A comparative study of CNN-capsule-net, CNN-transformer encoder, and Traditional machine learning algorithms to classify epileptic seizure.

INTRODUCTION: Epilepsy is a disease characterized by an excessive discharge in neurons generally provoked without any external stimulus, known as convulsions. About 2 million people are diagnosed each year in the world. This process is carried out by a neurological doctor using an electroencephalogram (EEG), which is lengthy. METHOD: To optimize these processes and make them more efficient, we have resorted to innovative artificial intelligence methods essential in classifying EEG signals. For this, comparing traditional models, such as machine learning or deep learning, with cutting-edge models, in this case, using Capsule-Net architectures and Transformer Encoder, has a crucial role in finding the most accurate model and helping the doctor to have a faster diagnosis. RESULT: In this paper, a comparison was made between different models for binary and multiclass classification of the epileptic seizure detection database, achieving a binary accuracy of 99.92% with the Capsule-Net model and a multiclass accuracy with the Transformer Encoder model of 87.30%. CONCLUSION: Artificial intelligence is essential in diagnosing pathology. The comparison between models is helpful as it helps to discard those that are not efficient. State-of-the-art models overshadow conventional models, but data processing also plays an essential role in evaluating the higher accuracy of the models.

Machine learning applications on intratumoral heterogeneity in glioblastoma using single-cell RNA sequencing data.

Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing all fields that affect people's lives and health. One of the most critical applications is in the study of tumors. It is the case of glioblastoma (GBM) that has behaviors that need to be understood to develop effective therapies. Due to advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), it is possible to understand the cellular and molecular heterogeneity in the GBM. Given that there are different cell groups in these tumors, there is a need to apply Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. It will allow extracting information to understand how cancer changes and broaden the search for effective treatments. We proposed multiple comparisons of ML algorithms to classify cell groups based on the GBM scRNA-seq data. This broad comparison spectrum can show the scientific-medical community which models can achieve the best performance in this task. In this work are classified the following cell groups: Tumor Core (TC), Tumor Periphery (TP) and Normal Periphery (NP), in binary and multi-class scenarios. This work presents the biomarker candidates found for the models with the best results. The analyses presented here allow us to verify the biomarker candidates to understand the genetic characteristics of GBM, which may be affected by a suitable identification of GBM heterogeneity. This work obtained for the four scenarios covered cross-validation results of $93.03\% \pm 5.37\%$, $97.42\% \pm 3.94\%$, $98.27\% \pm 1.81\%$ and $93.04\% \pm 6.88\%$ for the classification of TP versus TC, TP versus NP, NP versus TP and TC (TPC) and NP versus TP versus TC, respectively.

Requests classification in the customer service area for software companies using machine learning and natural language processing.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the components recognized for its potential to transform the way we live today radically. It makes it possible for machines to learn from experience, adjust to new contributions and perform tasks like human beings. The business field is the focus of this research. This article proposes implementing an incident classification model using machine learning (ML) and natural language processing (NLP). The application is for the technical support area in a software development company that currently resolves customer requests manually. Through ML and NLP techniques applied to company data, it is possible to know the category of a request given by the client. It increases customer satisfaction by reviewing historical records to analyze their behavior and correctly provide the expected solution to the incidents presented. Also, this practice would reduce the cost and time spent on relationship management with the potential consumer. This work evaluates different Machine Learning models, such as support vector machine (SVM), Extra Trees, and Random Forest. The SVM algorithm demonstrates the highest accuracy of 98.97% with class balance, hyper-parameter optimization, and pre-processing techniques.

Cov-caldas: A new COVID-19 chest X-Ray dataset from state of Caldas-Colombia.

