NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist MK-801 induces proteome changes in adult human brain slices which are partially counteracted by haloperidol and clozapine.

Deciphering the molecular pathways associated with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) hypofunction and its interaction with antipsychotics is necessary to advance our understanding of the basis of schizophrenia, as well as our capacity to treat this disease. In this regard, the development of human brain-derived models that are amenable to studying the neurobiology of schizophrenia may contribute to filling the gaps left by the widely employed animal models. Here, we assessed the proteomic changes induced by the NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist MK-801 on human brain slice cultures obtained from adult donors submitted to respective neurosurgery. Initially, we demonstrated that MK-801 diminishes NMDA glutamate receptor signaling in human brain slices in culture. Next, using mass-spectrometry-based proteomics and systems biology in silico analyses, we found that MK-801 led to alterations in proteins related to several pathways previously associated with schizophrenia pathophysiology, including ephrin, opioid, melatonin, sirtuin signaling, interleukin 8, endocannabinoid, and synaptic vesicle cycle. We also evaluated the impact of both typical and atypical antipsychotics on MK-801-induced proteome changes. Interestingly, the atypical antipsychotic clozapine showed a more significant capacity to counteract the protein alterations induced by NMDAr hypofunction than haloperidol. Finally, using our dataset, we identified potential modulators of the MK-801-induced proteome changes, which may be considered promising targets to treat NMDAr hypofunction in schizophrenia. This dataset is publicly available and may be helpful in further studies aimed at evaluating the effects of MK-801 and antipsychotics in the human brain.

Cannabidiol modulates hippocampal genes involved in mitochondrial function, ribosome biogenesis, synapse organization, and chromatin modifications.

BACKGROUND: Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the main cannabinoids present in Cannabis sativa female flowers. Previous investigation has already provided insights into the CBD molecular mechanism; however, there is no transcriptome data for CBD effects on hippocampal subfields. Here, we investigate transcriptomic changes in dorsal and ventral CA1 of adult mice hippocampus after 100 mg/kg of CBD administration (i.p.) for one or seven consecutive days. METHODS: C57BL/6JUnib mice were treated with either vehicle or CBD for 1 or 7 days. The collected brains were sectioned, and the hippocampal sub-regions were laser microdissected for RNA-Seq analysis. RESULTS: The transcriptome analysis following 7 days of CBD administration indicates the differential expression of 1559 genes in dCA1 and 2924 genes in vCA1. Furthermore, GO/KEGG analysis identified 88 significantly enriched biological process and 26 significantly enriched pathways for dCBD7, whereas vCBD7 revealed 128 enriched BPs and 24 pathways. CONCLUSION: This dataset indicates a widespread decrease of electron transport chain and ribosome biogenesis transcripts in CA1, while chromatin modifications and synapse organization transcripts were increased following CBD administration for 7 days.

Gummatous neurosyphilisin an HIV-negative patient: Case report.

Syphilis is a chronic infectious disease, which dates back to the XV century and is caused by the spirochete treponema pallidum, capable of invading the central nervous system in any of its stages- Its incidence has increased in parallel to the HIV/AIDS pandemic, and the synergism between both pathologies is such. that it has become a public health problem in recent years. Here we present the case of a 31-year-old female patient, who consulted for headache associated with decreased visual acuity and provided an unenhanced head CT showing hypodense lesions in both thalamic regions, serological tests for syphilis were reactive and those for HIV were not reactive. The brain MRI with spectroscopy was reported in favor of cerebral toxoplasmosis, which was later ruled out with a study of cerebrospinal fluid. Management with penicillin G sodium IV for 6 weeks was indicated, achieving complete imaging resolution of her lesions.

Viruses as a potential environmental trigger of type 1 diabetes mellitus (Review).

The etiopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a complex multifactorial process that involves an intricate network of genetic, epigenetic, immunological, and environmental factors. Despite the advances in recent years, some aspects of the mechanisms involved in triggering the disease are still unclear. Infections with certain viruses have been suggested as possible environmental triggers for the autoimmune process that leads to selective and progressive destruction of pancreatic ß-cells and insufficiency of insulin production, which is its hallmark. In this review, advances in knowledge and evidence that suggest the participation of certain viruses in the mechanisms of disease initiation and progression are described. It has been accepted that environmental factors, including viruses, can initiate and possibly sustain, accelerate, or slow down the autoimmune process and consequently damage insulin-producing pancreatic ß-cells. Although the role of these agents, especially human enteroviruses, has been exhaustively studied as the most likely triggers of the activation of autoimmunity that destroys pancreatic islets and leads to T1DM, certain doubts remain. Clinical epidemiological and experimental studies in humans and animals provide consistent and increasing evidence that persistent viral infections, especially with human enteroviruses and rotavirus infections, are associated with an increased risk of the disease in individuals genetically predisposed to autoimmunity.

