Identification of mycobacterial species by PCR restriction enzyme analysis of the hsp65 gene­an Indian experience.

Nowadays, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) often cause pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease. Species identification of NTM determines the line of treatment and management of the disease. The routine diagnostic methods, i.e., smear microscopy and biochemical identification, of nontuberculous mycobacteria are tedious and time consuming and not all laboratories can perform these tests on a routine basis. A PCR targeting the hsp65 gene was implemented using standard strains and was applied to 109 clinical isolates. The PCR-amplified product was subjected to restriction enzyme analysis using BstEII and HaeIII. The results obtained were compared with that of biochemical tests. Of 109 NTM, 107 were identified to species level. PCR plus restriction enzyme analysis (PRA) identified 12 types of NTM. Common species identified were Mycobacterium chelonae (32), a rapid growing NTM, and Mycobacterium avium complex (21), among the slow growing NTM. PRA and biochemical identification showed 95.32% (102/107) concordant results. PRA is fast, cheap, and accurate for identification of potentially pathogenic NTM.

Psychological comorbidities: Impact on respiratory health.

Respiratory diseases are commonly associated with mental health issues, which add to morbidity and mortality. However, this association has never received sufficient attention. There is an urgent need to sensitize the health care workers for early identification of psychological comorbidities, and their basic management. Mental health should be an integral part of the teaching curriculum. Simple, quick and easy to use screening questionnaires should be used on a routine basis for identifying stigma, psychological distress and poor health related quality of life. Psychiatrist should be a vital part of the multidisciplinary teams. Extensive collaborative research needs to be carried out in this field to devise clear-cut recommendations for day-to-day practise.

Yes, we have the power to end TB!

Robust efforts are essential to sustain and increase the advancements made in battling TB, as well as to tackle persistent issues that have caused the fight against the disease to be uneven. The End TB Strategy proposes that new technologies are to be developed by 2025 to encourage a quick growth in TB occurrence diminishment. This calls for a cross-sectoral focus on creating and distributing suitable medical and programmatic modernizations in a fair manner. However, many difficulties and differences still exist in the realms of research and development regarding vaccines, drugs, technical advances, and services related to TB. Therefore, priority needs to be given to overcoming these difficulties and discrepancies for a better future. On World TB Day 2023, SEAR Union, TB Alliance, the National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS) and Open Source Pharma Foundation (OSPF) gathered to discuss an important topic under the heading: "YES, WE HAVE THE POWER TO END TB!" With a commitment to putting the patient first and increasing their collective efforts, the organizations recognized that it is possible to make this goal a reality. The organizations involved in the discussion have declared their commitment to engaging in collaborative efforts to end TB globally. They advocate for strengthening access to TB services, controlling and preventing TB, improving surveillance and drug resistance management, and investing in research and development. Furthermore, they recognize the importance of reducing stigma and integrating patient voices in this endeavour. This Round Table serves as a framework to build on and ensure that the goal of ending TB is achievable.

Challenges in diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in elderly.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major infectious disease worldwide. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment reduces the transmission, morbidity and mortality in tuberculosis. Elderly (age >65 years) have many risk factors to develop tuberculosis. Recent survey in India showed incidence of TB higher in elderly. They may not have classical symptoms, clinical and radiological signs of TB which can lead to delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis. In addition, elderly have many comorbid and coexisting diseases which make diagnosis and treatment of TB challenging. Comorbidities, poor general health status and other medications may lead to increased drug adverse reactions and poor adherence to treatment in elderly. Hence special emphasis should be given to elderly for early diagnosis and treatment. Elderly with multiple comorbidities require individualized approach for better outcome.

Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in geriatric patients-A neglected and emerging problem.

The diseases caused by Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) has increased steadily in the last two decades. Increase in incidence of NTM infections are being reported in elderly people as they are more susceptible and often experiencing high morbidity. There is prediction that NTM infections will further rise because of expected increase in elderly population by 2050. Given the importance of NTM infection in the elderly, the interest in studying NTM characteristics in the aged population is increasing. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of NTM infection among elderly patients. We focus on epidemiology, clinical presentation, and treatment options of NTM in this age group. We highlight the differences in the diagnosis and treatment between rapid and slow growing mycobacterial infections. The current recommendations for treatment of NTM have been discussed. Finally, we have reviewed the prognosis of NTM disease in elderly patients.