The emergence of COVID-19 as a global pandemic forced researchers worldwide in various disciplines to investigate and propose efficient strategies and/or technologies to prevent COVID-19 from further spreading. One of the main challenges to be overcome is the fast and efficient detection of COVID-19 using deep learning approaches and medical images such as Chest Computed Tomography (CT) and Chest X-ray images. In order to contribute to this challenge, a new dataset was collected in collaboration with "S.E.S Hospital Universitario de Caldas" ( https://hospitaldecaldas.com/ ) from Colombia and organized following the Medical Imaging Data Structure (MIDS) format. The dataset contains 7,307 chest X-ray images divided into 3,077 and 4,230 COVID-19 positive and negative images. Images were subjected to a selection and anonymization process to allow the scientific community to use them freely. Finally, different convolutional neural networks were used to perform technical validation. This dataset contributes to the scientific community by tackling significant limitations regarding data quality and availability for the detection of COVID-19.

Strategy to improve the accuracy of convolutional neural network architectures applied to digital image steganalysis in the spatial domain.

In recent years, Deep Learning techniques applied to steganalysis have surpassed the traditional two-stage approach by unifying feature extraction and classification in a single model, the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Several CNN architectures have been proposed to solve this task, improving steganographic images' detection accuracy, but it is unclear which computational elements are relevant. Here we present a strategy to improve accuracy, convergence, and stability during training. The strategy involves a preprocessing stage with Spatial Rich Models filters, Spatial Dropout, Absolute Value layer, and Batch Normalization. Using the strategy improves the performance of three steganalysis CNNs and two image classification CNNs by enhancing the accuracy from 2% up to 10% while reducing the training time to less than 6 h and improving the networks' stability.

Machine learning applications to predict two-phase flow patterns.

Recent advances in artificial intelligence with traditional machine learning algorithms and deep learning architectures solve complex classification problems. This work presents the performance of different artificial intelligence models to classify two-phase flow patterns, showing the best alternatives for this specific classification problem using two-phase flow regimes (liquid and gas) in pipes. Flow patterns are affected by physical variables such as superficial velocity, viscosity, density, and superficial tension. They also depend on the construction characteristics of the pipe, such as the angle of inclination and the diameter. We selected 12 databases (9,029 samples) to train and test machine learning models, considering these variables that influence the flow patterns. The primary dataset is Shoham (1982), containing 5,675 samples with six different flow patterns. An extensive set of metrics validated the results obtained. The most relevant characteristics for training the models using Shoham (1982) dataset are gas and liquid superficial velocities, angle of inclination, and diameter. Regarding the algorithms, the Extra Trees model classifies the flow patterns with the highest degree of fidelity, achieving an accuracy of 98.8%.

Sensitivity of deep learning applied to spatial image steganalysis.

In recent years, the traditional approach to spatial image steganalysis has shifted to deep learning (DL) techniques, which have improved the detection accuracy while combining feature extraction and classification in a single model, usually a convolutional neural network (CNN). The main contribution from researchers in this area is new architectures that further improve detection accuracy. Nevertheless, the preprocessing and partition of the database influence the overall performance of the CNN. This paper presents the results achieved by novel steganalysis networks (Xu-Net, Ye-Net, Yedroudj-Net, SR-Net, Zhu-Net, and GBRAS-Net) using different combinations of image and filter normalization ranges, various database splits, different activation functions for the preprocessing stage, as well as an analysis on the activation maps and how to report accuracy. These results demonstrate how sensible steganalysis systems are to changes in any stage of the process, and how important it is for researchers in this field to register and report their work thoroughly. We also propose a set of recommendations for the design of experiments in steganalysis with DL.

COVID-19 detection in X-ray images using convolutional neural networks.

COVID-19 global pandemic affects health care and lifestyle worldwide, and its early detection is critical to control cases' spreading and mortality. The actual leader diagnosis test is the Reverse transcription Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), result times and cost of these tests are high, so other fast and accessible diagnostic tools are needed. Inspired by recent research that correlates the presence of COVID-19 to findings in Chest X-ray images, this papers' approach uses existing deep learning models (VGG19 and U-Net) to process these images and classify them as positive or negative for COVID-19. The proposed system involves a preprocessing stage with lung segmentation, removing the surroundings which does not offer relevant information for the task and may produce biased results; after this initial stage comes the classification model trained under the transfer learning scheme; and finally, results analysis and interpretation via heat maps visualization. The best models achieved a detection accuracy of COVID-19 around 97%.