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BACKGROUND: Although about 10% of the Latin American population is indigenous, ethnic differences in disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) and life expectancy with disability (DLE) are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To estimate disability-free life expectancy and disabled life expectancy among Mapuche (the largest indigenous group) and non-indigenous older adults aged 60 years or more in Chile. METHOD: Disability was measured following a methodology that combines limitations of daily living, cognitive impairment and dependence previously validated in Chile. Finally, the DFLE was estimated using Sullivan's method combining life tables by ethnicity and disability proportions from the EDES survey designed for the study of ethnic differentials in health and longevity in Chile. RESULTS: Non-Indigenous people have a higher total and Disability-free life expectancy compared to Mapuche people at all ages. While at age 60 a Mapuche expects to live 18.9 years, of which 9.4 are disability-free, a non-Indigenous expects to live 26.4 years, of which 14 are disability-free. In addition, although the length of life with disability increases with age for both populations, Mapuche who survive to age 80 or 90 expect to live 84% and 91% of their remaining life with disability, higher proportions compared to non-indigenous people (62.9% and 75%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study addressing inequities in DFLE between the Mapuche and non-Indigenous population, reflected in lower total life expectancy, lower DFLE and higher DLE in Mapuche compared to the non-Indigenous population. Our results underscore the need for increased capacity to monitor mortality risks among older people, considering ethnic differences.
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Pessoas com Deficiência , Expectativa de Vida Saudável , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Idoso , Humanos , Chile/epidemiologia , Expectativa de Vida , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso de 80 Anos ou maisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Functional capacity is recognized as a central factor for health in old age and not all studies that seek to clarify the role of social relationships in functional capacity are conclusive. The subject has only been studied in a limited way in Latin America, a region that is aging prematurely, with evidence primarily from developed countries, which have experienced a more gradual aging of their population. This longitudinal study aimed to determine how aspects of social relationships impact the functionality of older Chileans. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a cohort study of 2,265 people aged 60 years or older who lived in the community and resided in Greater Santiago, Chile. Five aspects of social relationships were considered at baseline (participation in groups, clubs, or organizations; number of people in the household; participation in recreational activities; perception of material support, help or advice, and marital status), from which a cluster analysis by conglomerate was performed and used as the exposure of interest. Functional limitation (FL) was the dependent variable, classified as a limitation in at least 1 basic activity of daily living or 1 instrumental activity or 2 advanced activities. The control variables considered were: sex, age, educational level, multimorbidity, depression and years of follow-up. Survival analyses using a Cox proportional hazard regression and multilevel logistic regressions (person level and follow-up wave level) were performed. RESULTS: The identified clusters were four: "without social participation and does not live alone"; "without a partner and without social participation"; "no perception of support and no social participation"; "with participation, partner and perception of support". Social relationship clusters predicted FL incidence and FL reporting during follow-up. Being in the clusters "without social participation and does not live alone" and "without partner and without social participation" were risk factors for incident FL and report of FL during follow-up, compared to being in the reference cluster "with participation, partner and perception of support. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our study showed that participating in social organizations, not living alone and having a partner are protective factors for presenting and developing functional limitation in old age for community-living Chileans in an urban area.
