[An alternative for improving the diagnosis of smear-negative tuberculosis and other bronchopulmonary disorders in Cuba]. / Una alternativa para mejorar el diagnóstico de la tuberculosis con baciloscopia negativa y otros problemas broncopulmonares en Cuba.

OBJECTIVE: The diagnosis of tuberculosis in patients with negative acid-fast bacillus smears poses a challenge to both clinicians and public health authorities. In an attempt to aid diagnosis in such cases, an expert committee was established in Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba in 1995. The aim of this study was to describe the progress of the committee's work and the corresponding results for the period 1996 through 2003. PATIENTS AND METHODS: For each patient studied by the commission, we analyzed the following data: patient's residence and referring center, tentative diagnosis proposed by the attending physician, history of antibiotic treatment, and final diagnosis made by the commission. RESULTS: Of the 1703 patients studied, 84.8% were from La Habana, 48.4% were 55 years or older, and 63.8% were men. Between 2001 and 2003, 11.3% of patients were already on antituberculosis treatment when their case was studied by the commission. The corresponding percentage for 1996 through 2000 was 16.9% (P=.001). Active tuberculosis was confirmed in 43.1% of a total of 918 patients with full test results during the period 1996 through 2000 and in 52.2% of a total of 619 patients (52.2%) during the period 2001 through 2003 (P< .001). Of 344 patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis and negative acid-fast bacillus smears between 2001 and 2003, 128 (37.2%) were diagnosed with active tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that the work of the commission is viable, sustainable, and useful for preventing overdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment, and that it also serves an educational purpose.

Moving Closer to Tuberculosis Elimination through Institutional Scientific Collaboration: Opportunities for Cuba and the USA.

Global efforts to eliminate tuberculosis by 2050 continue to challenge health systems. In countries with low reported tuberculosis incidence, such as the USA (3.1/100,000 population) and Cuba (6.9/100,000), differences in classification by income level and health systems' overall organizational structure are evident. However, the two countries' low tuberculosis incidence, geographic proximity, robust research capacity and shared health priority for tuberculosis elimination provide fertile territory to strengthen collaboration for tuberculosis control in clinical, laboratory and community settings. Two tuberculosis symposia in Cuba-one at the Cuba Salud Convention in 2015 and the other at the International Forum on Hygiene and Epidemiology in 2016-were instrumental in stimulating dialogue on continued efforts towards eliminating tuberculosis by 2050. In this article, we describe tuberculosis burden in the USA and Cuba, critically analyze strengths and challenges experienced in areas of low tuberculosis incidence and provide recommendations for future institutional collaboration to support tuberculosis elimination and improved population health. KEYWORDS Tuberculosis/epidemiology, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, prevention, communicable disease control, disease eradication, disease elimination, international cooperation, Cuba, USA.

Alternativas de procesos para la búsqueda de casos de tuberculosis bajo condiciones económicas limitadas. Cuba 2022-2025 / Process Alternatives for the Tuberculosis Case Finding under Limited Economic Conditions. Cuba 2022-2025

Ejecutar procesos efectivos de búsqueda de casos de tuberculosis es crucial para acele-rar el paso hacia su eliminación. El empeoramiento de las condiciones económicas mun-diales y nacionales no nos permite aplicar extensivamente las tecnologías rápidas mo-leculares idóneas de diagnóstico. Consideramos sensato entonces aplicar algoritmos alternativos que satisfagan las necesidades nacionales presentes hasta que las condi-ciones permitan la cobertura completa de las tecnologías moleculares recomendadas. Sugerimos introducir la radiografía digital para todos los algoritmos, utilizar mejor la microscopía de fluorescencia LED y la óptica convencional ya probadas. En conclusión, es preciso que este enfoque de trabajo, que procura optimizar la efectividad y eficiencia del programa, se introduzca en la práctica cotidiana hasta que lo idóneo sea permisible

Executing effective tuberculosis case-finding processes is crucial to accelerate the path towards elimination of the disease. The worsening of global and national economic conditions do not allow us to extensively apply rapid molecular diagnostic technolo-gies. We consider it sensible and necessary to apply alternative algorithms that meet the current national needs, until conditions allow full coverage of the recommended molecular technologies. We suggest introducing digital X-rays for all algorithms, bet-ter use of LED fluorescence microscopy and conventional optics already appropriate-ly tested. In conclusion, it is necessary that this approach that seeks to optimize the effectiveness and efficiency of the Cuban program be introduced into daily practice until the ideal is permissible

Innovative Tuberculosis Symposium held during Cuba Salud 2015.

