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1.
Cancer Causes Control ; 34(9): 769-776, 2023 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37221355

RESUMO

PURPOSE: To investigate the relation between a diabetes risk reduction diet (DRRD) and ovarian cancer. METHODS: We used data from a multicentric case-control study conducted in Italy, including 1031 incident ovarian cancer cases and 2411 controls admitted to hospital centres for acute non-malignant disease. Subjects' diet prior to hospital admission was collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Adherence to the DRRD was measured using a score based on 8 dietary components, giving higher scores for greater intakes of cereal fiber, coffee, fruit, nuts, higher polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio, lower glycemic index of diet, and lower intakes of red/processed meat, and sweetened beverages/and fruit juices. Higher scores indicated greater adherence to the DRRD. Multiple logistic regression models were fitted to calculate the odds ratios (OR) of ovarian cancer and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for approximate quartiles of the DRRD score. RESULTS: The DRRD score was inversely related to ovarian cancer, with an OR of 0.76 (95%CI: 0.60-0.95) for the highest versus the lowest quartile of the score (p for trend = 0.022). The exclusion of women with diabetes did not change the results (OR = 0.75, 95%CI: 0.59-0.95). Inverse associations were observed in strata of age, education, parity, menopausal status, and family history of ovarian/breast cancer. CONCLUSION: Higher adherence to a diet aimed at reducing the risk of diabetes was inversely associated with ovarian cancer. Further evidence from prospective investigations will be useful to support our findings.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus , Neoplasias Ovarianas , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Dieta , Neoplasias Ovarianas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/prevenção & controle , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Fatores de Risco
2.
Br J Cancer ; 122(6): 745-748, 2020 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31929514

RESUMO

High dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) may increase cancer risk. However, limited information was available on GI and/or GL and head and neck cancer (HNC) risk. We conducted a pooled analysis on 8 case-control studies (4081 HNC cases; 7407 controls) from the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology (INHANCE) consortium. We estimated the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of HNC, and its subsites, from fixed- or mixed-effects logistic models including centre-specific quartiles of GI or GL. GI, but not GL, had a weak positive association with HNC (ORQ4 vs. Q1 = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.02-1.31). In subsites, we found a positive association between GI and laryngeal cancer (ORQ4 vs. Q1 = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.30-1.96) and an inverse association between GL and oropharyngeal cancer (ORQ4 vs. Q1 = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.63-0.97). This pooled analysis indicates a modest positive association between GI and HNC, mainly driven by laryngeal cancer.


Assuntos
Índice Glicêmico/fisiologia , Carga Glicêmica/fisiologia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/diagnóstico , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/sangue , Humanos , Masculino , Inquéritos e Questionários
4.
BMC Cancer ; 17(1): 69, 2017 01 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28114909

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Mechanisms influencing breast cancer (BC) development and recurrence include hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, high insulin-like growth factor-1, high circulating estrogen, inflammation and impaired cellular differentiation/apoptosis. A lifestyle program that targets all the above mechanisms may be warranted. Low glycemic index (GI) foods produce lower post-prandial glucose and insulin responses and have been associated with lower BC risk. Moderate physical activity post-diagnosis reduces BC recurrence and mortality, partly explained by reduced insulin and estrogen levels. Vitamin D increases cell differentiation/apoptosis and high serum vitamin D levels improve BC survival. Yet no trial has evaluated the combined effect of a low GI diet, moderate physical activity and vitamin D supplementation on BC recurrence in the context of a Mediterranean lifestyle setting. METHODS: Women (30-74 yr) who had undergone surgery for primary histologically confirmed BC (stages I-III) within the previous 12 months, in cancer centres in Italy, will be randomized to follow, for a maximum of 33 months, either a high intensity treatment (HIT) composed of low GI diet + exercise + vitamin D (60 ng/mL serum concentration) or a lower intensity treatment (LITE) with general advice to follow a healthy diet and exercise pattern + vitamin D to avoid insufficiency. Both interventions are on a background of a Mediterranean diet. Considering a 20% recurrence rate within 3 years for BC cases and a predicted rate of 10% in the HIT group, with power of 80% and two-sided alpha of 0.05, the subject number required will be 506 (n = 253 in each arm). Clinic visits will be scheduled every 3 months. Dietary and exercise counselling and vitamin D supplements will be given at each clinic visit when blood samples, anthropometric measures and 7-day food records will be collected. DISCUSSION: DEDiCa study aims to reduce BC recurrence in women with BC using a lifestyle approach with additional vitamin D and to investigate possible cardio-metabolic benefits as well as epigenetic modifications according to lifestyle changes. Given the supporting evidence and safety of the components of our intervention we believe it is feasible and urgent to test it in cancer patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: May 11, 2016; NCT02786875 . EUDRACT NUMBER: 2015-005147-14.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/dietoterapia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/prevenção & controle , Adulto , Idoso , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Dieta Mediterrânea , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Terapia por Exercício , Feminino , Índice Glicêmico , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Seleção de Pacientes , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Projetos de Pesquisa , Fatores de Risco , Resultado do Tratamento
5.
Br J Nutr ; 118(9): 722-729, 2017 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28990544