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Atividades Cotidianas , Humanos , Chile/epidemiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Estudos Longitudinais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Participação Social/psicologia , Relações Interpessoais , Estudos de Coortes , Estado Funcional , Envelhecimento/psicologia , Envelhecimento/fisiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are fundamental for identifying loci associated with diseases. However, they require replication in other ethnicities. METHODS: We performed GWAS on sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) including 539 patients and 854 controls from Argentina and Chile. We combined our results with those from the European Alzheimer and Dementia Biobank (EADB) in a meta-analysis and tested their genetic risk score (GRS) performance in this admixed population. RESULTS: We detected apolipoprotein E ε4 as the single genome-wide significant signal (odds ratio = 2.93 [2.37-3.63], P = 2.6 × 10-23 ). The meta-analysis with EADB summary statistics revealed four new loci reaching GWAS significance. Functional annotations of these loci implicated endosome/lysosomal function. Finally, the AD-GRS presented a similar performance in these populations, despite the score diminished when the Native American ancestry rose. DISCUSSION: We report the first GWAS on AD in a population from South America. It shows shared genetics modulating AD risk between the European and these admixed populations. HIGHLIGHTS: This is the first genome-wide association study on Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a population sample from Argentina and Chile. Trans-ethnic meta-analysis reveals four new loci involving lysosomal function in AD. This is the first independent replication for TREM2L, IGH-gene-cluster, and ADAM17 loci. A genetic risk score (GRS) developed in Europeans performed well in this population. The higher the Native American ancestry the lower the GRS values.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Azidas , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Humanos , Chile , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Metabolic regulation plays a significant role in energy homeostasis, and adolescence is a crucial life stage for the development of cardiometabolic disease (CMD). This study aims to investigate the genetic determinants of metabolic biomarkers-adiponectin, leptin, ghrelin, and orexin-and their associations with CMD risk factors. METHODS: We characterized the genetic determinants of the biomarkers among Hispanic/Latino adolescents of the Santiago Longitudinal Study (SLS) and identified the cumulative effects of genetic variants on adiponectin and leptin using biomarker polygenic risk scores (PRS). We further investigated the direct and indirect effect of the biomarker PRS on downstream body fat percent (BF%) and glycemic traits using structural equation modeling. RESULTS: We identified putatively novel genetic variants associated with the metabolic biomarkers. A substantial amount of biomarker variance was explained by SLS-specific PRS, and the prediction was improved by including the putatively novel loci. Fasting blood insulin and insulin resistance were associated with PRS for adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin, and BF% was associated with PRS for adiponectin and leptin. We found evidence of substantial mediation of these associations by the biomarker levels. CONCLUSIONS: The genetic underpinnings of metabolic biomarkers can affect the early development of CMD, partly mediated by the biomarkers. IMPACT: This study characterized the genetic underpinnings of four metabolic hormones and investigated their potential influence on adiposity and insulin biology among Hispanic/Latino adolescents. Fasting blood insulin and insulin resistance were associated with polygenic risk score (PRS) for adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin, with evidence of some degree of mediation by the biomarker levels. Body fat percent (BF%) was also associated with PRS for adiponectin and leptin. This provides important insight on biological mechanisms underlying early metabolic dysfunction and reveals candidates for prevention efforts. Our findings also highlight the importance of ancestrally diverse populations to facilitate valid studies of the genetic architecture of metabolic biomarker levels.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Resistência à Insulina , Adiponectina/genética , Adolescente , Biomarcadores , Doenças Cardiovasculares/genética , Grelina/genética , Hispânico ou Latino/genética , Humanos , Insulina , Resistência à Insulina/genética , Leptina , Estudos Longitudinais , OrexinasRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Adipose tissue secretes adipokines such as adiponectin and leptin, playing important roles in energy metabolism. The longitudinal associations between such adipokines and body fat accumulation have not been established, especially during adolescence and young adulthood and in diverse populations. The study aims to assess the longitudinal association between body fat measured with dual X-ray absorptiometry and plasma adipokines from adolescence to young adulthood. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among Hispanic/Latino participants (N = 537) aged 16.8 (SD: 0.3) years of the Santiago Longitudinal Study, we implemented structural equation modeling to estimate the sex-specific associations between adiposity (body fat percent (BF%) and proportion of trunk fat (PTF)) and adipokines (adiponectin and leptin levels) during adolescence (16 y) and these values after 6 years of follow-up (22 y). In addition, we further investigated whether the associations differed by baseline insulin resistance (IR) status. We found evidence for associations between 16 y BF% and 22 y leptin levels (ß (SE): 0.58 (0.06) for females; 0.53 (0.05) for males), between 16 y PTF and 22 y adiponectin levels (ß (SE): -0.31 (0.06) for females; -0.18 (0.06) for males) and between 16 y adiponectin levels and 22 y BF% (ß (SE): 0.12 (0.04) for both females and males). CONCLUSION: We observed dynamic relationships between adiposity and adipokines levels from late adolescence to young adulthood in a Hispanic/Latino population further demonstrating the importance of this period of the life course in the development of obesity.
