes in vivo, is required to avoid such adverse effects. Since the use of higher vertebrates is prohibited for medicinal and toxicological assays, we used zebrafish, whose melanocytes were regulated by mechanisms similar to mammals. Zebrafish larvae were treated with RD in breeding water for 3 days, which caused body lightening accompanied by a decrease in the number of melanophores. Interestingly, black particles were found at the bottom of culture dishes, suggesting that the melanophores peeled off from the body. In addition, RT-PCR analysis suggested that the mRNA levels of melanophore-specific genes were significantly low. An increase in the production of reactive oxygen species was found in larvae treated with RD. The treatments of the fish with other phenol compounds, which have been reported to cause leukoderma, also induced depigmentation and melanophore loss. These results suggest that zebrafish larvae could be used for the evaluation of leukoderma caused by chemicals, including RD.

Effect of skin-capsular distance on controlled attenuation parameter for diagnosing liver steatosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

The effect of the skin-capsular distance (SCD) on the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) for diagnosis of liver steatosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unclear. The SCD was measured using B-mode ultrasound, and the CAP was measured using the M probe of FibroScan®. According to the indications of the M probe, 113 patients with an SCD of ≤ 25 mm were included in the present study. The association between the SCD and CAP was investigated, and the diagnostic performance of the SCD-adjusted CAP was tested. The SCD showed the most significant positive correlation with the CAP (ρ = 0.329, p < 0.001). In the multiple regression analysis, the SCD and serum albumin concentration were associated with the CAP, independent of pathological liver steatosis. According to the multivariate analysis, two different formulas were developed to obtain the adjusted CAP using the SCD and serum albumin concentration as follows: adjusted CAP (dB/m) = CAP - (5.26 × SCD) and adjusted CAP (dB/m) = CAP - (5.35 × SCD) - (25.77 × serum albumin concentration). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for diagnosis of a steatosis score ≥ 2 of adjusted CAP was 0.678 and 0.684 respectively, which were significantly greater than the original CAP (0.621: p = 0.030 and p = 0.024). The SCD is associated with the CAP independent of liver steatosis. Adjustment of the CAP using the SCD improves the diagnostic performance of the CAP in NAFLD.