Involvement of clusterin expression in the refractory response of pancreatic cancer cells to a MEK inhibitor.

Constitutive activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is essential for tumorigenesis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). To date, however, almost all clinical trials of inhibitor targeting this pathway have failed to improve the outcome of patients with PDAC. We found that implanted MIA Paca2, a human PDAC cell line sensitive to a MAPK inhibitor, PD0325901, became refractory within a week after treatment. By comparing the expression profiles of MIA Paca2 before and after acquisition of the refractoriness to PD0325901, we identified clusterin (CLU) as a candidate gene involved. CLU was shown to be induced immediately after treatment with PD0325901 or expressed primarily in more than half of PDAC cell lines, enhancing cell viability by escaping from apoptosis. A combination of PD0325901 and CLU downregulation was found to synergistically or additively reduce the proliferation of PDAC cells. In surgically resected PDAC tissues, overexpression of CLU in cancer cells was observed immunohistochemically in approximately half of the cases studied. Collectively, our findings highlight the mechanisms responsible for the rapid refractory response to MEK inhibitor in PDAC cells, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy that could be applicable to patients with PDAC using inhibitor targeting the MAPK signaling pathway and CLU.

[Comparison of Preparation Efficiency and Therapeutic Safety between Generic Products of Gemcitabine].

Because generic medicines reduce the financialburden on patients and medicalinsurance providers, they have become increasingly popular. However, there are only a few reports that have analyzed the efficacy and safety of generic medicines, especially in terms of their characteristics and side effects. Gemcitabine is an antineoplastic drug that is frequently used with good results in the treatment of lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and malignant lymphoma. However, its fat solubility is high, and several adverse events, such as myelosuppression, are known to develop during its use. We investigated the efficacy, characteristics, and the incidence of adverse events for the generic versions of gemcitabine. We found differences between the generic versions in terms of the characteristics and preparation time; however, the incidence of adverse events was not significantly different, suggesting that the generic versions could be a reasonable substitute.

Self-Assembly and -Cross-Linking Lamellar Films by Nanophase Separation with Solvent-Induced Anisotropic Structural Changes.

In this study, we have prepared thermally and chemically stable lamellar polymer films via humid annealing. The amphiphilic polymer poly(N-dodecyl acrylamide-stat-3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl acrylate) [p(DDA/TMSPA)] forms a self-assembled lamellar structure via annealing at 60 °C under 98% relative humidity (humid annealing) due to nanophase separation between the hydrophobic dodecyl side and main chains with the amide groups that contain adsorbed water. Moreover, a self-cross-linking reaction of TMSPA proceeds during the humid annealing. As a result, the lamellar films maintain their structure even when annealed above their glass-transition temperature. On the other hand, the films swell when immersed in toluene. The highly ordered lamellar structure collapses due to the swelling but can be re-established by subsequent humid annealing. A multilayer freestanding film can be exfoliated via sonication in toluene. The exfoliated multilayer films initially form a dome-shaped structure, which is converted to a plate-shaped structure upon humid annealing. In their entirety, these results reveal that the molecular-scale movement associated with the formation of the lamellar structure induces a macroscopic structural change. Consequently, p(DDA/TMSPA) can be considered as a new stimulus-responsive polymer.

Genomic Loss of DUSP4 Contributes to the Progression of Intraepithelial Neoplasm of Pancreas to Invasive Carcinoma.

The progression from precursor lesions of pancreatic cancer, including pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN), to invasive disease is characterized by stepwise accumulation of genetic alterations. However, it remains unclear whether additional alterations are required for the progression of high-grade neoplasms to invasive pancreatic carcinoma. We compared the genomic profiles of paired noninvasive and invasive carcinoma tissues collected from patients with IPMN. We demonstrate that the frequency of genomic copy-number aberrations significantly increased during the course of invasion, and the loss of 8p11.22-ter was more often associated with invasive tissues. Expression profiling in pancreatic cancer cell lines with and without 8p11.22-ter revealed that DUSP4, an MAPK phosphatase, was significantly downregulated in cells lacking 8p11.22-ter as well as in invasive carcinomas due to genomic loss. Restoration of DUSP4 expression in pancreatic cancer cells significantly suppressed invasiveness and anoikis resistance via ERK inactivation. Accordingly, we found that blockade of ERK signaling by MEK inhibition was effective in an orthotopic xenograft model and significantly extended survival. Collectively, our findings demonstrate a genetic mechanism by which pancreatic precursor lesions progress to invasive carcinomas and highlight DUSP4 as a novel invasion suppressor that can be therapeutically exploited through manipulation of ERK signaling. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2612-25. ©2016 AACR.

Significant increase in salivary substance p level after a single oral dose of cevimeline in humans.

Cevimeline is a novel muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist currently being developed as a therapeutic agent for xerostomia. We examined the effects of cevimeline on salivary and plasma levels of substance-P- (SP-), calcitonin-gene-related-peptide- (CGRP-), and vasoactive-intestinal-polypeptide- (VIP-) like immunoreactive substances (ISs) in humans. An open-labeled crossover study was conducted on seven healthy volunteers. Saliva volume was measured, and saliva and venous blood samples were collected before and 30-240 min after a single oral dose of cevimeline or placebo. Salivary and plasma levels of SP-, CGRP-, and VIP-IS were measured using a highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay. A single oral dose of cevimeline resulted in significant increases in salivary but not plasma SP-IS level compared to placebo. Cevimeline administration did not alter the salivary or plasma levels of CGRP-IS or VIP-IS compared to placebo. Significant increases in salivary volume were observed after cevimeline administration compared to placebo. A significant correlation was observed between the total release of SP-IS and that of salivary volume. These findings suggest an association of SP with the enhancement of salivary secretion by cevimeline.

CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α is epigenetically silenced by histone deacetylation in endometriosis and promotes the pathogenesis of endometriosis.

CONTEXT: Accumulating evidence suggests that various epigenetic aberrations play definite roles in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine the epigenetically silenced genes by histone deacetylation in endometriosis. DESIGN: Histone deacetylase-1 target mRNAs that were up-regulated by valproic acid (VPA) treatment in endometriotic cyst stromal cells (ECSCs) were identified by a global mRNA microarray technique. RESULTS: We identified 5 candidate genes and chose CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) for further functional experiments. C/EBPα mRNA and protein expression is attenuated in ECSCs, and the expression was up-regulated by VPA stimulation. Immunohistochemical stainings also confirmed the decreased staining for C/EBPα protein in endometriotic tissues. VPA treatment resulted in an accumulation of acetylated histones H3 and H4 in the promoter region of the C/EBPα gene in ECSCs. The compulsory expression of C/EBPα in ECSCs directed the inhibition of cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis. C/EBPα knockdown by small interfering RNA directed the stimulation of cell proliferation and the resistance to apoptosis in normal eutopic endometrial stromal cells. The expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), period homolog 2 (PER2), p53, apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondrion-associated 1 (AIFM1), Bax, caspase-8, caspase-10, p16(INK4a), p21(Waf1/Cip1), cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 2, and cdk4 were down-regulated by C/EBPα knockdown. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that an epigenetically suppressed tumor suppressor gene is involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis by creating the proliferative, antiapoptotic, and other disease-specific characteristics of endometriosis. The results also suggest that histone deacetylase inhibitors are promising agents for the treatment of endometriosis.