The fourth Tuberculosis (TB) Symposium, held during the Cuba Salud 2015 International Convention, highlighted advancements in research on TB and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) by interdisciplinary teams from academic and federal institutions in Cuba, Colombia, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic. Delegates focused on the targets presented in the World Health Organization End TB Strategy for 2016-2035 and elaborated on four primary themes: 1) attention to vulnerable populations such as immunocompromised individuals, health care workers, and residents of long-term institutions such as prisons and nursing homes; 2) identification of active and latent TB cases through contact investigations; 3) spread and control of drug-resistant Mtb strains; and 4) advancements in the development of novel vaccines or "booster" immunizations. This international TB forum served as a platform for experts in diverse disciplines in these Latin American countries to discuss challenges faced by TB research and control programs, proposing novel research initiatives and promoting collaborative teamwork strategies for TB elimination. In solidarity, collaborative efforts in TB control require identification of symptomatic individuals, rapid diagnostic testing for TB, drug susceptibility assays on Mtb strains, and management that provide universal and gratuitous access to directly observed short-course therapy.

[Tuberculosis in Havana City, 1995-1999]. / Tuberculosis in Havana City, 1995-1999.

OBJECTIVE: Tuberculosis is a worldwide health problem getting a prioritized attention by the Cuban National Health System. To describe the main indicators of the Cuban Tuberculosis Control Program. METHODS: Based on surveillance data from the Provincial Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology, the health care network and strategies of the tuberculosis control program were reviewed; incidence rates, case finding indicators, diagnosis and case management were described. RESULTS: Eight subjects with respiratory symptoms were found per 1,000 attending general medical care services. The incidence rates of all tuberculosis types declined from 16.4 in 1995 to 12.0 x 10(5) people in 1999. Pulmonary tuberculosis incidence rate was reduced from 15.1 in1995 to 10.4 x 10(5) in 1999, whereas extrapulmonary tuberculosis had an increment from 1.3 to 1.6 x 10(5) in the same period. Of all new cases, 40-50 % were diagnosed at multispecialty clinics, 67.6% were diagnosed by positive smears, 15.2 % by positive cultures, 13.8 % by clinical and X-rays evidences only; and 0.9 % and 1.5 % were respectively diagnosed by biopsy and necropsy. There was an increase in the incidence rate in the age group 15-64 years in 1996 and 1997 but it declined again in 1998 and 1999. The age group 64 years and over showed a rate reduction from 1995 to 1999. In general, incidence rates diminished in the overall period. The average delay between onset of symptoms and diagnosis improved from 42 days in 1995 to 28.6 days in 1999. CONCLUSIONS: There seems to be a halt in reporting trends of new cases in 1996. Tuberculosis indicators reveal satisfactory changes in the study period.

[Incidence of tuberculosis at the local level: Marianao Municipality, Havana City, Cuba (1990-2000)]. / Incidencia de tuberculosis en el municipio Marianao. Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba (1990-2000).

BACKGROUND: For the elimination of tuberculosis (TB) is necessary the surveillance of the incidence rate at the local level, as this is the first level of access to the health service. This study is aimed at providing a description of the spread and trend of the tuberculosis incidence rates in Marianao Municipality, Habana City by healthcare areas and age groups throughout the 1990-2000 period. METHODS: The time series for the 1990-1994 and 1995-2000 incidence rates were analyzed employing a two parameter exponential smoothing method. The total percentage and annual average of variation was estimated. The healthcare areas were stratified. RESULTS: In 1990-1994, the rate rose from 11.1 to 25.8 per 105 inhabitants (33% of increase by year), having been most noticeable in Carlos J. Finlay and Portuondo health areas (respectively annual average 112.7% y 36.2% increases). Taking into account that the control program was strengthened in 1995, the rates dropped by 47.6% in this municipality during the 1995-2000 period. The Finlay and Portuondo areas respectively lowered their rates by 79.9% y 39.7% while the Gonzalez Coro area showed a 58.3% rise and 27 de Noviembre area had no major change. The age and above 60 group had the higher percentage of cases, recording 49.8% of the total and only one case among children under age 15 for the period. During this same period, only six cases of tuberculosis/human inmunodeficiency virus were diagnosed. The 27 de Noviembre area was the only one found to be at the unsatisfactory level according to the stratification. CONCLUSIONS: An initially upward trend, followed by a downward trend in tuberculosis was found to exist in the Marianao Municipality throughout the period studied. This disease was predominant among older adults.

