Elementary disruptions? Exploring residential move type, timing, and duration of implications during middle childhood.

Moving is common during middle childhood, but links between move type and children's development are less well understood. Using nationally-representative, longitudinal data (2010-2016) of ~9900 U.S. kindergarteners (52% boys, 51.48% White, 26.11% Hispanic/Latino, 10.63% Black, 11.78% Asian/Pacific Islander), we conducted multiple-group fixed-effects models estimating associations of within- and between-neighborhood moves, family income, and children's achievement and executive function, testing whether associations persisted or varied by developmental timing. Analyses suggest important spatial and temporal dimensions of moving during middle childhood: between-neighborhood moves had stronger associations than within-neighborhood moves, earlier moves benefited development whereas later moves did not, and associations persisted with significant effect sizes (cumulative Hedges' g = -0.09-1.35). Research and policy implications are discussed.

Origin, evolution and paleoepidemiology of brucellosis.

Brucellosis is a worldwide disease. Although it has been eradicated in some countries, it continues to be an important disease in many farming areas. Previous works have described the evolution and diffusion of brucellosis in antiquity through direct analysis of ancient human remains collected by the University Museum of Chieti, Italy, and by using paleopathological and historical data. The earliest published case was reported in a skeletal individual dated to the Middle Bronze Age. However, our research group has diagnosed vertebral brucellosis in the partial skeleton of the late Pliocene Australopithecus africanus, demonstrating that this infectious disease occasionally affected our direct ancestors 2·3-2·5 million years ago. The frequency of brucellosis increased during the Roman period, when the disease would almost certainly have been endemic in Roman society, and during the Middle Ages. Most paleopathological cases involve adult male skeletal individuals, and lumbar vertebrae and sacroiliac joints are most commonly involved.

Characterization of Ultraviolet-Cured Methacrylate Networks: From Photopolymerization to Ultimate Mechanical Properties.

In this study, the effect of different process conditions on the material properties of a single UV-cured layer of methacrylate resin, typically used in the stereolithography (SLA) process, is assessed. This simplified approach of the SLA process gives the opportunity to study the link between process conditions and mechanical properties without complicated interactions between different layers. Fourier-transform infrared analysis is performed to study the effect of light intensity, curing time, and initiator concentration on the monomer conversion. A model is developed based on the reaction kinetics of photopolymerization that describes and predicts the experimental data. The effect of curing time and light intensity on the glass-transition temperature is studied. A unique relation exists between conversion and glass-transition temperature, independent of the light intensity and curing time. Tensile tests on UV-cured resin show an increase in yield stress with increasing curing time and a linear relation between glass-transition temperature and yield stress. However, a lower light intensity leads to a different network structure characterized by a lower yield stress and glass-transition temperature. The correlations between process conditions and the mechanical properties of UV-cured methacrylate systems are established to better understand the role of the processing parameters involved in the SLA process.

A historical case of an ameloblastoma, from southern Italy.

Jawbones are susceptible to various tumours, some of which originate from dental structures. Here we describe a case of a tumour in a mandible of an old man that was discovered during an archaeological excavation in southern Italy (Torrecuso; 17th-19th centuries). The right mandibular branch presents an extended, multilocular lesion. X-ray analysis shows erosion of the cortical bone layers and the thin trabeculae that circumscribe the lobular areas. Macroscopic and radiological aspects of the mandibular lesion are consistent with an ameloblastoma. This diagnosis is supported by comparative morphological and radiological analyses of the sample from Torrecuso with modern cases. This is a common tumour type reported in the medical literature, which is characterised by a multilocular lesion usually at the branch of the mandible. However, cases of ameloblastoma are not common in archaeological and anthropological reviews. Cases of amleoblastoma were described for two adult female individuals discovered in South America (550-850 CE) and an adult male discovered in Spain (5th-11th centuries CE). The most ancient case comes from the Samnitic archaeological site of Opi (central Italy; 6th-5th centuries BCE). The present case is the second one diagnosed in ancient human remains from Italian archaeological contexts.