Alteration in the Expression of Circular Rnas and its association with the Development and Progression of Osteosarcoma, an Integrative Review with High Sensitivity Research.

BACKGROUND: Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor, mainly affecting children, young adults, and the elderly. It is an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis, exhibiting low survival rates even with standard treatment. Recently, circular RNA molecules capable of influencing gene expression through various functions, with their main role being acting as microRNA sponges and reducing their intracellular expression, have been identified. Recent studies have linked circular RNAs to osteosarcoma development and progression. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the alteration in circular RNA expression during osteosarcoma development and progression. METHODS: An integrative literature review was conducted from September 10th to November 12th, 2021, using the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, OVID, and EMBASE. 129 full articles were included in the review. The obtained data were organized using a standardized data collection instrument, which included the following information: altered expression profile of circular RNAs, associated cancer hallmarks, clinical-pathological relationships of circular RNAs, and perspectives on the studied circular RNAs. RESULTS: A total of 94 distinct circular RNAs were identified, predominantly showing an increased expression pattern. Approximately 91% of the studies that aimed to identify the mechanisms of action of circular RNAs highlighted the function of circular RNAs as microRNA sponges. The most associated cancer hallmarks with the identified circular RNAs were proliferative signaling induction, invasion and metastasis, and resistance to cell death. The altered expression of these circular RNAs generally correlated with a worse prognosis for patients, as evidenced by clinical features such as shorter survival, advanced Enneking and/or TNM stage, higher incidence of metastasis, larger tumor size, and increased chemoresistance. CONSLUSION: These findings indicate the significance of circular RNA molecules in osteosarcoma carcinogenesis, suggesting their potential as new prognostic and/or diagnostic biomarkers, as well as alternative therapeutic targets in the fight against osteosarcoma.

Polygenic risk for schizophrenia converges on alternative polyadenylation as molecular mechanism underlying synaptic impairment.

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a genetically heterogenous psychiatric disorder of highly polygenic nature. Correlative evidence from genetic studies indicate that the aggregated effects of distinct genetic risk factor combinations found in each patient converge onto common molecular mechanisms. To prove this on a functional level, we employed a reductionistic cellular model system for polygenic risk by differentiating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from 104 individuals with high polygenic risk load and controls into cortical glutamatergic neurons (iNs). Multi-omics profiling identified widespread differences in alternative polyadenylation (APA) in the 3' untranslated region of many synaptic transcripts between iNs from SCZ patients and healthy donors. On the cellular level, 3'APA was associated with a reduction in synaptic density of iNs. Importantly, differential APA was largely conserved between postmortem human prefrontal cortex from SCZ patients and healthy donors, and strongly enriched for transcripts related to synapse biology. 3'APA was highly correlated with SCZ polygenic risk and affected genes were significantly enriched for SCZ associated common genetic variation. Integrative functional genomic analysis identified the RNA binding protein and SCZ GWAS risk gene PTBP2 as a critical trans-acting factor mediating 3'APA of synaptic genes in SCZ subjects. Functional characterization of PTBP2 in iNs confirmed its key role in 3'APA of synaptic transcripts and regulation of synapse density. Jointly, our findings show that the aggregated effects of polygenic risk converge on 3'APA as one common molecular mechanism that underlies synaptic impairments in SCZ.

Prevalence of urologic sequelae and bladder and bowel dysfunctions in patients with congenital Zika syndrome: A multicenter evaluation of the Zika virus bladder and bowel sequelae assistance network.