Opiniones de actores de salud sobre la estrategia de búsqueda activa de casos de tuberculosis / Opinions of health stakeholders on the active search strategy for tuberculosis cases

Introducción: La pesquisa activa de casos de tuberculosis en la Atención Primaria de Salud como parte del programa de control de la enfermedad en Cuba, tiene retos de implementación que requieren ser estudiados. Objetivo: Explorar las opiniones de los actores de salud involucrados en la implementación de la pesquisa activa de casos de tuberculosis en Las Tunas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, en dos etapas, anidado en un estudio de intervención en Las Tunas. En la primera etapa (septiembre-diciembre, 2010) se entrevistaron médicos y enfermeras de la familia de los municipios Jobabo y Las Tunas; y en la segunda etapa (marzo, 2012), todos los jefes de programa (provincial y municipales) y un experto en tuberculosis. Se utilizaron categorías de análisis deductivas e inductivas. Resultados: La pesquisa activa de casos de tuberculosis se reconoció como un procedimiento novedoso asociado a la búsqueda de sintomáticos respiratorios en el hogar, la dispensarización y el trabajo con grupos vulnerables. Al inicio hubo barreras para la implementación del procedimiento, posteriormente fue aceptado. Las ventajas fueron: diagnóstico oportuno e incremento del número de casos pesquisados, entre otras. La falta de tiempo, el incremento en la carga de trabajo y la fluctuación del personal fueron las principales dificultades. Conclusiones: El estudio proporciona información valiosa para la implementación del procedimiento como parte del programa de control de la tuberculosis. Devela la brecha entre la percepción de los actores involucrados en la implementación de intervenciones en salud en estudios pilotos y la que tienen los implicados en su puesta en práctica(AU)

Introduction: The active case finding of tuberculosis in Primary Health Care as part of the disease control program in Cuba, has challenges at implementation that need to be studied. Objective: To explore the opinions of the health stakeholders involved in the implementation of active case finding of tuberculosis in Las Tunas. Methods: A qualitative study was carried out in two stages, nested in an intervention study in Las Tunas. In the first stage (September-December, 2010) family doctors and nurses in Jobabo and Las Tunas municipalities were interviewed; and in the second stage (March 2012), all program managers (provincial and municipal) and an expert on tuberculosis were interviewed. Deductive and inductive analysis categories were used. Results: The active case finding of tuberculosis was recognized as a novel procedure associated with the screening for respiratory symptoms among all family members during home visits, classification of the entire population into risk groups and working with vulnerable groups. At the beginning there were barriers to the implementation of this procedure, which was subsequently accepted. Timely diagnosis and increase in the number of cases investigated were the advantages, among others. The lack of time, the increase in workload and the staff turnover were the main difficulties. Conclusions: This study provides valuable information for implementing this procedure as part of tuberculosis control program. It reveals the gap between the perception of the stakeholders involved in the implementation of health interventions in pilot studies and from those engaged in their implementation(AU)

[Trends and predictions of tuberculosis, and challenges towards tuberculosis eradication in Havana City]. / Tendencias y pronósticos de la tuberculosis, desafíos en etapa de eliminación en la Habana.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the variation and the trend of new tuberculosis case reports in Havana from 1995 to 2010, as well as their projection and occurrence for 2011-2013. METHODS: A time series study was conducted, and the annual total and mean variation percentages of rates by clinical and bacteriological categories, age, municipal distribution and TB/HIV co-infection were analyzed. Estimation of projections by using two-parameter exponential smoothing techniques was made. RESULTS: The rate of new reported TB cases decreased from 16.8 in 1995 to 9.5 per 100 000 inhabitants in 2010 (43.5% and 2.9% of annual total variation and mean variation respectively). The rate declined by 80% in the municipalities and in 15-64 and > or = 65 years age groups. Habana Vieja and Centro Habana municipalities kept the highest rates throughout the whole period. TB/HIV coinfection notification increased from 3 out of 369 (0.8%) cases in 1995 to 37 out of 202 (18.3%) cases in 2010. A slight increase was estimated for the 2011-2013 period (9.5; 10.0; 10.5 per 100 000 population respectively) in addition to continuous rise of the number of cases with TB/HIV co-infection. CONCLUSIONS: The TB trend showed a steady decline in Havana from 1995 to 2010, with substantial reduction in the study period, except for TB/HIV co-infection in which the number of cases increases. The TB case report rates are within the expected values, although slightly above the predictions.