A giant urinary bladder stone in the mummy of Lebanese Maronite Patriarch Joseph Tyan (1760-1820) and its environmental and nutritional implications.

INTRODUCTION: Historical sources and anthropological investigations, with the indispensable support of radiology, bring to light pathological evidence of the past. CASE PRESENTATION: The purpose of this article is to present the radiological investigation conducted on the mummy of the Maronite Joseph Tyan (1760-1820), a famous patriarch who guided the Lebanese Maronite community during a critical period of its history. The natural mummy of the Patriarch was temporarily removed from its burial site to certify the degree of preservation. Conventional radiography was necessary to determine the state of the internal organs and any physical abnormalities, and to clarify the degree of conservation of the mummy. DISCUSSION: Radiological analysis uncovered an exceptional case of a large urinary bladder stone. This pathological evidence confirms historical documentary sources that in the last years of his life the Patriarch suffered from abdominal pain and urinary problems. We can suppose that the environment and diet of the Maronite community, limited by restricted agricultural resources, was the possible cause of the urinary bladder stone, as today the epidemiology of these diseases demonstrates links with mainly cereal diets in rural areas.

Successful treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding with recombinant factor VIIa after kidney transplantation in patients with pancytopenia.

Hemostatic disorders can often complicate transplantation procedures. Moreover, antihemmorhagic drugs may not efficiently control bleeding that occurs in such cases. We report on a patient who underwent kidney transplantation complicated by bone marrow aplasia and gastric bleeding who was successfully treated with recombinant activated FVII (Novoseven). In May 2005, a 53-year-old man affected by chronic renal insufficiency underwent kidney transplantation. At the beginning of June, laboratory tests showed progressive reduction in the blood cell count with anemia, granulocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia related to the development of marrow insufficiency. We commenced transfusion therapy and administered hematologic growth factors. On June 3, 2005, the patient underwent surgical procedure to repair the abdominal wall. Two days thereafter, the postsurgical period was complicated by an episode of melena. The patient received additional treatment with packed red cells, platelets, and fresh-frozen plasma. The gastrointestinal bleeding continued until June 9, 2005, when therapy with recombinant activated FVII (Novoseven) was commenced at an initial dose of 90 microgr/kg. The first bolus did not significantly reduce the blood loss; it was therefore administered as a successive bolus at the same dosage that was able to stop bleeding. Endoscopic examination performed the day after showed the absence of the hemorrhagic lesion in the gastric mucosa. In the subsequent days, the need for transfusion was dramatically reduced with no episode of bleeding. At the same time, the laboratory and clinical findings of marrow insufficiency disappeared. Our case report showed that the use of a global antihemorrhagic factor, such as Novoseven, can successfully control gastrointestinal bleeding even in complicated patients despite failure of traditional antihemostatic therapy.

Home therapy for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in cancer patients.

Outpatient treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has become a common practice in uncomplicated patients. Few data are still present in patients with comorbidity (such as cancer) or concomitant symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Cancer patients with DVT are often excluded from home treatment because they have a higher risk of both bleeding and recurrent DVT. We tested the feasibility and safety of the Home Treatment (HT) program for acute DVT a PE in cancer patients. Patients were treated as outpatients unless they required admission for other medical problems, were actively bleeding or had pain that requires parenteral narcotics. Outpatient treatment was with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) followed by warfarin or with LMWH alone. An educational program for patients was implemented. Two-hundred and seven patients with cancer were evaluated, 36 (17.4%) of whom had metastatic disease. Treatment with LMWH and warfarin was prescribed to 106 (51.2%) and LMWH alone to 102 (48.8%). One hundred and twenty-seven patients (61.3%) were entirely treated at home. There were no differences between patients treated at home and hospitalized patients with regard to gender, mean age, site of cancer, presence of metastases, and treatment. After 6 months, recurrent thrombo-embolism occurred in 8.7% of patients treated at home and in 5.6% of hospitalized patients (P=0.58); major bleeding in 2.0% and 1.5%, respectively (P=0.06). Twenty-seven patients (33%) in the hospitalized, and 33 (26%) in the home-treatment group, died after a follow-up of 6 months. These results indicate that, regarding cancer patients with acute DVT and/or PE, there is no difference between hospitalised and home-treated patients in terms of major outcomes.

