Inherited Fanconi syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Fanconi-Debré-de Toni syndrome (also known as Fanconi renotubular syndrome, or FRST) profoundly increased the understanding of the functions of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and provided important insights into the pathophysiology of several kidney diseases and drug toxicities. DATA SOURCES: We searched Pubmed and Scopus databases to find relevant articles about FRST. This review article focuses on the physiology of the PCT, as well as on the physiopathology of FRST in children, its diagnosis, and treatment. RESULTS: FRST encompasses a wide variety of inherited and acquired PCT alterations that lead to impairment of PCT reabsorption. In children, FRST often presents as a secondary feature of systemic disorders that impair energy supply, such as Lowe's syndrome, Dent's disease, cystinosis, hereditary fructose intolerance, galactosemia, tyrosinemia, Alport syndrome, and Wilson's disease. Although rare, congenital causes of FRST greatly impact the morbidity and mortality of patients and impose diagnostic challenges. Furthermore, its treatment is diverse and considers the ability of the clinician to identify the correct etiology of the disease. CONCLUSION: The early diagnosis and treatment of pediatric patients with FRST improve the prognosis and the quality of life.

Whole-exome identifies germline variants in families with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) (OMIM #107650) is characterized by complete or partial obstruction of the upper airways, resulting in periods of sleep associated apnea. OSAS increases morbidity and mortality risk from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. While heritability of OSAS is estimated at ∼40%, the precise underlying genes remain elusive. Brazilian families with OSAS that follows as seemingly autosomal dominant inheritance pattern were recruited. Methods: The study included nine individuals from two Brazilian families displaying a seemingly autosomal dominant inheritance pattern of OSAS. Whole exome sequencing of germline DNA were analyzed using Mendel, MD software. Variants selected were analyzed using Varstation® with subsequent analyses that included validation by Sanger sequencing, pathogenic score assessment by ACMG criteria, co-segregation analyses (when possible) allele frequency, tissue expression patterns, pathway analyses, effect on protein folding modeling using Swiss-Model and RaptorX. Results: Two families (six affected patients and three unaffected controls) were analyzed. A comprehensive multistep analysis yielded variants in COX20 (rs946982087) (family A), PTPDC1 (rs61743388) and TMOD4 (rs141507115) (family B) that seemed to be strong candidate genes for being OSAS associated genes in these families. Conclusion: Sequence variants in COX20, PTPDC1 and TMOD4 seemingly are associated with OSAS phenotype in these families. Further studies in more, ethnically diverse families and non-familial OSAS cases are needed to better define the role of these variants as contributors to OSAS phenotype.