INTRODUCTION: Neurogenic bladder was first confirmed as a urological sequela of Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS) in 2018. Further clinical-epidemiological evidence also confirmed neurogenic bowel dysfunction and cryptorchidism. To strengthen the care for these children, the Congenital Zika Virus Bladder and Bowel Sequelae Network (RASZ in Brazilian) was created, including six integrated centers in Brazil. This article represents the initial outcome of the efforts by RASZ. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of bladder and bowel dysfunction, cryptorchidism and other urological sequelae related to CZS in cohorts attended in six Brazilian states. STUDY DESIGN: Observational, prospective, multicenter study including children with CZS assisted in one of six RASZ collaborative centers between June 2016 and February 2023. Data were collected from patient's first assessment using the same protocols for urological and bowel evaluation. Categorical variables were analyzed by frequency of occurrence and numerical variables by mean, median, and standard deviation. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of each center, all parents/caregivers provided written informed consent. RESULTS: The study included 414 children aged 2 months to 7 years (mean 2.77 years, SD 1.73), 227 (54.8 %) were male and 140 (33,8 %) referred urological and bowel symptoms on arrival. Prevalence of both urological and bowel sequelae was 66.7 %, 51 % of children aged 4 years and older had urinary incontinence (UI). UTI was confirmed in 23.4 % (two presented toxemia) and among males, 18.1 % had cryptorchidism. Renal ultrasonography, performed in 186 children, was abnormal in 25 (13.4 %), 7 had hydronephrosis. Among the 287 children who performed urodynamics, 283 (98.6 %) were altered: 232 had a lower bladder capacity, 144 a maximum bladder pressure of ≥40 cm H2O, and 127 did not satisfactorily empty their bladder. DISCUSSION: A higher prevalence of NLUTD, neurogenic bowel and cryptorchidism was confirmed in children with CZS. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, including a multidisciplinary approach, may reduce the risk of UTIs, UI and kidney damage. A limitation of the study was the inability of children to complete the protocol, specifically urodynamic evaluation, and ultrasonography. In both exams, the percentage of abnormal cases was higher than that expected in the normal population. CONCLUSION: A 66,7 % prevalence of combined urological sequelae and bladder-bowel dysfunction related to CZS was confirmed in patients evaluated in six Brazilian cohorts. The most frequent changes were related to NLUTD, neurogenic bowel, and cryptorchidism. Prevalence may be underestimated due to access restrictions to diagnostic tests.

As corporeidades das identidades LGBTQIA+ a partir do território bucal: as prostéticas bocas-queer / The corporeities of LGBTQIA+ identities from the oral territory: the prosthetic queer-mouths

Resumo O presente estudo, um ensaio teórico, teve como objetivo analisar o papel e o potencial da cavidade bucal junto à pluralidade corpórea das identidades LGBTQIA+. Para tal, guiado por um percurso dialético, dois percursos bucais foram discernidos: um disciplinarizado pelos preceitos de uma hegemonia cristã, machista e cissexista; e o outro sob caráter de superação, questionando a unicidade da cisheteronorma. Por fim, com base nas premissas apresentadas, o território bucal, a partir de então, torna-se um possível caminho para se compreender o percurso histórico-social das identidades LGBTQIA+ - afinal, boca é corpo, e como todas as demais formas da corporeidade, guia-se pelas normatizações socialmente construídas com as quais tecemos nossa existência.

Abstract This study, a theoretical essay, aimed to analyze the role and potential of the oral cavity in the corporeal plurality of LGBTQIA+ identities. Thus, dialectically guided, two oral pathways were evidenced: the first disciplined by the precepts of a Christian, sexist, and cissexist hegemony; the other questioning the unison character of cisheteronormativity. Finally, based on the premises presented, the oral territory, from then on, becomes a possible way to understand the historical-social path of LGBTQIA+ identities - after all, the mouth is body, like all other forms of corporeality, guided by socially constructed norms which we weave our existence.

O papel dos RNAs longos não codificantes na insuficiência cardíaca: uma revisão de literatura / The role of non-coding long RNAs in heart failure: a literature review / El papel de las RNAs largas no codificantes en la insuficiencia cardiaca: una revisión de la literatura

A Insuficiência Cardíaca (IC) é uma das principais causas de internação hospitalar no mundo e tem um elevado grau de morbidade e mortalidade, sendo um grave problema de saúde pública. Os lncRNAs (RNAs longo não codificantes), têm funções regulatórias transcricionais e/ou pós transcricionais bem complexas e que ainda não são totalmente claras, mas que podem exercer influência sobre as doenças cardiovasculares, dentre elas a IC. Assim o estudo teve como objetivo identificar na literatura o papel dos lncRNAs na patogênese da IC por meio de uma revisão integrativa com busca sistemática. Foram considerados elegíveis para leitura e composição do estudo 33 artigos e os principais papéis dos lncRNA na IC foram relatados como possíveis marcadores biológicos para diagnóstico e prognóstico da doença devido a sua expressividade na corrente sanguínea. Além disso, os lncRNAs podem estar relacionados à capacidade funcional uma vez que o aumento ou diminuição de sua expressão promove redução da apoptose de células endoteliais, melhora a disfunção cardíaca, distúrbios de contratilidade e dos canais de cálcio em pacientes com IC. Portanto, os lncRNAs parecem estar envolvidos na patogênese e/ou fisiopatologia da IC, podendo ser utilizados como biomarcadores genéticos com sensibilidade e especificidade semelhantes ou superiores aos empregados atualmente no diagnóstico e prognóstico da IC.