RESUMO

Carbohydrate foods with high glycaemic index (GI) and load (GL) may negatively influence cancer risk. We studied the association of dietary carbohydrates, GI, GL, intake of bread and pasta with risk of bladder cancer using data from an Italian case-control study. The study included 578 men and women with histologically confirmed bladder cancer and 608 controls admitted to the same hospitals as cases for acute, non-neoplastic conditions. OR were estimated by logistic regression models after allowance for relevant confounding factors. OR of bladder cancer for the highest v. the lowest quantile of intake were 1·52 (95 % CI 0·85, 2·69) for available carbohydrates, 1·18 (95 % CI 0·83, 1·67) for GI, 1·96 (95 % CI 1·16, 3·31, P trend<0·01) for GL, 1·58 (95 % CI 1·09, 2·29, P trend=0·03) for pasta and 1·92 (95 % CI 1·28, 2·86, P trend<0·01) for bread. OR for regular consumption of legumes and whole-grain products were 0·78 (95 % CI 0·60, 1·00) and 0·82 (95 % CI 0·63, 1·08), respectively. No heterogeneity in risks emerged across strata of sex. This case-control study showed that bladder cancer risk was directly associated with high dietary GL and with consumption of high quantity of refined carbohydrate foods, particularly bread. These associations were apparently stronger in subjects with low vegetable consumption.


Assuntos
Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Carboidratos da Dieta/efeitos adversos , Índice Glicêmico , Carga Glicêmica , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Dieta , Escolaridade , Feminino , Manipulação de Alimentos , Humanos , Incidência , Itália/epidemiologia , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Região do Mediterrâneo/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/etiologia
6.
Nutr J ; 15: 13, 2016 Jan 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26818604

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Pulses are low glycemic index (GI) foods and have been associated with reduced risk of heart disease, diabetes and some cancers. However the blood glucose and insulin responses of hummus, a food containing chickpea, have not been thoroughly tested. METHODS: Ten healthy subjects each consumed 11 breakfast study meals in randomized order over a period of 15 weeks. Hummus was consumed alone at three doses (2.7 g, 10.8 g and 25 g available carbohydrate [avCHO] portions) and with 50 g avCHO from white bread at three doses (2.7 g, 5.4 g and 10.8 g avCHO portions). The responses elicited by hummus alone were compared with 25 g avCHO portions of white bread, while those after hummus plus white bread were compared with 50 g avCHO from white bread. Plasma glucose and serum insulin responses were monitored over two hours and the GI and insulin index (II) calculated using standard methodology. RESULTS: The GI and II of hummus were 15 ± 3 and 52 ± 13, respectively, and were significantly lower than white bread (P < 0.05). The glucose and insulin incremental area under the curve (IAUC) for hummus alone were significantly lower than white bread except for insulin IAUC of hummus 25 g avCHO. The peak rise of blood glucose and insulin after hummus were significantly lower than after white bread. Glucose and insulin IAUC after adding hummus to bread did not differ significantly from white bread alone. However the blood glucose 45 min after adding 25 g avCHO from hummus to white bread was significantly lower while at 120 min it was significantly higher than after white bread alone. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that, similar to chickpeas, hummus has a very low GI and II. Postprandial glucose responses were 4 times less than that of white bread and did not compromise insulin levels.