[Post-microtraumatic cervical osteoarthritis in a cretaceus dinosaur]. / Artrosi cervicale post-microtraumatica in un dinosauro cretaceo.

The authors describe a very rare case of osteoarthritis in a cervical vertebra of a cretaceous dinosaur (Spinosaurus maroccanus). Besides it is one of the most ancient case of osteoarthritis published up today. The fossil record was studied through macroscopic and radiographic analyses and computed tomography scan.

[Paleobiology in the population of Herculaneum (79 A.D]. / Paleobiologia della popolazione di Ercolano (79 d.C.).

The anthropologic examination of the human skeletal remains recovered on the ancient beach of Herculaneum provides a unique opportunity for gaining paleobiological data on a Roman population. The eruption caught the people on the ancient beach as they were trying to escape; the volcanic surges and pyroclastic flows had different effects on them depending upon where they were on the beach. Those caught in the open suffered immediate dehydratation, with cranial explosion and complete burning of bones, whereas those trapped in the boat sheds suffered slower dehydration. Histological analysis of the bone remains reveals an exposure to temperatures of 350-400 degrees C; the slower dehydratation of those in the sheds resulted in the preservation of some soft tissues, which are exceptional findings.

Estimation of sex from the hyoid body in skeletal individuals from archeological sites.

Recent forensic studies have shown that the hyoid bone is a sexually dimorphic element of the human skeleton. Given the advanced techniques of collecting human remains in archeological and forensic contexts, the recovery of hyoid bones is now more frequent in skeletal samples. For that reason the authors propose a new method for estimating sex based on hyoid bodies from archeological sites. The study has been conducted on well-preserved hyoids of skeletal remains of 64 adult individuals (44 males and 20 females) dated from the pre-Roman to the medieval periods. The authors considered 10 linear measurements of the hyoid body. The most significant measurements showing sexual dimorphism are the body height, body length, and the maximum and minimum diameter of the articular facet for the greater horn. Discriminant function analysis achieved the allocation accuracy between 75.0% and 88.0%, depending on the measurement collected. This method represents a new, useful and easy way for increasing biological information when assessing the sex of adult human remains from an archeological sample.

Can we improve clinical prediction of at-risk older drivers?

OBJECTIVES: To conduct a pilot study to evaluate the predictive value of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment test (MoCA) and a brief test of multiple object tracking (MOT) relative to other tests of cognition and attention in identifying at-risk older drivers, and to determine which combination of tests provided the best overall prediction. METHODS: Forty-seven currently licensed drivers (58-95 years), primarily from a clinical driving evaluation program, participated. Their performance was measured on: (1) a screening test battery, comprising MoCA, MOT, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Trail-Making Test, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and Useful Field of View (UFOV) and (2) a standardized road test. RESULTS: Eighteen participants were rated at-risk on the road test. UFOV subtest 2 was the best single predictor with an area under the curve (AUC) of .84. Neither MoCA nor MOT was a better predictor of the at-risk outcome than either MMSE or UFOV, respectively. The best four-test combination (MMSE, UFOV subtest 2, visual acuity and contrast sensitivity) was able to identify at-risk drivers with 95% specificity and 80% sensitivity (.91 AUC). CONCLUSIONS: Although the best four-test combination was much better than a single test in identifying at-risk drivers, there is still much work to do in this field to establish test batteries that have both high sensitivity and specificity.

The possible correlation between dental enamel hypoplasia and a historic natural disaster in the Roman population of Herculaneum (79 AD - central Italy).