Heart Failure (HF) is one of the main causes of hospitalization worldwide and has a high degree of morbidity and mortality being considered a public health pro- blem. lncRNAs (non-coding long RNAs) have very complex transcriptional and/or post- transcriptional regulatory functions that are still not entirely clear but may influence car- diovascular diseases, including HF. Thus, the study aimed to identify in the literature the role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of HF through an integrative review with a systema- tic search. A total of 33 articles were considered eligible for reading and composition of the study. The roles of lncRNA in HF were reported as possible biological markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease due to its expressiveness in the bloodstream. In addition, lncRNAs may be related to functional capacity since the increase or decrease in their expression promotes a reduction in endothelial cell apoptosis, and improves car- diac dysfunction, contractility, and calcium channel disorders in patients with HF. The- refore, lncRNAs seem to be involved in the pathogenesis and/or pathophysiology of HF and can be used as genetic biomarkers with sensitivity and specificity similar or superior to those currently employed in the diagnosis and prognosis of HF.

La Insuficiencia Cardiaca (IC) es una de las principales causas de hospita- lización en el mundo y tiene un alto grado de morbimortalidad considerándose un pro- blema de salud pública. Los lncRNAs (ARN largos no codificantes) tienen funciones re- guladoras transcripcionales y/o post-transcripcionales muy complejas que aún no están del todo claras pero que pueden influir en las enfermedades cardiovasculares, incluida la IC. Así pues, el estudio se propuso identificar en la literatura el papel de los lncRNAs en la patogénesis de la IC mediante una revisión integradora con una búsqueda sistemática. Un total de 33 artículos fueron considerados elegibles para su lectura y composición del estudio. Las funciones de los lncRNA en la IC se señalaron como posibles marcadores biológicos para el diagnóstico y pronóstico de la enfermedad debido a su expresividad en el torrente sanguíneo. Además, los lncRNAs pueden estar relacionados con la capacidad funcional, ya que el aumento o disminución de su expresión promueve una reducción de la apoptosis de las células endoteliales y mejora la disfunción cardiaca, la contractilidad y los trastornos de los canales de calcio en pacientes con IC. Por tanto, los lncRNAs parecen estar implicados en la patogénesis y/o fisiopatología de la IC y pueden ser utili- zados como biomarcadores genéticos con sensibilidad y spe-cificidad similares o superi- ores a los empleados actualmente en el diagnóstico y pronóstico de la IC.

Tendência da incidência de HIV-aids segundo diferentes critérios diagnósticos em Campinas-SP, Brasil de 1980 a 2016 / Trend incidence of HIV-AIDS according to different diagnostic criteria in Campinas-SP, Brazil from 1980 to 2016

Resumo O estudo teve por objetivo analisar a tendência temporal dos coeficientes de incidência da infecção por HIV-aids por meio de estudo ecológico retrospectivo e regressão segmentada em maiores de 13 anos notificados no SINAN entre os anos de 1980 e 2016. Dos 14.204 casos notificados, 70,9% eram do sexo masculino e 39,5% brancos. Nota-se aumento da incidência do critério aids de 1986 a 1996 com variação anual percentual (APC) de 108,5% ao ano entre 1983 a 1989 (IC: 90,3 - 128,4), entre os anos de 1989 e 1998 a APC foi de 13,2% (IC: 8,2 - 18,3) e redução da APC no período de 1998 a 2016, -6,2% (IC: -7,4 - -4,9). Altos coeficientes do critério óbito entre os anos 1988 a 2002 (4,7/100.00 hab.) com queda acentuada após 1995. Observa-se crescimento do critério HIV+ a partir do ano 2000, chegando a 30,2 por 100 mil habitantes em 2016. Embora as taxas de incidência ainda permaneçam altas no município, estas tendências são compatíveis com o impacto positivo das políticas de detecção precoce e acesso ao seguimento clínico e terapêutico dos indivíduos com HIV e aids na cidade.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the temporal trend of the incidence coefficients of HIV-AIDS infection via a retrospective ecological study and segmented regression in individuals older than 13 year reported at SINAN between 1980 and 2016. Of the 14,204 reported cases, 70.9% were male and 39.5% were white. The AIDS criterion presented growing incidence from 1986 to 1996 with Annual Percentual Change (APC) of 108.5% per year between 1983 and 1989 (CI: 90.3 - 128.4), between 1989 and 1998 the APC was 13.2% (CI: 8.2 - 18.3) and APC reduction in the period from 1998 to 2016, -6.2% (CI: -7.4 - -4.9). High coefficients of the death criteria between 1988 and 2002 (4.7/100,000 inhabitants), with a noticeable decrease after 1995. The growth of the HIV+ criteria from 2000 onward was observed, reaching 30.2 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2016. Although incidence rates still remain high in the municipality, these trends are consistent with the positive impact of early detection policies and access to clinical and therapeutic follow-up of individuals with HIV and AIDS in Campinas.