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Adipocinas , Leptina , Adiponectina , Tecido Adiposo/diagnóstico por imagem , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Adiposidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Muscle strength can be measured through different methods and handgrip strength is one of the most used techniques in epidemiological studies. Given its easy application, high reliability, and low cost, it is considered an important health biomarker. Handgrip strength is associated with adverse health outcomes such as mortality and risk of developing chronic diseases, cardiovascular, respiratory, cancer and dementia. There is a paucity of evidence in Chile about the association of handgrip strength with these health outcomes limiting its visibility and implementation in clinical settings. Therefore, this narrative review summarizes the scientific evidence about the association of grip strength with non-communicable chronic diseases and mortality in middle age and older adults.
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Força da Mão , Força Muscular , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Idoso , Força da Mão/fisiologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Chile/epidemiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Although sarcopenia greatly affects health and quality of life in older people, its pathophysiological causes are not fully elucidated. To face this challenge, omics technologies can be used. The metabolome gives a vision of the interaction between the genome and the environment through metabolic networks, thus contributing in clarifying the pathophysiology of the sarcopenic phenotype. OBJECTIVES: The main goal of this study was to compare the plasma metabolome of sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic older people. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 20 sarcopenic and 21 non-sarcopenic older subjects with available frozen plasma samples. Non-targeted metabolomic study by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis with later bioinformatics data analysis. Once the significantly different metabolites were identified, the KEGG database was used on them to establish which were the metabolic pathways mainly involved. RESULTS: From 657 features identified, 210 showed significant differences between the study groups, and 30 had a FoldChangeLog2 > 2. The most interesting metabolic pathways found with the KEGG database were the biosynthesis of amino acids, arginine and proline metabolism, the biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from ornithine, linoleic acid metabolism, and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS: The study results allowed us to confirm that the concept of "sarcopenic phenotype" is also witnessed at the plasma metabolite levels. The non-targeted metabolomics study can open a wide view of the sarcopenic features changes at the plasma level, which would be linked to the sarcopenic physiopathological alterations.
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Sarcopenia , Idoso , Aminoácidos , Estudos Transversais , Ácidos Graxos Essenciais , Humanos , Metabolômica , Fenótipo , Qualidade de Vida , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chile has one of the longest life expectancies of Latin America. The country is characterised by an important macroeconomic growth and persisting socioeconomic inequalities. This study analyses socioeconomic differences in life expectancy (LE) and disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) among Chilean older people. METHODS: The sample of the Social Protection Survey, a longitudinal study, was analysed. Five waves, from 2004 to 2016, were considered. The indicator was disability, defined as having difficulties to perform at least one basic activity of daily living. Type of health insurance was used to determine socioeconomic position (SEP). Total LE and DFLE were estimated with multistate life table models. RESULTS: At age 60, men in the higher SEP could expect to live 3.7 years longer (22.2; 95% CI 19.6-24.8) compared to men of the same age in the medium SEP (18.4; 95% CI 17.4-19.4), and 4.9 years longer than men of the same age in the lower SEP (17.3; 95% CI 16.4-18.2). They also had a DFLE (19.4; 95% CI 17.1-21.7) 4 (15.4; 95% CI 14.6-16.1) and 5.2 (14.2; 95% CI 13.4-14.9) years longer, compared to the same groups. Women aged 60 years in the higher SEP had a LE (27.2; 95% CI 23.7-30.8) 4.6 (22.7; 95% CI 21.9-23.5) and 5.6 (21.6; 20.6-22.6) years longer, compared to women in the medium and the lower SEP. The difference in DFLE, for the same age and groups was 4.9 and 6.1 years, respectively (high: 21.4; 95% CI 19.5-23.3; medium: 16.5; 95% CI 15.8-17.1; low: 15.3; 95% CI 14.6-16.0). Socioeconomic differences in LE and DFLE were observed among both sexes until advanced age. DISCUSSION: Socioeconomic inequalities in LE and DFLE were found among Chilean older men and women. Older people in the highest SEP live longer and healthier lives. CONCLUSION: A reform to the Chilean health system should be considered, in order to guarantee timely access to care and benefits for older people who are not in the wealthiest group.