Role of chest radiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis during nCovid19 pandemic.

Pulmonary tuberculosis and nCovid 19 share many common risk factors. nCovid19 may increase the risk to develop pulmonary tuberculosis. Pulmonary tuberculosis may precede, co-exist or follow nCovid19. Careful evaluation of chest radiography is useful to differentiate tuberculosis from nCovid19 bronchopneumonia. Symptoms of tuberculosis may be mistaken for long covid. A normal chest x ray in the absence of sputum production may help to rule out tuberculosis in such cases. All patients with nCovid19 bronchopneumonia should undergo a careful chest x ray evaluation for any lesions suggestive of tuberculosis. All patients with chest radiological abnormality should undergo sputum examination to rule tuberculosis as atypical radiological manifestations may be more common in patients with nCovid19. Symptoms, signs, clinical features and chest radiographic features of Pulmonary tuberculosis and nCovid19 bronchopneumonia may overlap in some cases. Correlation of chest radiographic findings with epidemiologic history, clinical presentation, and RT-PCR test results or in later stages antibody titres will help in confirming or excluding the diagnosis in suspected cases of nCovid19. In pulmonary tuberculosis definitive diagnosis should be established by bacteriological confirmation. Molecular diagnostic tools should be used to confirm or exclude tuberculosis in suspect cases as the results are rapid, accurate and reliable.

White paper on challenges and opportunities for TB elimination with focus on COVID & Post-COVID era developed through scientific roundtable resolutions at NATCON 2020.

A group of TB experts with vast clinical and epidemiological experience were drawn from a pool of doctors, epidemiologists and scientists participating in NATCON 2020 Conference in a closed-door session to discuss, highlight, and prioritize key resolutions that are most pertinent at present to eliminate TB from India and other developing countries in the Covid and post-COVID era. These Scientific experts were non-industry persons who met on 17th December, 2020 and used the prevailing scientific literature along with 2019 Joint Monitoring Mission document as a starting point of the discussion on this specific topic to build an agreement upon the resolutions. After the meeting on the virtual platform, all the attending doctors gave a set of recommendations on rebuilding TB Elimination programme in the Covid and Post-Covid era. Focused scientific roundtable discussion on rebuilding TB Elimination Post-Covid. Develop actionable recommendations for the scientific community and the government leadership to consider in moving forward. To prioritize the recommendations in the categories of Build-Prevent-Detect-Treat.

Tuberculosis and other chronic morbidity profile of sewage workers of Delhi.

BACKGROUND: Sewage management is hazardous due to chronic exposure to chemical gases, bioaerosols and micro-organisms through inhalation; accidental oral intake and penetration through skin or mucous membranes through injuries or breech in personal protective equipment. While there has been some research on isolated infections and multisystem symptom profiling of sewage workers, there is little research on the burden of chronic illnesses like Tuberculosis and Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs). METHODS: A cross sectional observational study was conducted on chronic comorbidity profile of sewage workers with more than five years of occupational experience and employed in three contiguous districts of NCT of Delhi. RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 104 sewage workers with mean age of 50.71 (±8.43) years, an average of 7.35 (±3.75) years of formal education and an average occupational exposure to sewage work of 21.28 (±10.54) years. 21.15% sewage workers had Tuberculosis and 92.31% had at least one of the chronic respiratory diseases (COPD, Asthma or ACOS). 85.6% of participants were smokers. The most common NCD was Hypertension (67.3%) followed by Dyslipidaemia (50%) and Diabetes Mellitus (43.3%). There was clustering of NCDs with 53.85% subjects having three or more chronic disorders. Less than 5% of study participants were free from all the investigated chronic diseases. CONCLUSION: The sewage workers have an adverse chronic morbidity profile for both Tuberculosis and NCDs. There is an urgent need for epidemiological research and targeted screening and public health intervention for Tuberculosis and other NCDs in sewage workers as an occupational group.

Tuberculosis - Depression syndemic: A public health challenge.