Terapia comportamental associada a neuromodulação no tratamento da bexiga e intestino em indivíduos com Parkinson: um estudo piloto / Behavioral therapy associated with neuromodulation in the treatment of bladder and bowel in individuals with Parkinson's: a pilot study

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da terapia comportamental associada à neuromodulação na bexiga e intestino neurogênicos na Doença de Parkinson. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo piloto. Os participantes, após assinarem o termo de consentimento, foram submetidos à avaliação das funções eliminatórias, qualidade de vida e estágio da doença por meio de instrumentos específicos. Os sujeitos realizaram dezesseis sessões de neuromodulação parassacral e acompanhamento da terapêutica comportamental. RESULTADOS: Na reavaliação apresentaram melhoras dos sintomas urinários, evacuatórios e dos domínios de qualidade de vida. Foi apresentado também aumento da capacidade vesical que embora não significativos já expressam melhora do quadro clínico expresso pelo paciente. Também observou-se melhora para frequência evacuatória, consistência das fezes e eliminação do esforço para evacuar. CONCLUSÃO: Sugere-se que a neuromodulação acrescida da terapêutica comportamental é uma técnica de baixo custo e com resultados significativos para os sintomas urinários e melhora dos valores de atividade de vida diária, bem-estar emocional, estigma, suporte social, cognição, comunicação e desconforto corporal medidos para qualidade de vida.

AIMS: The study aims to evaluate the effects of behavioral therapy associated with neuromodulation at neurogenic bladder and bowel on Parkinson's disease. METHODS: It is a pilot study. After signing consent forms, the participants had an evaluation of elimination functions, quality of life, and Parkinson's staging through specific instruments. Subjects had sixteen sessions of parasacral neuromodulation and cognitive behavioral therapy attendance. RESULTS: Revaluation showed improvement of urinary and evacuatory symptoms and quality of life domain. There was also an increase in bladder capacity which, although not significant, expresses improvement in the clinical condition expressed by the patient. Improvements at evacuatory frequency, feces consistency, and evacuation strain were also found. CONCLUSION: The study results suggest that neuromodulation associated with behavioral therapy is a low-cost procedure that shows significant results to urinary symptoms and improvements to the quality of life measurements to domains of activities of daily living, emotional well-being, stigma, social support, cognition, communication, and bodily discomfort.

Factors associated with reinfection of syphilis in reference centers for sexually transmitted infections

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE We aim to analyze trend of syphilis and factors associated with recurrent episodes of syphilis among adults and adolescents attended in a STI/AIDS reference centers in Campinas, state of São Paulo, 2004 to 2012. METHODS Medical records, pharmacy data, and notification database were accessed to analyze trends of syphilis and sociodemographic, epidemiological and clinical variables associated with reinfection of syphilis. After univariate analysis, a hierarchical logistic regression model was adjusted to analyze variables associated with more than one episode of syphilis (dependent variable). First step (sex, age, and years of schooling) were tested and in the second, epidemiological and clinical variables. RESULTS A total of 1,009 episodes of syphilis were identified among 860 adolescents and adults, 117 individuals (13.6%) presented with more than one episode of syphilis. Factors associated with more than one episode of syphilis were sex (male) (OR = 4.28; 95%CI 1.31-14.0), age (OR = 1.02; 95%CI 1.00-1.04), homosexual/bisexual orientation (OR = 2.29; 95%CI 1.22-4.32), HIV coinfection (OR = 3.54; 95%CI 2.22-5.63), and absence of STI symptoms at the time of syphilis diagnostic (OR = 1.70; 95%CI 1.03-2.80). CONCLUSIONS The number of cases of syphilis and proportion in relation to STI increased in recent years in a specific population attended in a STI/AIDS reference centers in Campinas. Association with HIV, homosexual/bisexual orientation and the silent clinical characteristic of cases confirm the necessity to implement more aggressive strategies to prevent the occurrence of syphilis and other STI in specific populations with higher disease risk.

