RESUMO
The Austrian Alzheimer Society developed evidence-based guidelines based on a systematic literature search and criteria-guided assessment with subsequent transparent determination of grades of clinical recommendation. The authors evaluated currently available therapeutic approaches for the most common forms of dementia and focused on diagnosis and pharmacological intervention, taking into consideration the situation in Austria. The purpose of these guidelines is the rational and cost-effective use of diagnostic and therapeutic measures in dementing illnesses. Users are physicians and all other providers of care for patients with dementia in Austria.
Assuntos
Demência/diagnóstico , Demência/tratamento farmacológico , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Nootrópicos/uso terapêutico , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Aminoácidos/efeitos adversos , Aminoácidos/uso terapêutico , Antipsicóticos/efeitos adversos , Antipsicóticos/uso terapêutico , Inibidores da Colinesterase/efeitos adversos , Inibidores da Colinesterase/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Cognitivos/tratamento farmacológico , Estudos Transversais , Demência/epidemiologia , Demência/etiologia , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Ginkgo biloba , Humanos , Incidência , Estilo de Vida , Assistência de Longa Duração , Masculino , Adesão à Medicação , Memantina/efeitos adversos , Memantina/uso terapêutico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Dinâmica Populacional , Psicotrópicos/efeitos adversos , Psicotrópicos/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como AssuntoRESUMO
The definition of a separate nosological entity "panic disorder" in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd revision (DSM III) of the American Psychiatric Association triggered a flood of empirical research into this disorder. In this article the literature is surveyed to find out to what extent panic attacks and panic disorder bear specific relationships to measurable variables from the psychosocial and biological spheres. The investigated psychosocial variables are: experiences of separation in childhood; separation anxieties in childhood; sociodemographic correlates as they are known from epidemiological studies; personality factors; life events as possible triggering events of periods with panic attacks; and, finally, socalled "cognitive correlates". The results obtained in this field are just as inhomogeneous as they continue to be in the sphere of biological variables. Of these, the following factors are discussed: genetic factors; neurological and psycho-physiological correlates; the problem of mitral valve prolapse; endocrinal correlates and neurotransmitters. Present findings do not supply conclusive evidence either for or against separation of panic attacks from free-floating anxiety. The relationship between panic attacks and depressive disorders is equally unclear if judged on the basis of the results from empirical research which are far from uniform.