[Knowledge and perception about tuberculosis in Habana Vieja municipality]. / Conocimiento y percepción sobre tuberculosis en el municipio Habana Vieja.

INTRODUCTION: the studies on population's knowledge and perceptions of infectious diseases contribute to develop more effective communication processes. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the knowledge and the perception of the residents in Habana Vieja municipality about tuberculosis, and to identify the ways for obtaining information about aspects of this disease. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was carried out. A questionnaire was applied on a sample of 86 persons from five health areas of the municipality. A descriptive analysis was made. Odds ratios were calculated to determine association between ways for obtaining information and knowledge on the existence of the disease, symptoms and transmission forms. RESULTS: the respondents know about tuberculosis as a disease, its symptoms, and its presence in Cuba, but the percentages corresponding to the truly significant symptoms are low, including incorrect identifications of towel, comb and mosquitoes as transmission ways of the disease. Television, radio and friends were the most mentioned sources of information. CONCLUSIONS: the population from Habana Vieja municipality knows about the existence of TB. However, specific knowledge about symptoms of the disease and ways of transmissions are insufficient. Changing this situation requires the strengthening of the role of the mass media role and the development of local communication strategies suited to local characteristics.

Desde las primeras nociones sobre la tuberculosis hasta la estrategia "fin de la tuberculosis": desafíos sociales para la infancia en México

La tuberculosis, que afecta al hombre desde el periodo neolítico, se mantiene como un importante problema de salud mundial, incluida la tuberculosis en niños y adolescentes. México mantiene una carga de la enfermedad importante pese al progreso alcanzado en su control durante el siglo XX y el inicio del siglo XXI. Para continuar avanzando en este control es necesario priorizar la prevención de la infección tuberculosa latente y su progresión a tuberculosis activa. Particularmente, debe ser priorizada la prevención de la infección tuberculosa latente y la atención y control de la tuberculosis en los niños y adolescentes; todo esto basado en la acción favorecedora de la atención a la determinación social de la tuberculosis mediante la disminución y en no pocas circunstancias, de la supresión de las inequidades en la salud. Este artículo tiene el objetivo de informar los aspectos esenciales de la tuberculosis para aprovechar las oportunidades presentes de avanzar en su control y poner fin a ella como deuda social inaplazable en México. La estrategia "fin de la tuberculosis" después de 2015, debe ser implementada extensiva e intensivamente. Sus metas son ambiciosas pero alcanzables si se introducen nuevas herramientas, procesos de apoyo social y de construcción de capacidades fomentadas por el compromiso estatal-gubernamental dentro de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible.

Tuberculosis has affected humankind since Neolithic times, and continues to be an important health problem worldwide, including child and adolescent tuberculosis. Mexico exhibits a considerable disease burden, despite the progress achieved in its control during the 20th and early 21st centuries. To continue advancing in such control it is necessary to prioritize prevention of latent tuberculosis infection and its development into active tuberculosis. Particular emphasis should be placed on prevention of latent tuberculosis infection and care and control of tuberculosis in children and adolescents, based on the favorable effect of attention to social determination of tuberculosis by means of the reduction and oftentimes elimination of health inequities. The present paper describes the essential aspects of tuberculosis with a view to making good use of current opportunities to advance in its control and put an end to the disease as an unpostponable social debt in Mexico. The "end TB" strategy of 2015 should be implemented both extensively an intensively. Its goals are ambitious, but they may be reached with the introduction of new tools, social support processes, and actions aimed at building capacities fostered by state-government commitment as part of the sustainable development goals.