A comparison between preterm and full-term infants' preference for faces / Uma comparação entre recém-nascidos prematuros e a termo na preferência por faces

Abstract: Objective: Visual preference for faces at birth is the product of a multimodal sensory experience experienced by the fetus even during the gestational period. The ability to recognize faces allows an ecologically advantageous interaction with the social environment. However, perinatal events such as premature birth, may adversely affect the adequate development of this capacity. In this study, we evaluated the preference for facial stimuli in preterm infants within the first few hours after birth. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study of 59 newborns, 28 preterm and 31 full-term infants. The babies were assessed in the first hours of life, with two white boards in the shape of a head and neck: one with the drawing of a face similar to the human face (natural face), and one with the drawing of misaligned eyes, mouth and nose (distorted face). After the newborn fixated the eyes on the presented stimulus, it was slowly moved along the visual field. The recognition of the stimulus was considered present when the baby had eye or head movements toward the stimulus. Results: The preterm infants, in addition to showing a lower occurrence of orientation movements for both stimuli, on average (1.8 ± 1.1 to natural faces and 2.0 ± 1.2 for distorted ones) also showed no preference for any of them (p = 0.35). Full-term newborns showed a different behavior, in which they showed a preference for natural faces (p = 0.002) and a higher number of orientations for the stimulus, for both natural (3.2 ± 0.8) and distorted faces (2.5 ± 0.9). Conclusion: Preterm newborns recognize facial stimuli and disclose no preference for natural faces, different from full-term newborns.

Resumo: Objetivo: A preferência visual por faces ao nascimento é produto de uma experiência sensorial multimodal vivenciada pelo feto ainda no período gestacional. A habilidade de reconhecer faces possibilita uma interação ecologicamente vantajosa com o ambiente social. Entretanto, eventos perinatais, como o nascimento prematuro, podem prejudicar o desenvolvimento adequado dessa habilidade. Neste trabalho, avaliamos a preferência por estímulos faciais de recém-nascidos prematuros nas primeiras horas após o nascimento. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal feito com 59 recém-nascidos, 28 prematuros e 31 nascidos termos. Os bebês foram avaliados, nas primeiras horas de vida, com duas pranchas brancas em formato de cabeça e pescoço: uma com o desenho de uma face similar ao rosto humano (face natural) e outra com o desenho de olhos, boca e nariz desalinhados (face distorcida). Após o recém-nascido fixar o olhar no estímulo apresentado, era lentamente movimentado ao longo do campo visual. O reconhecimento do estímulo foi considerado presente quando o bebê apresentou movimentos dos olhos ou cabeça em direção ao estímulo. Resultados: Os recém-nascidos prematuros, além de apresentar menor ocorrência de movimentos de orientação para ambos os estímulos, em média (1,8 ± 1,1 para faces naturais e 2 ± 1,2 para faces distorcidas), também não apresentaram preferência por qualquer um deles (p = 0,35). Diferente foi o comportamento dos recém-nascidos a termo, que apresentaram preferência por faces naturais (p = 0,002) e um número maior de orientações para o estímulo, tanto para faces naturais (3,2 ± 0,8) quanto para faces distorcidas (2,5 ± 0,9). Conclusão: Recém-nascidos prematuros reconhecem os estímulos faciais e não apresentam preferência por faces naturais, diferentemente de recém-nascidos a termos.

Complicações micro e macrovasculares em pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 em atendimento ambulatorial / Micro and macro vascular complications in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in outpatient care

Objetivo: analisar os fatores relacionados às complicações micro e macrovasculares em pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: pesquisa documental, com 134 prontuários de pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Realizada análise estatística bivariada (Qui-quadrado de Pearson e teste de Fisher), com significância estatística se p<0,05. Resultados: a frequência de complicações microvasculares foi 50,7%, sendo a retinopatia a mais encontrada (61,7%). Houve associação estatística entre o grupo com mais de 10 anos de doença e a presença de retinopatia. A cardiopatia foi uma das complicações macrovasculares mais frequentes (69,0%). Quanto à utilização de insulinoterapia em monoterapia, houve significância na presença de nefropatia e doença vascular. Conclusão: resultados com significância estatística relacionaram o surgimento de complicações com o tempo de doença, destacando-se a presença de retinopatia diabética. Verificou-se que quanto menor a escolaridade, maior é o surgimento da doença vascular. (AU)

