Barriers and facilitators to implementing a multilevel, multicomponent intervention promoting colorectal cancer screening in health centers: a qualitative study of key informant perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be a major cause of death in the U.S. despite the availability of effective screening tools. U.S. Latinos have lower rates of CRC screening and higher rates of death due to colorectal disease compared to non-Hispanic whites. Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) serve medically underserved populations, including many Latino patients. Given the low CRC screening rates, identifying culturally sensitive and cost-effective methods of promoting screening is a priority for many FQHCs. METHODS: We interviewed FQHC leaders and providers using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to identify barriers and facilitators to implementation of a multilevel, multicomponent (ML-MC) CRC screening intervention (i.e., promotor navigation and group-based education) in FQHCs. A rapid qualitative analysis approach was used to identify themes organized according to the following CFIR constructs: intervention characteristics, outer and inner settings, and characteristics of the individual. RESULTS: We completed interviews with 13 healthcare professionals in leadership positions at six FQHCs. The participating FQHCs perceived the ML-MC screening CRC program as feasible and expressed interest in implementing the program at their sites. Facilitators included financial incentives for increasing screening rates, the need for patient education programming, and involving promotores to support the work of clinical teams. Barriers included concerns about available resources to implement new programs, lack of federal reimbursement for health education, competing priorities of other health concerns, and the need for more resources for confirmatory screening and treatment following a positive screen. CONCLUSIONS: FQHCs provide essential primary care to millions of underserved patients in the U.S. and have the ability and motivation to provide screenings for colorectal cancer. Partnering with an academic institution to deliver a group-based, promotor-led CRC screening intervention for patients not up to date with screening could help increase screening rates. By identifying the specific barriers and facilitators to implementing CRC intervention, findings suggest that group-based, promotor-led interventions are a promising approach.

A distinct neurogenomic response to a trade-off between social challenge and opportunity in male sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus).

Animals frequently make adaptive decisions about what to prioritize when faced with multiple, competing demands simultaneously. However, the proximate mechanisms of decision-making in the face of competing demands are not well understood. We explored this question using brain transcriptomics in a classic model system: threespined sticklebacks, where males face conflict between courtship and territorial defence. We characterized the behaviour and brain gene expression profiles of males confronted by a trade-off between courtship and territorial defence by comparing them to males not confronted by this trade-off. When faced with the trade-off, males behaviourally prioritized defence over courtship, and this decision was reflected in their brain gene expression profiles. A distinct set of genes and biological processes was recruited in the brain when males faced a trade-off and these responses were largely non-overlapping across two brain regions. Combined, these results raise new questions about the interplay between the neural and molecular mechanisms involved in decision-making.

Where and when adolescents are physically active: Neighborhood environment and psychosocial correlates and their interactions.

Female adolescents are less active than male peers in certain contexts including the neighborhood. Adolescents' physical activity can be explained by interactions between environmental and psychosocial factors, but few studies have tested such interactions in relation to context-specific behaviors. This study tested interactions between neighborhood environmental and psychosocial factors in relation to adolescents' context-specific physical activity. Data were collected in 2009-11 from 910 adolescents and a parent/guardian residing in the Baltimore/Seattle regions. Measures included adolescent-reported neighborhood leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and non-neighborhood LTPA, accelerometer-based non-school moderate-to vigorous-physical activity (MVPA), psychosocial factors, and objective and parent-perceived neighborhood environmental factors. Gender-stratified mixed effects linear models tested associations of 6 environmental and 4 psychosocial factors and their interactions in relation to each physical activity outcome. The psychosocial factors had consistent associations with the physical activity outcomes but the environmental correlates were context-specific. Decisional balance (weighing of pros and cons of physical activity) moderated the association between recreation facility density and neighborhood LTPA among females, with a negative association only among those with high decisional balance (pros outweighed cons). Decisional balance also moderated associations of neighborhood walkability with non-school MVPA among females and non-neighborhood LTPA among males, with positive associations only among those with high decisional balance. Results support context-specific ecological models of physical activity. Targeting environmental factors that may promote opportunities for physical activity in specific contexts as well as adolescent decision-making may help promote their physical activity in those contexts, potentially leading to increased overall physical activity.