Eliminación de la tuberculosis en Cuba: contribuciones recientes, resultados y desafíos / Elimination of tuberculosis in Cuba: recent contributions, results and challenges

Desde el 70 al 80 Aniversario de la fundación del Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí", los investigadores, profesionales y técnicos de este centro, han laborado en cooperación con diversas instituciones académicas y de los servicios de salud de Cuba (en equipos multidisciplinarios) en las tareas de desarrollo científico, innovación tecnológica y construcción de capacidades. Este artículo resume las principales investigaciones realizadas sobre la tuberculosis desde 2008-2017; como contribuciones al Programa Nacional de Control y Eliminación de la Tuberculosis con la perspectiva de aumentar la calidad, efectividad y eficiencia de las acciones y acelerar la solución de la incidencia y la mortalidad por tuberculosis, para la investigación, la vigilancia y control de la tuberculosis. Se presentan evidencias que fundamentan las innovaciones en el manejo clínico terapéutico de pacientes inmunocompetentes e inmunocomprometidos, en niños y adolescentes, sobre las indicaciones para el control de la infección tuberculosa latente, la vigilancia de los desenlaces del tratamiento anti-tuberculosis, la investigación de contactos de casos, los cambios en el sistema de registro e información, el monitoreo y evaluación de la calidad de la detección de casos de tuberculosis, el impacto sobre la morbilidad y la mortalidad.

During the period extending from the 70th to the 80th anniversary of the founding of Pedro Kouri Tropical Medicine Institute, researchers, professionals and technicians from the center, in joint cooperation with a variety of Cuban academic and health care institutions, have integrated into multidisciplinary teams engaged in tasks related to scientific development, technological innovation and capacity building. The paper summarizes the main research studies about tuberculosis conducted from 2008 to 2017 as contributions to the National Tuberculosis Control and Elimination Program, with a view to enhancing the quality, effectiveness and efficiency of actions, swiftly finding a solution to tuberculosis incidence and mortality, and fostering tuberculosis research, surveillance and control. Evidence is presented which substantiates innovations in the clinical therapeutic management of both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients, children and adolescents, and indications are provided for latent tuberculosis infection control, surveillance of anti-tuberculosis treatment outcomes, investigation of case contacts, changes in the record and information system, quality monitoring and evaluation of the detection of tuberculosis cases, and impact on morbidity and mortality.

Magnitud de la pesquisa activa en diagnóstico de tuberculosis implementada en grupos vulnerables. Matanzas 2009-2013 / Magnitude of the active screening in tuberculosis diagnosis implemented in vulnerable groups. Matanzas 2009-2013

Introducción: la tuberculosis constituye, aún, un importante problema de salud. La Organización Mundial de la Salud está tratando de lograr una disminución radical de la carga de esta enfermedad y reducir a la mitad su prevalencia y mortalidad con su estrategia Alto a la tuberculosis. El Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis iniciado en 1962, recomienda la búsqueda sistemática de los casos de tuberculosis en los grupos vulnerables. Objetivo: informar los resultados diagnósticos de la localización de casos, a través de la pesquisa activa o sistemática en grupos vulnerables, de la provincia de Matanzas, bajo las condiciones de operación del Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis de Cuba. Materiales y Métodos: el equipo de salud desde julio/2009 a diciembre/ 2013, realizó una investigación descriptiva y de corte transversal, pesquisa activa para diagnóstico de tuberculosis en grupos vulnerables. Resultados: el volumen de la pesquisa activa en personas de los grupos vulnerables, las tuberculinas y los rayos x de tórax realizados se incrementaron por años. El mayor número de pesquisados correspondió al adulto mayor, seguidos de diabéticos y personas que viven en asentamientos críticos. La prevalencia de infección tuberculosis latente total, fue de un 0.089 % en estos grupos. Los casos que se diagnosticaron (todas las formas) fueron principalmente en alcohólicos, ex reclusos e inmunodeprimidos. Del total de los casos de tuberculosis BAAR+, en los 5 años, el 43,9 % se diagnosticó mediante la pesquisa activa. Conclusiones: la tuberculosis fue mayormente diagnosticada en los grupos vulnerables, mediante la pesquisa activa. Se identificó que es bajo la prevalencia de esta infección latente en estos grupos.

Background: tuberculosis is still an important health problem. The World Health Organization is trying to achieve a radical decrease of this disease load and to reduce its prevalence and mortality to the half with its strategy "Stop tuberculosis". The National Program of Tuberculosis Control, started in 1962, recommends the systematic search of the tuberculosis cases in the vulnerable groups. Aim: to inform the diagnosis results of case localization through the active or systematic screening in vulnerable groups of the province of Matanzas, under the operational conditions of the National Program of Tuberculosis Control of Cuba. Materials and methods: from July 2009 to december 2013, the health team carried out a cross-sectional, descriptive research of the active screening for diagnosing tuberculosis in vulnerable groups. Outcomes: the volume of the active screening in persons from the vulnerable groups, the tuberculin skin tests, and thorax X rays increased per years. The highest number of screened persons corresponded to elder people, followed by diabetic ones and people living in critical places. The prevalence of the total latent tuberculosis infection was 0.089 % in these groups. The diagnosed cases (all of the forms) were mainly among alcohol abusers, ex-prisoners and immunodepressed people. 43.9 % of the total of AFB+ tuberculosis cases in the five years was diagnosed through the active screening. Conclusions: tuberculosis was mainly diagnosed in the vulnerable groups, through the active screening. It was identified that the prevalence of this latent infection is low in these groups.