Phytochemical screening of the dichloromethane–ethanolic extract of Eriosema campestre var. macrophylum roots and its antiproliferative effect on human peripheral blood lymphocytes

ABSTRACT Eriosema campestre var. macrophylum (Grear) Fortunato, Fabaceae, is a native plant of the Brazilian Cerrado and the decoction of its roots has been used by folk medicine for the therapy of inflammatory diseases. In this study we aimed to investigate the effect of the dichloromethane–ethanolic extract of E. campestre roots on the proliferative response of lymphocytes and to examine the profile of IL-2 production. The effect of dichloromethane–ethanolic extract of E. campestre on the proliferation of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes was evaluated by using flow cytometry and the cell supernatants were assayed for IL-2 concentrations by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The phytochemical screening of E. campestre roots was performed to determine the main secondary metabolites through chromogenic and precipitation reactions and by using HPLC-PAD. In addition to the presence of subclasses of flavonoids (flavones and flavonols) in dichloromethane–ethanolic extract of E. campestre, we observed that the extract induced a concentration-dependent decrease in IL-2 levels on the supernatant of the cell cultures as well as an antiproliferative effect on T lymphocytes, including CD4+ and CD8+ cells. The anti-inflammatory effects attributed to E. campestre by folk medicine may partly be explained by its antiproliferative action on T lymphocytes.

Essential oil from Ageratum fastigiatum reduces expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha in peripheral blood leukocytes subjected to in vitro stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate

Abstract Ageratum fastigiatum (Gardner) R.M. King & H. Rob., a member of the Asteraceae family popularly known in Brazil as "matapasto", is indicated in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory and analgesic. Despite its popular use, little is known about its potential effect on the parameters involved in an inflammatory response. The objective of this study was to characterize the chemical composition of the essential oil from A. fastigiatum and to evaluate the frequency of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma producing cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate in the presence of essential oil from A. fastigiatum. Non-toxic concentrations of essential oil from A. fastigiatum were evaluated in cultures of peripheral blood leucocytes using the trypan blue exclusion assay by flow cytometry. GC–MS analysis revealed that the prevalent compounds identified in the essential oil from A. fastigiatum sample were α-pinene, limonene, trans-caryophyllene, α-humulene, caryophyllene oxide, 1,2-humulene-epoxide, 1,6-humulanodien-3-ol, and α-cadinol. Results showed that exposure to essential oil from A. fastigiatum at concentrations of 0.5 × 10−2 and 1 × 10−2 µl/ml caused no alterations in leukocyte viability as compared to the control group. Both concentrations lowered the percentage of tumor necrosis factor alpha (+)-lymphocytes and neutrophils. There were no changes in the percentage of lymphocytes positive for the interferon gamma cytokine. Our results suggest that part of the anti-inflammatory activity attributed to A. fastigiatum may be due to the effect of some of its components in decreasing the number of cells that produce the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha.

Auto-estima e imagem corporal de gestantes de acordo com o nível de atividade física / Self-esteem and body image in pregnant women according to physical activity level

Objetivo: comparar a auto-estima e a imagem corporal de gestantes ativas e irregularmente ativas em duas comunidades. Métodos: participaram da amostra 20 gestantes alunas de academias e 11 gestantes pacientes de programa de pré-natal não envolvidas com atividade física estruturada, com faixa etária de 22 a 42 anos com 27,2 ± 1,5 semanas de gestação. A amostra foi dividida de acordo com a classifi cação do Questionário Internacional de Nível de Atividade Física (IPAQ). A auto-estima foi avaliada com a Escala Janis-Field de inadequação dos sentimentos para avaliação da auto-estima e a imagem corporal com o questionário de imagem corporal (BSQ). As comparações foram feitas por meio de análise de variância paramétrica e não-paramétrica. O nível de signifi cância adotado foi de p<0,05. Resultados: houve diferença signifi cativa apenas entre as gestantes inseridas no programa de atividade física das academias: em uma escala de 0 a 100, as classifi cadas em ativas apresentaram uma auto-estima signifi cativamente alta (77,1) em relação às irregularmente ativas (68,0). Quanto à imagem corporal não houve diferença estatística signifi cativa. Conclusão: as gestantes consideradas ativas possuem uma auto-estima melhor em relação as gestantes irregularmente ativas quando participantes de um programa de atividade física estruturado, sendo que esta associação não foi encontrada em gestantes não envolvidas nesse tipo de programa. A imagem corporal não teve associação com o nível de atividade física.