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Pessoas com Deficiência , Expectativa de Vida , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Chile/epidemiologia , Feminino , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Depression and dependence have a great impact on the quality of life of older people. AIM: To validate the SF-12 (short-form) health related quality of care questionnaire (HRQOL) as an alternative of the SF-36 to estimate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and its association with depression and dependence in Chilean older people living in the community. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The questionnaire was answered by 4,124 Chilean older people (61% women). HRQoL was evaluated with the SF-36 questionnaire. The SF-12 questionnaire includes 12 items from the SF-36. RESULTS: The internal consistency of the SF-12 questionnaire was high (0.88). The effect size of the differences in the averages of the SF-12 and SF-36 scales was small (0.06-0.41). Good agreement was found between the physical and mental components of the SF-12 and SF-36 (0.94 and 0.89). Logistic regressions determined that people with dependence and depression have a higher risk of poor HRQoL. The figures for the physical component were, mild depression: odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence intervals (CI) = 3.28 (2.74-3.93), severe depression: OR (IC95%CI) = 4.66 (3.55-6.11), mild to moderate dependence: OR (95CI%) = 3.67 (2.97-4.54), severe dependence: OR (95%CI) = 13.06 (7.23-23.61). For the mental component, the figures were: mild depression: OR (95CI%) = 6.11(5.05-7.38), severe depression: OR (95CI%) = 22.01(14.47-33.49), mild to moderate dependence: OR (95CI%) = 1.59 (1.28-1.97), severe dependence: OR (95CI%) = 1.60 (1.04-2.47), adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related variables. CONCLUSIONS: The validity of the SF-12 for measuring HRQoL was demonstrated. People with depression and dependence have a worse physical and mental quality of life.
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Transtorno Depressivo , Qualidade de Vida , Idoso , Depressão/diagnóstico , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
AIM: The aims of this study were to describe the prevalence of screening-positive depression and to identify the frequency and factors related to self-reported depression diagnosis in people with screen-positive depression. METHODS: Using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), 4065 older Chileans were screened for depression. Social and health variables were included. Self-reported depression diagnosis and antidepressant use were analyzed according to screen-positive depression (GDS-15 ≥ 5). Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors related to screen-positive depression, and self-reported diagnosis and current antidepressant use. RESULTS: Overall, mean age was 71.0 years, 60.9% women, and 71.4% had ≤8 years of education. 28.3% of the population screened positive for depression (mild: 21.7%; moderate-severe: 6.5%). Only 35.9% of screen-positive depression individuals self-reported a depression diagnosis (mild: 32.6%; moderate-severe: 47.0%), with significant differences between the sexes (women: 42.2%; men: 22.5%; P < .01). No education (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.20-3.32), multimorbidity (OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.42-2.48), dependence (OR = 4.14, 95% CI = 3.11-5.51) and pain (OR = 2.49, 95% CI = 2.01-3.07) were related to screen-positive depression. In people screen-positive depression, men (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.35-0.65) and 80 years or older were less likely to self-report depression diagnosis (OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.23-0.54), and current antidepressant use (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.14-0.70). CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of depressive symptoms and low agreement with self-reported depression is observed. There is a need to increase the diagnosis of depression especially in men and people 80 years or older.