Interactions between individual and perceived environmental factors on Latinas' physical activity.

Background: Latinas have disproportionately low levels of physical activity (PA) and the ecological correlates of their PA remain unclear. This study aims to test interactions between individual and environmental factors on Latinas' PA. Methods: We analyzed baseline data from 436 Latinas participating in a PA randomized controlled trial in San Diego, CA [Fe en Acción/Faith in Action]. Measures included demographics, perceived environment, PA and anthropometrics. Mixed effects models examined interactions between individual and environmental factors on self-reported leisure-time and transportation, and accelerometer-assessed PA. Results: Significant positive associations were found between neighborhood aesthetics and leisure-time moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and between having destinations within walking distance from home and transportation PA (P < 0.05). We found significant interactions of income with aesthetics and sidewalk maintenance as well as between weight status and safety from crime. Favorable aesthetics was related to more leisure-time MVPA only among lower income women (odds ratio (OR) = 1.57; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.18, 2.08); however, higher income women reporting better sidewalk maintenance reported more leisure-time MVPA (OR = 1.51; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.15). Higher perceived safety from crime was positively related to transportation PA only among overweight/obese women. Conclusions: Subgroup differences should be considered when developing interventions targeting the neighborhood environment to promote Latinas' PA.

Promoting cancer screening among churchgoing Latinas: Fe en Acción/faith in action.

Cancer screening rates among Latinas are generally low, reducing the likelihood of early cancer detection in this population. This article examines the effects of a community intervention (Fe en Acción/Faith in Action) led by community health workers (promotoras) on promoting breast, cervical and colorectal cancer screening among churchgoing Latinas. Sixteen churches were randomly assigned to a cancer screening or a physical activity intervention. We examined cancer knowledge, barriers to screening and self-reported mammography, clinical breast exam, Pap test, fecal occult blood test and sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy at baseline and 12 months follow-up. Participants were 436 adult Latinas, with 16 promotoras conducting a cancer screening intervention at 8 out of 16 churches. The cancer screening intervention had a significant positive impact on self-reported mammography (OR = 4.64, 95% CI: 2.00-10.75) and breast exams in the last year (OR= 2.82, 95% CI: 1.41-5.57) and corresponding reductions in perceived (87.6%) barriers to breast cancer screening (P < .008). Cervical and colorectal cancer screening did not improve with the intervention. These findings suggest Fe en Acción church-based promotoras had a significant impact on promoting breast cancer screening among Latinas. Colon cancer screening promotion, however, remains a challenge.

Evaluation of adipocytic changes after a simil-lipocryolysis stimulus.

Lipocryolysis is considered as an effective, well-tolerated non-invasive procedure to reduce local adiposities. However there is little information about its mechanism of action by the procedure. It is proposed that lipid phase transition or crystallization may be an unleashed apoptotic stimulus. Yet, the post-lipocryolysis apoptosis is not easily confirmed, least of all is its correlation with crystallization. In this study adipocytes from rat fat tissue were exposed to a lipocryolysis-session-like stimulus. Lipid changes were observed in all test sample.

Perceived Neighborhood Environmental Factors That Maximize the Effectiveness of a Multilevel Intervention Promoting Physical Activity Among Latinas.

PURPOSE: This study tested whether a multilevel physical activity (PA) intervention had differential effects on PA according to participants' perceptions of their neighborhood environment. DESIGN: Two-group cluster randomized controlled trial. SETTING: San Diego, California. SUBJECTS: Analytical sample included 319 Latinas (18-65 years) from churches randomized to the following conditions: PA (n = 8 churches, n = 157 participants) or attention control (n = 8 churches, n = 162 participants). INTERVENTION: Over 12 months, PA participants were offered free PA classes (6/wk), while attention control participants were offered cancer prevention workshops. MEASURES: Baseline and 12-month follow-up measures included self-report and accelerometer-based moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sociodemographics, and perceived neighborhood environment variables. ANALYSIS: Mixed-effects models examined each PA outcome at 12-month follow-up, adjusted for church clustering, baseline PA, and sociodemographics. We tested interactions between 7 baseline perceived environment variables and study condition. RESULTS: Neighborhood esthetics was the only significant moderator of intervention effects on accelerometer-based MVPA and self-report leisure-time MVPA. Participants in the PA intervention had significantly higher PA at follow-up than attention control participants, only when participants evaluated their neighborhood esthetics favorably. CONCLUSION: Perceived neighborhood esthetics appeared to maximize the effectiveness of a multilevel PA intervention among Latinas. For sustainable PA behavior change, the environments in which Latinas are encouraged to be active may need to be evaluated prior to implementing an intervention to ensure they support active lifestyles.