Dental enamel hypoplasia is usually read as a sign of a systematic growth disturbance during childhood. Following the analysis of human teeth from Herculaneum (79 AD, Central Italy), the authors focused on linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) manifestations in order to delineate a possible correlation between their frequency and distribution and the earthquake that occurred in 62 AD, which is well documented in historical literature. The human remains from Herculaneum were buried at the same time as the Vesuvius eruption and represent an exceptional snapshot of life in the Roman Imperial Age. The Goodman and Rose method (1990) was used for attributing an "age at the moment of stress" for every skeleton in order to delineate the epidemiology of the enamel hypoplasia. When LEH frequency was analysed by age, two different age groups showed relevant patterns of hypoplasia: the first peak was evident in individuals between 14 and 20 years who were younger than 6 years at the time of the 62 AD earthquake, and a second peak was noted in adults of 30 +/- 5 years old, which suggests the presence of another stressful event that occurred 10 years before the earthquake, around 53 AD. The bimodal distribution of enamel hypoplasia could be the consequence of two different historical periods characterized by instability in the food supply, unhygienic conditions, and epidemic episodes; our data suggest that the first peak could be related to a decline in health status as an effect of the 62 AD earthquake. The relationship between recent natural disasters and variations in health status in modern populations is well documented in scientific literature. Our research represents the first attempt to correlate the status of health to an earthquake of known date in an archaeological population.

[Unusual mechanism of reciprocating tachycardia in a case of ventricular preexcitation resistant to preventive anti-arrhythmia therapy]. / Meccanismo insolito di tachicardia reciprocante in un caso di preeccitazione ventricolare resistente alla terapia profilattica antiaritmica.

A patient with a previously asymptomatic W.P.W. syndrome had, at the age of 60, frequent runs of paroxysmal tachycardia, which occurred particularly after meals. The paroxysms were easily controlled by pharmacological therapy in the acute stage, but could not be prevented by prophylactic therapy because of a large oesophageal diverticulum which, through right vagal reflexes, caused sinus arrests with junctional escapes that triggered the re-entry mechanism. Resection of the diverticulum abolished the tachycardia spells.

[Echocardiographic evaluation of pericardial effusion in acute myocardial infarct]. / Valutazione ecocardiografica (M-mode) dei versamenti pericardici nell'infarto miocardico acuto.

We have assessed the value of M-mode echocardiography in diagnosing the presence and the extent of pericardial effusion after an acute myocardial infarction, in a group of 105 patients. The relations between pericardial effusion and the extent of the infarction, the possible presence of heart failure, the clinical electrocardiographic and radiographic signs of pericarditis have also been investigated. At last we have evaluated the possible influence of the anticoagulant therapy. Our results show a poor (22%) sensitivity of the traditional methods (ECG, X-ray, physical examination) in comparison with echocardiography. This holds true both for the entire group (x2 = 85,8; p less than 0,001), and for the large effusions taken separately (x2 = 59,6; p less than 0,001). A close relation between the area and the extent of myocardial infarction and the presence of pericardial effusion was observed. On the contrary no statistically significant relation between anticoagulant therapy and the extent and frequency of pericardial effusion was found. This type of therapy seems to influence only the duration of pericardial effusion (8,875 +/- 3,1 versus 5,72 +/- 4,9 days). Haemodynamic efficiency is poorly related with the presence of pericardial effusion (X2 = 3 p greater than 0.05). This relation probably depends on the extent of myocardial necrosis. Echocardiographic investigation of the presence and extent of pericardial effusion after myocardial infarction could help to define both the prognosis and the treatment of these patients.

[Carotid sinus syndrome. Description of a case treated by surgical denervation]. / Sindrome del seno carotideo. Descrizione di un caso trattato con denervazione chirurgica.

A 43 years old man suffering from syncopal attacks and episodes of dizziness was found as affected by right carotid sinus syndrome causing cardioinhibition. Excluding all possible specific causes of carotid sinus hypersensitivity and, by means of electrophysiological study, any intrinsic cardiac pathology, was settled that the long pauses of asystole that produce syncopal attacks were of extrinsic vagal nature. Considering the young age of the patient an operation of surgical denervation of the right carotid sinus was decided upon. This simple and riskless treatment allowed the case to be solved without resorting to permanent pacemaker implantation.