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Depressão , Vida Independente , Idoso , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Depressão/diagnóstico , Depressão/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , AutorrelatoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The assessment of frailty among older people could help to reduce its social and health burden. AIM: To determine and characterize the prevalence of frailty in Chilean older adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 233 participants, aged > 60 years, participating in the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017. Frailty was assessed using modified Fried criteria. Thus, people classified as frail should meet at least 3 out of the 5 criteria (low strength, low physical activity, low body mass index, slow walking pace and tiredness). RESULTS: The prevalence of frailty was 10.9% (7.7% for men and 14.1% for women). The prevalence of pre-frailty was 59.0% whereas 30.1% of participants were classified as robust. At the age of 80 years 58 and 62% of men and women were frail, respectively. These figures increased to 90 and 87% at the age of 90 years. The prevalence of pre-frailty increased from 43 to 92.1% among men and from 76% and 78% among women from the ages of 60 to 90 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of frailty increased markedly with age. It is important to implement prevention strategies to allow an early identification of high-risk individuals.
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Fragilidade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Idoso Fragilizado , Fragilidade/epidemiologia , Avaliação Geriátrica , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , PrevalênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chile has one of the highest life expectancies within Latin American. This is the first study to determine health expectancies in older populations in Chile, considering cognitive status as a health indicator. METHODS: We estimated prevalence of cognitive decline among people aged 60 years and over based on the Mini-mental State Examination and the Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire, with data from the National Survey of Health (2003, 2009, 2016). Life expectancy free of cognitive impairment was calculated using the Sullivan method. RESULTS: At age 60, life expectancy free of cognitive impairment was more than 3 years longer for women, compared to men of the same age. Life expectancy free from cognitive impairment was higher for both men and women aged 60 in 2016 when compared to 2003 (2.1 and 2 years higher, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Longer life expectancy in women was accompanied by more years free of cognitive impairment. Men expected to live a similar proportion of years free of cognitive impairment, compared to women. Common and standardised assessments of health status of older people should be adopted in Latin American studies, to allow for time-trend analyses and international comparisons.
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Disfunção Cognitiva/epidemiologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/psicologia , Nível de Saúde , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos/tendências , Expectativa de Vida/tendências , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Estado Mental e Demência , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Few instruments evaluate family caregiver perceptions of challenges caring for persons with dementia and improvement or worsening in these areas. To address this measurement gap, we examine psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the 13-item Perceived Change Index (PCI-S), originally validated with English-speaking caregivers. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 94 caregivers of persons with mild to moderate dementia in Chile. Interviews included caregiver demographics, burden, health perception, distress with behaviours, dementia severity, behavioural symptoms and functionality. RESULTS: Caregiver mean age was 55.9 (SD ± 14.14) years and mean years caregiving was 3 (SD ± 2.60). The scale had strong internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.94), and inter-observer consistency (CCI = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.95-0.99). Two factors were identified: Management skills (α = 0.89), and somatic well-being and affects (α = 0.92), explaining 63% of scale variance. Significant associations supporting convergent validity were observed for PCI-S and subscales with caregiver burden (p < 0.01), health perceptions (p < 0.01), depressive symptoms (p < 0.01) and distress with behaviours (p < 0.01); and in persons with dementia, functionality (p < 0.05), dementia severity (p < 0.05) and behavioural symptoms (p < 0.01) in expected directions. In logistic regression models, perceived worsening (PCI-S and subscale scores) was associated with more behavioural symptoms (OR = 1.07; 95% CI = 1.03-1.15) and caregiver burden (OR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.18-1.86); whereas perceived improvement was associated with higher physical functioning (OR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.91-0.99) in persons with dementia. PCI-S scores were not associated with socio-demographic characteristics reflecting divergent validity. CONCLUSIONS: Spanish version of the 13-item Perceived Change Index and its two-factor solution is a valid and reliable measure with clinical utility to detect improvement or worsening in caregivers concerning daily care challenges. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Cuidadores/psicologia , Demência/enfermagem , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica/normas , Psicometria/instrumentação , Qualidade de Vida , Adaptação Psicológica , Adulto , Idoso , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In Chile, comprehensive geriatric assessment does not include the identification of dysphagia, despite being considered a geriatric syndrome. The Eating Assessment Tool 10 (EAT-10) questionnaire is a 10-question instrument that specifically describes the perception of dysphagia and has a Spanish translation. AIM: To validate and test the reliability of the EAT-10 questionnaire in Chilean older people living in the community. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The EAT-10 score was applied to 80 participants aged 75 ± 14 years (51 women). Other observer, blinded to the result of the score, performed the volume-viscosity swallow test as the gold standard to assess dysphagia. RESULTS: The translated version of the EAT-10 had a strong internal consistency (Cronbach alfa =0.89) and interobserver consistency (100%). Using a score of seven as cutoff point, the EAT-10 had a sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 86% to detect dysphagia, when compared with the volume-viscosity swallow test. CONCLUSIONS: The EAT-10 questionnaire is valid and reliable and can be used as a clinical instrument in primary care in our country to identify older people with dysphagia.
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Transtornos de Deglutição/diagnóstico , Inquéritos e Questionários , Traduções , Idoso , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Avaliação Geriátrica , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of use of hearing aids by older adults in Chile and the influence of some variables such as education level, income level and geographic area of residence on the prevalence of hearing aids. DESIGN: A national cross-sectional survey which was carried out in 2009. STUDY SAMPLE: A representative sample of 4766 Chilean older adults aged 60 years and above. RESULTS: The percentage of older adults in Chile who self-reported hearing problems and used hearing aids was 8.9%. Such prevalence increased for adults living in urban areas and for those who knew about the new Chilean programme of universal access to health services (AUGE). For older adults who did not know about this programme, significant associations between the use of hearing aids and the variables of age, geographic area of residence, and income level were found. CONCLUSIONS: People's knowledge about AUGE programme may positively influence the use of hearing aids, although a direct effect cannot be attributed.
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Envelhecimento/psicologia , Auxiliares de Audição/psicologia , Perda Auditiva/reabilitação , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde , Pessoas com Deficiência Auditiva/reabilitação , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Percepção Auditiva , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Escolaridade , Feminino , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Audição , Perda Auditiva/diagnóstico , Perda Auditiva/fisiopatologia , Perda Auditiva/psicologia , Humanos , Renda , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Satisfação do Paciente , Pessoas com Deficiência Auditiva/psicologia , Prevalência , Características de Residência , Participação SocialRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyse the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in healthy adolescents of low to middle socio-economic status and to study the influence of anthropometric, biological and lifestyle factors on the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, fat and lean mass (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), TAG, HDL-cholesterol, glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), food intake and physical activity were measured. Cardiovascular risk factors were defined using the International Diabetes Federation criteria and insulin resistance using HOMA-IR ≥2.6. Bivariate and multivariate regressions examined the associations between MetS and anthropometric, biological and lifestyle factors. SETTING: Observational cohort study including Chilean adolescents, who were part of a follow-up study beginning in infancy. SUBJECTS: Adolescents aged 16-17 years (n 667). RESULTS: In the sample, 16.2% had obesity and 9.5% had MetS. Low HDL-cholesterol (69.9%), abdominal obesity (33.3%) and fasting hyperglycaemia (8.7%) were the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors. In males, obesity (OR=3.7; 95% CI 1.2, 10.8), insulin resistance (OR=3.0; 95% CI 1.1, 8.2), physical inactivity (OR=2.9; 95% CI 1.1, 7.7) and sarcopenia (OR=21.2; 95% CI 4.2, 107.5) significantly increased the risk of MetS. In females, insulin resistance (OR=4.9; 95% CI 1.9, 12.6) and sarcopenia (OR=3.6; 95% CI 1.1, 11.9) were significantly associated with MetS. CONCLUSIONS: High prevalences of obesity, abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia, fasting hyperglycaemia and MetS were found in healthy adolescents. In both sexes, sarcopenia and insulin resistance were important risk factors of MetS. Promotion of active lifestyles at the school level and regulation of the sale of energy-dense foods are needed.