Socio-demographic Moderators of Associations Between Psychological Factors and Latinas' Breast Cancer Screening Behaviors.

This study tested whether socio-demographic factors moderated associations between psychological factors and Latinas' breast cancer screening behaviors. 222 churchgoing Latinas (40-65 years) in San Diego, CA completed surveys assessing socio-demographics (e.g., income and acculturation), psychological factors (e.g., perceived barriers to screening), and cancer screening behaviors. Multilevel models examined associations of socio-demographic and psychological factors (and their interactions) with adherence to annual mammography or clinical breast exam (CBE) screening. Although no main effects were found, there were moderation effects. Acculturation moderated associations between perceived barriers to screening and both screening outcomes, with inverse associations only among the high-acculturation group. Education moderated the relationship between perceived barriers to screening and CBE screening, with an inverse association only among the low-education group. Marital status moderated the relationship between depressive symptoms and CBE screening, with an inverse association only among single/non-partnered participants. Interventions are needed targeting psychological barriers to breast cancer screening among Latinas.

Council of Europe Black Sea Area Project: International Cooperation for the Development of Activities Related to Donation and Transplantation of Organs in the Region.

BACKGROUND: In 2011, the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Healthcare of the Council of Europe launched a 3-year collaborative project to address the organ shortage and improve access to transplant health services in Council of Europe member states in the Black Sea area (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Moldova, Romania, Turkey, Ukraine, and the Russian Federation) through the development of safe and ethical donation and transplantation programs. OBJECTIVE: Support the development of donation and transplantation programs through close interstate cooperation between national health organizations and relevant stakeholders. METHODOLOGY: Several work packages (WP) were established: WP1, project coordination (European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Healthcare); WP2, development and implementation of an effective legislative and financial framework (Czech Republic and France); WP3, establishment of National Transplant Authorities (Italy and Portugal); and WP4, clinical practices (DTI Foundation). Data collection, surveys, and expert visits allowed for the collection of first-hand information from each participant country at national, regional, and hospital levels. RESULTS: Data analysis showed the positive impact of the project represented by a tendency to increase the total donation rates (per million people) in the participant countries (2011 vs 2013): Azerbaijan, +7.3; Armenia, -0.7; Georgia, +3.3; Bulgaria, +0.9; Moldova, +2.5; Ukraine:, +0.8; Romania, +2.3; and Turkey, +2.7. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in total donation rates are the result of a number of initiatives in the Black Sea area, including the stepwise implementation of legislative, organizational and institutional country-specific recommendations tailored by the CoE, efforts of the respective Ministries of Health in each country and synergism with other European projects in the region. These countries should invest further in implementing the recommendations that emerged from this project to improve their organ donation and transplantation programs and progress toward self-sufficiency.

Spermatic cord liposarcoma: a diagnostic challenge.

Spermatic cord liposarcoma (SCL) is a rare medical condition; to our knowledge there have been fewer than 100 cases reported in the literature worldwide. As a group, para-testicular tumors are relatively uncommon, and they must be differentiated from tumors of testicular origin with extension to the spermatic cord and its elements. SCL should be suspected in patients experiencing recurrent hernias of the inguinal region. Herein we present two cases of SCL recently diagnosed at our hospital. In both instances, the preoperative diagnosis was inguinal hernia.

Does the social environment moderate associations of the built environment with Latinas' objectively-measured neighborhood outdoor physical activity?