Eliminación de la tuberculosis como problema de salud pública: consenso de su definición / Elimination of tuberculosis as a public health problem: consensus for its definition

Introducción: la tuberculosis se ha mantenido como un importante problema de salud y ha sido objeto de esfuerzos mundiales notables para su eliminación. Objetivos: revisar brevemente la trayectoria del pensamiento sobre la eliminación de la tuberculosis y precisar una aproximación hacia su valoración progresiva. Métodos: revisión documental con análisis histórico-lógico de las definiciones sobre eliminación de la TB. Se describe la categorización de las provincias cubanas utilizando sus tasas de incidencia y el proceso de metas progresivas paso a paso. Resultados: el pensamiento inicial de erradicar la tuberculosis de los años 1960 cambió hacia la eliminación en la década de 1980, con alternativas más o menos ambiciosas que alcanzaron el consenso en el plan alto a la tuberculosis 2006-2015 del Programa Mundial de Tuberculosis de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. De las 15 provincias cubanas, 14 y el municipio especial Isla de la Juventud estaban en etapa de ultra control en 2011-13 (incidencia <10/100 000 habitantes) y una provincia en etapa de control satisfactorio (10 -14,9/ 00 000 habitantes). Parece sensato establecer metas parciales progresivas paso a paso para monitorear comparativamente el avance hacia la meta de < 1 caso de tuberculosis /millón de habitantes. Conclusión: el consenso estratégico logrado sobre la eliminación de la tuberculosis como problema de salud pública constituye un elemento importante en los planes nacionales cuya evaluación puede complementarse con metas de subetapas parciales progresivas(AU)

Introduction: tuberculosis has remained an important health problem. Considerable global effort has been aimed at its elimination. Objectives: briefly review the evolution of theories about the elimination of tuberculosis and define an approach to its progressive assessment. Methods: adocument review and historical-logical analysis were conducted of definitions about TB elimination. A description is provided of the classification of Cuban provinces based on their incidence rates and the achievement of progressive step by step goals. Results: the initial idea of eradicating tuberculosis prevailing in the 1960s was replaced by elimination in the 1980s, with more or less ambitious alternatives which reached consensus in the stop tuberculosis plan of 2006-2015, implemented as part of the Global Tuberculosis Program of the World Health Organization. Of the 15 Cuban provinces, 14 and the special municipality of the Isle of Youth were at the stage of ultra-control in 2011-2013 (incidence <10/100 000 inhabitants), and one province was at the stage of satisfactory control (10 -14.9/100 000 inhabitants). It seems wise to set up partial progressive step by step goals to comparatively monitor progress toward the goal of < 1 tuberculosis case / million inhabitants. Conclusion: the strategic consensus achieved about the elimination of tuberculosis as a public health problem is an important component of national plans whose evaluation may be complemented with partial progressive goals for each sub-stage(AU)

[The outlook of patients with respect to the quality of sputum smears for bacilloscopy in tuberculosis]. / Perspectivas del paciente en relación con la calidad de los esputos para baciloscopias en tuberculosis.

INTRODUCTION: tuberculosis is still one of the most serious health problems in many countries and one important aspect is the effective screening of respiratory symptomatic TB suspects. OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the feasibility in the administration of rapid epidemiological surveys for some aspects of sputum smears collection and quality in respiratory symptomatic TB suspects. METHODS: a previously expert-validated questionnaire was administered to people with respiratory symptoms from January to February 2006 in ten municipalities of Ciudad de la Habana province. For the selection of the respiratory symptomatic suspects, a three-phase cluster sampling was performed. RESULTS: the survey was well accepted by the study population which provided the requested data. Cough persisted for 15,3 days; 87,1% of sputum smears were taken early in the morning and 80% of the studied people considered it as good. CONCLUSIONS: these findings are acceptable and important for TB surveillance and control in this province and show the usefulness of these surveys.