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Hiperglicemia/epidemiologia , Estilo de Vida , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Obesidade Abdominal/epidemiologia , Absorciometria de Fóton , Adiposidade , Adolescente , Glicemia/metabolismo , Pressão Sanguínea , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Chile/epidemiologia , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Estudos Transversais , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/sangue , Insulina/sangue , Resistência à Insulina , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/sangue , Análise Multivariada , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Obesidade Abdominal/sangue , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Circunferência da CinturaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chile has suffered a fast increase in childhood obesity in the last 10 years. As a result, several school programmes have been implemented, however the effectiveness of these needs to be evaluated to identify and prioritize strategies to curve this trend. METHODS: Cluster randomized controlled trial. Twelve primary public schools chosen at random over three regions of the country will take part in this study. The sample size consisted of a total of 1,655 children. For each region one school will be selected for each of the three nutritional intervention modes and one school will be selected as the control group. The intervention modes consist of the following: Healthy Kiosk and nutritional education (KSEAN); Optimized physical activity (AFSO); Healthy Kiosk and nutritional education (KSEAN) + optimized physical activity (AFSO); Control group. The effectiveness of each intervention will be evaluated by determining the nutritional condition of each child by measuring percentage of body fat, BMI and the z-score of the BMI. This study will also identify the eating behaviours, nutritional knowledge and fitness of each child, along with the effective time of moderate activity during physical education classes. DISCUSSION: A protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of a school based intervention to control and/or reduce the rates of childhood obesity for children between 6 and 10 years of age was developed. The protocol was developed in line with the Declaration of Helsinski, the Nüremberg Code and the University of Chile Guidelines for ethical committees, and was approved by the INTA, Universidad de Chile ethical committee on Wednesday 12 March 2014. There is consensus among researchers and health and education personnel that schools are a favourable environment for actions to prevent and/or control childhood obesity. However a lack of evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to date has led some to question the wisdom of allocating resources to programmes. This is the first study of this kind in Chile and could be an important first step to provide guidance to political authorities in relation to which food and nutrition strategies to prioritize to curve this alarming trend. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN32136790 , registered retrospectively on 05 September 2014.
Assuntos
Exercício Físico , Educação em Saúde/métodos , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Obesidade Infantil/prevenção & controle , Educação Física e Treinamento/métodos , Criança , Chile , Dieta Saudável , Comportamento Alimentar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estado Nutricional , Serviços de Saúde Escolar , Instituições AcadêmicasRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To validate the Spanish version of the OHIP-49 among elderly population. BACKGROUND: Oral health, as a predictor of quality of life, can be evaluated using validated instruments. One of the most commonly used instruments worldwide is the Oral Health Impact Profile-49 (OHIP-49). This instrument has not yet been validated in Chilean older adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Interviews and clinical exams were performed in a convenience sample of eighty-five elderly participants aged 60 or more years (mean 69.02 ± 7.82 years). Socio-demographic and clinical variables were analysed: number of teeth, caries, periodontal and prosthetic treatment needs and prosthetic functionality. RESULTS: High internal consistency values were obtained for both the OHIP-49 Sp instrument (0.990) and all of its dimensions (0.875-0.995). The average score of the OHIP-49 Sp was 62.54 ± 43.73. Significantly higher OHIP-49 Sp scores were observed in participants with caries (p = 0.01), in those needing complex periodontal treatment (p = 0.0001) and those in need of dental prostheses (p ≤ 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The OHIP-49 Sp proved to be a valid tool to assess oral health-related quality of life, when tested in Chilean older adults.