Favorable perceptions of the built and social neighborhood environment may promote outdoor physical activity (PA). However, little is known about their independent and interactive effects on neighborhood-specific outdoor PA. We examined associations of perceived built and social neighborhood environment factors, and their interactions, with objectively-measured neighborhood outdoor moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among a sample of Latina women in San Diego, CA. Analyses included baseline data collected in 2011-2013 from 86 Latinas with ≥ 2 days of combined accelerometer and global positioning system data and complete survey measures. We examined objective neighborhood outdoor MVPA within 500-meter home buffers. Generalized linear mixed models examined associations of 3 perceived built (e.g., sidewalk maintenance) and 3 social environmental (e.g., safety from crime) factors with engaging in any daily neighborhood outdoor MVPA. Models tested interactions between the built and social environmental factors. Although the perceived neighborhood environmental factors were not significantly related to daily neighborhood outdoor MVPA, we found 2 significant interactions: perceived sidewalk maintenance x safety from crime (p = 0.05) and neighborhood aesthetics x neighborhood social cohesion (p = 0.03). Sidewalk maintenance was positively related to daily neighborhood outdoor MVPA only among Latinas that reported low levels of safety from crime. Neighborhood aesthetics was positively related to daily neighborhood outdoor MVPA only among Latinas with high neighborhood social cohesion. Findings suggest several built and social environmental factors interact to influence Latinas' neighborhood outdoor MVPA. Interventions are needed targeting both built and social neighborhood environmental factors favorable to outdoor PA in the neighborhood.

Successful Example of How to Implement and Develop a Deceased Organ Donation System in the Caribbean Region: Five-Year Experience of the SEUSA Program in Trinidad and Tobago.

BACKGROUND: The SEUSA program, the Donation and Transplantation Institute foundation consultancy program, was implemented in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) in 2010 with the support of the National Organ Transplant Unit (NOTU) and the Ministry of Health of T&T. METHODS: The SEUSA program included (1) diagnosis of the current situation using the ODDS (Organ Donation Diagnostic Surveys); (2) creation of a human resources structure through Transplant Procurement Management (TPM); (3) detection of all brain and cardiac deaths in the hospitals implementing the DAS (Decease Alert System); (4) in-hospital awareness based on the EODS (Essentials in Organ Donation); and (5) external hospital audits. Additionally continued monitoring is performed. RESULTS: Thus far, thanks to implementation of the SEUSA program in Trinidad and Tobago 175, healthcare professionals have been exposed to training programs in the organ donation field. The Living Kidney Program was reinforced and the structure of the Deceased Donation (DD) network was defined. Since 2010, 485 potential organ donors have been detected, and 9 have become actual organ donors; 74 patients have received a kidney transplant (59 from living and 15 from deceased donors). CONCLUSIONS: This project results demonstrate that the application of the SEUSA program is an efficient methodology to develop DD programs that increase and consolidate transplant programs in the Caribbean region.

[Multiple intestinal perforation in Crohn's disease]. / Perforación intestinal múltiple en enfermedad de Crohn.

Free perforation of the small bowel in Crohn's disease is a rare event. The reported incidence is between 1 to 2 per cent, and only in 25 per cent of the cases it appears as the first manifestation of the disease. A case is reported, which we consider is unique, due to the fact that within one year there had been three independent episodes of perforation as her first manifestation of the disease.

International Registry in Organ Donation and Transplantation 2010.

The International Registry in Organ Donation and Transplantation (IRODaT) seeks to support the transplant community by providing up-to-date data on organ donation and transplantation worldwide at three different levels: national, regional, and Hospital. The database provides up-to-date information provided by a network of professionals directly involved in the various stages of the donation and transplantation process. All collected data are made public online, so professionals can use them as descriptive and epidemiological references. The registry provides numbers on donors after brain death, donors after cardiac death, and living donors, as well as on specific organ transplantation activities related to the three types of organ donation. A subregistry on tissue and cell donation has been made available as well. All numbers are continuously checked, updated, and validated and, when needed, responsible representatives are contacted for the required statistics. Data on organ donation and transplantation from 2009 and 2010 have been collected from 63 countries. The information reveals a remarkable increase in the donation rate in some countries such as Croatia, Italy, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Australia, Luxemburg, Poland, Brazil, Singapore, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Romania, Bulgaria, Mexico, Russia, and Argentina. IRODaT provides data concerning the organ donation and transplantation activities for the general public and professionals around the world. National and comparative statistics generated on an international basis can be provided that is of extreme value to scientific programs and social and governmental bodies because they can support different initiatives of current practices in organ and tissue donation in any country or region of the world.