Purpose: to compare self-esteem and body image of active and insuffi ciently active pregnant women (PW) in two communities. Methods: sample consisted of 20 PW participants of physical activity program of fi tness centers and 11 PW not involved in structured physical activity. They were 29.8 ± 4.54 years old, and 27.2 ± 1.5 weeks of gestation. The sample was divided according to physical activity level using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The participants had answered Janis-Field scale feelings for evaluation of self-esteem and to the Body Shape Questionnaire to analyze body perception. Statistical analyze used was analysis of variance parametric and no parametric. Signifi cance level was p<.05. Results: we found signifi cant difference in PW from fi tness centers: in a scale from 0 to 100, the PW classifi ed in active had presented self-esteem signifi cantly high (77.1) in relation to the irregularly active (68.0). There is no statistic difference in body image. Conclusion: the PW considered active have better self-esteem in relation irregularly active when participant of a physical activity program. In fact, this association was not found in PW who were not involved in this type of physical activity program.

Efeitos de um programa de 6 semanas de exercícios na bola suíça sobre a percepção da dor lombar em estudantes de educação física / Effects of a six-week exercising program with the Swiss ball on the perception of low back pain of physical education students

Introdução: A dor lombar devida à instabilidade do tronco tem se revelado um problema de saúde pública mundial e exercícios em superfícies instáveis têm sido sugeridos como um meio de aumentar a ativação dos músculos estabilizadores do tronco. Objetivo: analisar o efeito de um programa de seis semanas de exercícios com bola suíça sobre a percepção subjetivada dor lombar de alunos de Educação Física. Metodologia: a amostra foi selecionada através de uma entrevista coletiva e de um questionário prévio, especificamente formulado para este trabalho, e foi formada por 26 alunos de Educação Física, com idades entre 18 e 34 anos, sendo 17 homens (23,12 ± 4.69 anos) e 9 mulheres (21.78 ± 3.30 anos) que relataram dor lombar de origem músculo-esquelético ou postural identificada pelas respostas ao questionário. Os dados foram coletados mediante o citado questionário aplicado pré e pós o programa, constituído de 9 questões, e também pela Escala ‘Ratio Category’ (CR10) de Percepção Subjetivada Dor de Borg. Por seis semanas, os alunos realizaram duas sessões semanais, de 45 minutos cada, de exercícios na bola suíça. Para a análise estatística, utilizou-se o teste ‘t’ de Student para amostras dependentes e o teste Qui-quadrado (p<0,05). Resultados: foi observada diminuição significativa, em média, de 50% na percepção da dor lombar durante a realização de abdominais e de outros exercícios, além de uma diminuição significativa da dor, de 26,1% no grupodas mulheres após o programa de intervenção. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que exercícios na bola suíça são importantes para aumentar a estabilidade da região lombar da colunavertebral, favorecendo a diminuição da percepção subjetiva da dor lombar.

Introduction: The low back pain related to the trunk instability has been seen asa major problem of public health worldwide and exercises on unstable surfaces has been suggested as a means to increase the activity of the trunk stabilizers muscles. Objective: to analyze the effects of a six-week program of exercises with the Swiss´ ball on the perception of the low back pain of physical education students. Methods: Twenty-six students, seventeen men (23.12 ± 4.69 years-old) and nine women (21.78 ± 3.30 years-old), were selected out of thirty seven by a previous interview and questionnaire which assessed the low back pain prevalence and frequency. Data were collected by the mentioned questionnaire, and through the Borg’s Ratio Category of Subjective Perception of Pain Scale, applied at the interview and after the program of exercises. During six weeks the program took place with two-week sessions, of forty-five minutes each. For the statistical analysis there was applied the ‘t’ Student Test for dependent samples and the Chi Square test (p<0.05). Results: Half of the sample perceived a significant decrease of low back pain (50%) while doing abdominal exercises and other exercises,and there was a significant decrease (26.1%) on the perception of low back pain among the women, after the intervention. Conclusions: It was concluded that exercises on the Swiss ball are important to decrease the perception of low back pain related to postural alternations and muscle unbalance.