INTRODUCTION: Depression is common in Tuberculosis (TB) and associated with adverse outcomes through pathogenic mechanisms and impaired self-care behaviours including reduced treatment adherence. Undiagnosed depression can threaten the robustness of DOTS model despite large public health investment. The Depression-Tuberculosis Syndemic requires collaborative partnership with mental health professionals. AIM: To study the evidence base for Depression-Tuberculosis Syndemic. METHODOLOGY: A Pubmed and Google Scholar search was conducted using the key words "Depression", "Tuberculosis" and "Syndemic" and abstracts screened for appropriateness and relevance. RESULT: Depression-TB Syndemic is common with a bidirectional relationship. Depression is associated with higher hazard ratio and increased prevalence of TB. Depression is independently associated with higher morbidity, mortality, drug resistance, risk of TB reactivation and community TB transmission. The underlying biopsychosocial mechanism of Depression- Tuberculosis Syndemic includes biological factors like inflammatory cascade, HPA axis dysregulation and psychosocial factors like perceived stigma and treatment non-adherence. DISCUSSION: Depression is a poor prognostic factor in TB. The National Mental Health Programme (NMHP) and National Strategic Plan (NSP) for Tuberculosis Elimination (2017-2025) work in independent verticals with no integration at policy or at ground level. This results in lack of identification and appropriate management of depression in patients with Tuberculosis despite repeated contact with health care personnel in DOTS centres. A collaborative approach for early diagnosis and management of depression in patients with Tuberculosis (Secondary Prevention) can help decrease the burden of disease and improve outcomes. CONCLUSION: Depression-TB Syndemic requires collaborative approaches at the program level and at the point of service delivery.

Amplification of Hsp 65 gene and usage of restriction endonuclease for identification of non tuberculous rapid grower mycobacterium.

BACKGROUND: The rapid grower mycobacteria have emerged as significant group of human pathogen amongst the Runyon group IV organisms that are capable of causing infection in both the healthy and immunocompromised hosts. Study aimed to identification of species amongst rapid grower non tuberculous mycobacterial isolates by polymerase chain reaction - restriction enzyme analysis (PRA). Analysis and comparison of results with standard biochemical tests. METHODS: Rapid grower non tuberculous mycobacteria had been collected from liquid culture section during the study period. All isolates were identified by conventional biochemical tests. A 441bp fragment of hsp65 genes was amplified and digested by two restriction enzymes, BstEII and HaeIII. Digested products were analyzed using polyacrilamid gel electrophoresis (PAGE). RESULTS: During study, 121 rapid grower mycobacterial isolates were subjected for species identification. Isolates were obtained from pulmonary samples (72) and extrapulmonary samples (49). In the PRA test 8 different types of rapid grower mycobacteria were identified after analyzing the fragments generated through restriction enzymes. Mycobacterium chelonae (57/121) was the most common isolate in pulmonary and extrapulmonary samples. Mycobacterium fortuitum (42), Mycobacterium abscessus (11), Mycobacterium immunogen (06), Mycobacterium peregrinum (02), Mycobacterium smegmatis (01), Mycobacterium wolinskyi (01), Mycobacterium goodii (01) were identified as other species of rapid grower non tuberculous mycobacteria. CONCLUSION: PRA is a rapid and accurate system for the identification of species of non tuberculous mycobacteria. Results of PRA and biochemical tests are concordant up to 98%.

An analytical approach to evaluate the performance of graphene and carbon nanotubes for NH3 gas sensor applications.

Carbon, in its variety of allotropes, especially graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), holds great potential for applications in variety of sensors because of dangling π-bonds that can react with chemical elements. In spite of their excellent features, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene have not been fully exploited in the development of the nanoelectronic industry mainly because of poor understanding of the band structure of these allotropes. A mathematical model is proposed with a clear purpose to acquire an analytical understanding of the field-effect-transistor (FET) based gas detection mechanism. The conductance change in the CNT/graphene channel resulting from the chemical reaction between the gas and channel surface molecules is emphasized. NH3 has been used as the prototype gas to be detected by the nanosensor and the corresponding current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the FET-based sensor are studied. A graphene-based gas sensor model is also developed. The results from graphene and CNT models are compared with the experimental data. A satisfactory agreement, within the uncertainties of the experiments, is obtained. Graphene-based gas sensor exhibits higher conductivity compared to that of CNT-based counterpart for similar ambient conditions.

Virtual ICU and E-learning tools: Scope in critical care medicine in India.

Critical care medicine is an important tool for decreasing morbidity and mortality of patients. There is a need to develop effective web content for use of intensivists and related disciplinaries. Use of simulators and production of good quality videos and their uploading on national connectivity can add fillip to the "National Mission of Education" started by the Government of India.