[Enabling intervention for active screening of respiratory symptomatic patients in two municipalities located in the City of Havana province]. / Intervención capacitante para la pesquisa activa de sintomáticos respiratorios en 2 municipios de Ciudad de La Habana.

OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the feasibility and immediate effect of an enabling intervention to improve the active screening of respiratory symptomatic patients in groups at risk of suffering tuberculosis and the quality of filling in lab records. METHODS: a quasi-experimental-designed intervention study was conducted in two health areas of Boyeros municipality (Salvador Allende polyclinics and Federico Capdevila polyclinics). Two other areas were selected as controls in "10 de Octubre" municipality ("Turcios Lima" polyclinics and "Puente Uceda" polyclinics). Family physicians and nurses were then trained to identify patients with respiratory symptoms in the risk groups during home visits, finally sputum tests were indicated. A new model for lab recording was used. After 2 months, the ratio of detected respiratory symptomatic cases was estimated. The relative risk (95 % CI) was found. The percentage by type of screening, risk group and number of empty, misplaced and wrongly filled in items in the new model was calculated. RESULTS: after the intervention, the capabilities of physicians and nurses for detecting respiratory symptomatic patients in "Salvador Allende" health area was almost 2.5 times higher than before (RR= 2.4320) and in "Federico Capdevila" health area was almost 2 times higher (RR = 1.8112). Over 80 % of this improvement was due to active screening carried out almost completely (90 %) in risk groups. There were no misplaced or wrongly filled data, just empty items under 0.5%. CONCLUSIONS: the enabling intervention proved to be immediate and effective in order to raise the active screening of respiratory symptomatic patients in risk groups and to improve the quality of filling in lab records.

Validez y fiabilidad de indicadores sintéticos para la vigilancia y control de la tuberculosis / Validity and reliability of synthetics indicators for tuberculosis surveillance and control

Introducción: se considera necesaria la aplicación de nuevos indicadores sintéticos que permitan evaluar la calidad del trabajo de los servicios de salud en la etapa de posible eliminación de la tuberculosis en Cuba. Objetivos: apreciar la validez, fiabilidad, asequibilidad y factibilidad de dos indicadores sobre intensidad y calidad de la detección de casos de tuberculosis. Métodos: estudio descriptivo-cualitativo. La validación se realizó en distintos momentos entre marzo del 2009 y diciembre del 2011, mediante valoraciones de expertos. Se elaboraron escalas numéricas ordinales para las categorías valorativas de las variables intermedias de los indicadores, calculamos sus medias aritméticas y el índice de posición. Para el indicador sintético de la localización de casos, evaluamos la validez de aspecto, contenido, capacidad predictiva, consistencia, coherencia, constructo, asequibilidad y factibilidad mediante el mínimo =1 y el máximo =5. Las variables del indicador sintético de detección de casos se calificaron según su validez, fiabilidad y comparabilidad marcando 1 = nada, hasta 5 = muy. Ambos indicadores se sometieron a una aproximación a la calificación de válidos, reproducibles y factibles con 3 = sí; 2 = en parte y 1 = 0. Adicionalmente, se aplicó un cuestionario semiestructurado para explorar opiniones de los usuarios sobre su utilidad, factibilidad y limitaciones. Resultados: el indicador sintético de detección de casos obtuvo calificación máxima 5 para cinco criterios evaluados y 4,7 y 4,8 para otros dos criterios. La mayoría de los criterios obtuvieron promedios entre 4 y 5 (IP ≥ 0,90) para las variables del indicador sintético de detección de casos, y entre 4,2 y 4,9 (IP 0,80 a 0,95) para las variables intermedias. Ambos indicadores en una tercera evaluación obtuvieron la calificación máxima 5 y, en general, se consideran útiles y fáciles de manejar, sin embargo su aplicación está limitada por falta de habilidades y de recursos de los usuarios. Conclusión: en general los indicadores fueron considerados útiles y factibles(AU)

