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BACKGROUND: Primary care encounters are common among patients at risk for suicide. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of implementing population-based suicide care (SC) in primary care for suicide attempt prevention. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a stepped-wedge, cluster randomized implementation trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02675777). SETTING: 19 primary care practices within a large health care system in Washington State, randomly assigned launch dates. PATIENTS: Adult patients (aged ≥18 years) with primary care visits from January 2015 to July 2018. INTERVENTION: Practice facilitators, electronic medical record (EMR) clinical decision support, and performance monitoring supported implementation of depression screening, suicide risk assessment, and safety planning. MEASUREMENTS: Clinical practice and patient measures relied on EMR and insurance claims data to compare usual care (UC) and SC periods. Primary outcomes included documented safety planning after population-based screening and suicide risk assessment and suicide attempts or deaths (with self-harm intent) within 90 days of a visit. Mixed-effects logistic models regressed binary outcome indicators on UC versus SC, adjusted for randomization stratification and calendar time, accounting for repeated outcomes from the same site. Monthly outcome rates (percentage per 10 000 patients) were estimated by applying marginal standardization. RESULTS: During UC, 255 789 patients made 953 402 primary care visits and 228 255 patients made 615 511 visits during the SC period. The rate of safety planning was higher in the SC group than in the UC group (38.3 vs. 32.8 per 10 000 patients; rate difference, 5.5 [95% CI, 2.3 to 8.7]). Suicide attempts within 90 days were lower in the SC group than in the UC group (4.5 vs. 6.0 per 10 000 patients; rate difference, -1.5 [CI, -2.6 to -0.4]). LIMITATION: Suicide care was implemented in combination with care for depression and substance use. CONCLUSION: Implementation of population-based SC concurrent with a substance use program resulted in a 25% reduction in the suicide attempt rate in the 90 days after primary care visits. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Institute of Mental Health.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: More than half of those who die by suicide do not communicate about suicide prior to their death. This project describes the emotional state and decision-making among "unplanned" attempt survivors to inform a conceptual model and suicide prevention interventions. METHODS: This qualitative study purposefully sampled patients who reported having no suicidal thoughts on a standardized mental health questionnaire within 60 days (about 2 months) prior to a nonfatal suicide attempt documented in the health record. Participants verbally consented to telephone interview participation. Semistructured audio-recorded interviews elicited suicide attempt survivor descriptions of their emotional state and experiences in the days, hours, and minutes leading up to their suicide attempt. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using grounded theory. The biopsychosocial theory of emotion regulation informed conceptual model development. RESULTS: Participants (N = 26) described 2 distinct "phases" prior to the attempt. First, a phase of increasing life stressors, transitory and nonspecific suicidal thoughts, and a reluctance to disclose experiences. Second, an overwhelming emotional state led to a sudden suicide attempt and nondisclosure due to the rapidity and intensity of the experience. These results informed the conceptual model and intervention development to manage unplanned and overwhelming urges to attempt suicide. DISCUSSION: Qualitative analysis informed the development of an intervention for the high-intensity "hot" period preceding an attempt, including specific steps to manage a highly intense emotional state in combination with overwhelming urges to kill oneself. CONCLUSION: Future research is needed to evaluate whether and how this intervention helps support people with a chance of "unplanned" suicide attempts.