PON1Q192R genetic polymorphism modifies organophosphorous pesticide effects on semen quality and DNA integrity in agricultural workers from southern Mexico.

Pesticide exposure, including organophosphorous (OP) insecticides, has been associated with poor semen quality, and paraoxonase (PON1), an enzyme involved in OP deactivation, may have a role on their susceptibility, due to PON1 polymorphisms. Our objective was to evaluate the role of PON1Q192R polymorphism on the susceptibility to OP toxicity on semen quality and DNA integrity in agricultural workers. A cross-sectional study was conducted in farmers with Mayan ascendancy from southeastern Mexico chronically exposed to pesticides; mostly OP. Fifty four agricultural workers (18-55 years old) were included, who provided semen and blood samples. Semen quality was evaluated according to WHO, sperm DNA damage by in situ-nick translation (NT-positive cells), PON1Q192R polymorphism by real-time PCR and serum PON1 activity by using phenylacetate and paraoxon. Two OP exposure indexes were created: at the month of sampling and during 3 months before sampling, representing the exposure to spermatids-spermatozoa and to cells at one spermatogenic cycle, respectively. PON1 192R and 192Q allele frequencies were 0.54 and 0.46, respectively. Significant associations were found between OP exposure at the month of sampling and NT-positive cells and sperm viability in homozygote 192RR subjects, and dose-effect relationships were observed between OP exposure during 3 months before sampling and sperm quality parameters and NT-positive cells in homozygote 192RR farmers. This suggests that cells at all stages of spermatogenesis are target of OP, and that there exists an interaction between OP exposure and PON1Q192R polymorphism on these effects; farmers featuring the 192RR genotype were more susceptible to develop reproductive toxic effects by OP exposure.

How do residents prioritize smoking cessation for young "high-risk" women? Factors associated with addressing smoking cessation.

BACKGROUND: Sixty-seven percent of physicians report advising their smoking patients to quit. Primary care residents' priorities for preventive health for a young "high-risk" female are unknown. Factors related to residents addressing smoking also need examining. METHODS: One hundred residents completed a survey about preventive health issues for a woman in her 20s "who leads a high-risk lifestyle." Residents indicated which topics they would address, and the likelihood that they would address each of 12 relevant preventive health topics, their outcome expectancies that the patient would follow their advice on each topic, their confidence that they could address the topic, and perceived barriers for addressing the topic. RESULTS: Residents listed STD prevention most frequently. Drug use and smoking cessation were second and third most frequently listed. Residents who believed that the patient would follow their advice were more likely to list smoking cessation than residents who had lower outcome expectancies for that patient. Higher barriers were negatively related to addressing smoking cessation. CONCLUSIONS: When time is not a barrier, residents are likely to address smoking cessation. Teaching residents how to incorporate this subject into their clinical practice is needed. Raising residents' outcome expectancies may increase their likelihood of addressing smoking cessation.

Sexual and drug-use risk factors for HIV and STDs: a comparison of women with and without bisexual experiences.

OBJECTIVES: This study was done to compare risk factors for HIV/STDs in women who reported having had sex with both men and women and women who reported having had sex with men only. METHODS: Female participants in a multisite, randomized HIV/STD prevention study in the Seattle area reported both having had sex with a man in the 3 months before and having at least 1 risk factor for HIV/STDs during the year before the study. Of these women, 38% who reported ever having had sex with a woman were compared with those who reported having had sex with men only. RESULTS: Women who had had sex with both men and women were more likely than women who had had sex with men only to report drug use in the 3 months before the study, a greater lifetime number of male partners, a sex partner who had had sex with a prostitute, an earlier age at sexual debut, and forced sexual contact (P < .01 for all comparisons). Women who had had sex with both men and women had a mean of 3.2 of these 5 risk factors, vs 2.1 among women who had had sex with men only (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Women who had had sex with both men and women were more likely than women who had had sex with men only to engage in multiple risk behaviors. Health workers should be aware of bisexual experience among women, since this may be a marker for multiple risk behaviors for HIV/STDs.