Objectives: to appreciate the validity, reliability, accessibility and feasibility of two composite indicators reflecting intensity and quality of tuberculosis case detection. Methods: is it a descriptive-qualitative study. The Indicators validation was carried out in different moments between March of 2009 and December of 2011, by expert's evaluations. Ordinal numerical scales for the evaluative categories of the indicators intermediate variables were elaborated, calculating their arithmetical means and the position index (PI). For the cases finding indicator (Isiloc), were evaluate the aspect validity, context, predictive capacity, consistency, coherence, construct, accessibility and feasibility (minimum = 1 and maximum = 5). The variables for cases detection indicator (Isidec) were rated in terms of validity, reliability, comparability, specificity, sensibility, operability, affordability and feasibility (1= none to 5 = very). Both indicators were valued to the grade of valid, reproducible and feasible (3 = yes, 2 = partly and 1 = 0). Furthermore, we applied a semi-structured questionnaire to explore opinions of the users about their usefulness, feasibility and limitations. Results: isiloc obtained highest rating (5, PI = 1) for five evaluated approaches and 4,7 and 4,8 (PI 0,93 and 0,95) for other two approaches. For Isidec most of the approaches obtained averages between 4 and 5 (P≥0,90, and the intermediate variables obtained mostly averages between 4,2 and 4,9 (IP 0,80 to 0,95). Both indicators in a third approaches obtained the highest rating (5, PI = 1) and were generally considered useful and feasible, although its application was limited by the lack of skills and resources of the users. Conclusion: validation of these indicators has been satisfactory and should continue to apply its field test(AU)

Comisión de diagnóstico de casos sospechosos de tuberculosis con baciloscopia negativa: aceptabilidad del servicio por los médicos presentadores / Commission for the diagnosis of bacteriologically negative suspected tuberculosis cases: acceptability of the service by presenting physicians

Introducción: en etapa de eliminación de la tuberculosis, resulta de gran interés la identificación temprana de estos enfermos en cualquiera de sus formas, incluyendo aquellos con manifestaciones clínicas-radiológicas y microscopía negativa. Objetivos: conocer la frecuencia con que los médicos de diferentes servicios de salud presentan los expedientes clínicos de enfermos sospechosos de tuberculosis en la Comisión de Diagnóstico de enfermos de Tuberculosis con Baciloscopias Negativas (CODIBAARNE) del Hospital Neumológico Benéfico Jurídico de La Habana, la procedencia de dichos facultativos y sus opiniones sobre este servicio científico-técnico. Métodos: estudio descriptivo exploratorio. Para precisar la procedencia de los médicos presentadores, se aplicó un único formulario de encuesta. Resultados: en el 2004-05 se encuestaron 181 médicos y en el 2011, 40. De los primeros 181 encuestados, 118 (65,2 por ciento) procedían de 44 policlínicos de la atención primaria de salud y 63 (34,8 por ciento) de 17 hospitales de atención secundaria. Del primer grupo, 142 (78,5 por ciento) consideraron bueno y útil el servicio científico-técnico y 34 (19 por ciento) expresaron que era instructivo y aprendían con el servicio brindado. Del segundo grupo, 33 (82,5 por ciento) son Médicos Generales Integrales, y expresaron opiniones muy similares a las del primer grupo entrevistado. Conclusión: CODIBAARNE brinda extensa cobertura de servicios científico-técnicos a médicos de atención primaria y secundaria, que suscitan opiniones muy favorables de la gran mayoría de sus usuarios, considerándola como una herramienta complementaria para el diagnóstico de la tuberculosis con baciloscopia negativa(AU)

Introduction: in tuberculosis elimination an important role is played by early identification of all patients, including those with negative clinical-radiological and microscopy results. Objectives: determine the frequency with which physicians from various health services submit the medical records of patients with suspected tuberculosis to the Commission for the Diagnosis of Bacteriologically Negative Tuberculosis (CODIBAARNE) of Havana Benéfico Jurídico Pneuological Hospital, the institutional affiliation of those physicians and their opinions about this technical-scientific service. Methods: a descriptive exploratory study was conducted to determine the place of origin of presenting doctors. A unique survey form was used. Results: 181 doctors were surveyed in the period 2004-2005 and 40 in 2011. Of the former 181 doctors, 118 (65.2 percent) were from 44 primary health care polyclinics and 63 (34.8 percent) from 17 secondary health care hospitals. 142 (78.5 percent) evaluated the technical and scientific service as good and useful, and 34 (19 percent) said it was instructive. Of the second group 33 (82.5 percent) were comprehensive general physicians. Their opinions were very similar to those of the first group. Conclusion: CODIBAARNE provides extensive coverage of technical and scientific services to primary and secondary health care physicians, generating very favorable opinions among most of its users, who view it as a complementary tool for the diagnosis of bacteriologically negative tuberculosis(AU)