Assuntos
Glicemia/metabolismo , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Insulina/sangue , Período Pós-Prandial , Adolescente , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos Cross-Over , Feminino , Índice Glicêmico , Humanos , Masculino , Refeições , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem
7.
Curr Atheroscler Rep ; 16(1): 381, 2014 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24271882

RESUMO

A number of meta-analyses of cohort studies have assessed the impact of glycemic load (GL) and glycemic index (GI) on cardiovascular outcomes. The picture that emerges is that for women, a significant association appears to exist between the consumption of high GL/GI diets and increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. This association appears to be stronger in those with greater adiposity and possibly in those with diabetes, although these findings are not uniform. There is also an indication that raised CRP levels may be reduced, which has special implications for women whose CRP levels, as an emerging CVD risk factor, may be higher than men. For men, the situation is not as clear-cut. Although some studies show association, the meta-analyses have not demonstrated a significant direct association with CVD, despite current evidence that risk factors, including LDL-C, may be reduced on low-GI diets. Moreover, in a recent meta-analysis, increases in dietary GL have been associated with increased risk of diabetes, another CVD risk factor, in both men and women. Studies in men expressing relative risk of CVD in relation to GL and GI, with corresponding confidence intervals, are needed to provide the necessary power for future meta-analyses on this topic.


Assuntos
Glicemia/fisiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Índice Glicêmico/fisiologia , Animais , Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais
8.
Br J Nutr ; 112(7): 1137-46, 2014 Oct 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25138064

RESUMO

Consumption of almonds has been shown to be associated with a decreased risk of CHD, which may be related to their fatty acid (FA) composition. However, the effect of almond consumption on the serum FA composition is not known. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether almond consumption would alter the serum FA profile and risk of CHD, as calculated using Framingham's 10-year risk score, in a dose-dependent manner in hyperlipidaemic individuals when compared with a higher-carbohydrate control group using dietary interventions incorporating almonds. A total of twenty-seven hyperlipidaemic individuals consumed three isoenergetic (mean 1770 kJ/d) supplements during three 1-month dietary phases: (1) full-dose almonds (50-100 g/d); (2) half-dose almonds with half-dose muffins; (3) full-dose muffins. Fasting blood samples were obtained at weeks 0 and 4 for the determination of FA concentrations. Almond intake (g/d) was found to be inversely associated with the estimated Framingham 10-year CHD risk score (P= 0·026). In both the half-dose and full-dose almond groups, the proportions of oleic acid (OA) and MUFA in the TAG fraction (half-almond: OA P= 0·003; MUFA P= 0·004; full-almond: OA P< 0·001; MUFA P< 0·001) and in the NEFA fraction (half-almond: OA P= 0·01; MUFA P= 0·04; full-almond: OA P= 0·12; MUFA P= 0·06) increased. The estimated Framingham 10-year CHD risk score was inversely associated with the percentage change of OA (P= 0·011) and MUFA (P= 0·016) content in the TAG fraction. The proportions of MUFA in the TAG and NEFA fractions were positively associated with changes in HDL-cholesterol concentrations. Similarly, the estimated Framingham 10-year CHD risk score was inversely associated with the percentage change of OA (P= 0·069) and MUFA content in the NEFA fraction (P= 0·009). In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that almond consumption increases OA and MUFA content in serum TAG and NEFA fractions, which are inversely associated with CHD lipid risk factors and overall estimated 10-year CHD risk.


Assuntos
Dieta , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Nozes , Prunus , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , Doença das Coronárias/sangue , Doença das Coronárias/prevenção & controle , Estudos Cross-Over , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ácidos Graxos/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/sangue , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperlipidemias/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nozes/química , Ácido Oleico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Oleico/sangue , Prunus/química , Fatores de Risco , Triglicerídeos/sangue
9.
Eur J Cancer Prev ; 2024 May 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38837201

RESUMO

Several case-control, cohort studies, and meta-analyses found a moderate association between ultraprocessed food consumption and the risk of colorectal and a few other cancers. The evidence is, however, not consistent. A reason for such inconsistence is that the NOVA classification of ultraprocessed foods may include unfavorable but also favorable dietary components, and it may vary across different populations.

10.
Eur J Clin Nutr ; 78(5): 391-400, 2024 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38321187

RESUMO

Evidence on the relationship between legume consumption and risk of specific cancer sites is inconclusive. We used data from a series of case-controls studies, conducted in Italy and in the Swiss Canton of Vaud between 1991 and 2009 to quantify the association between legume consumption and several cancer sites including oral cavity, esophagus, larynx, stomach, colorectum, breast, endometrium, ovary, prostate and kidney. Multiple logistic regression models controlled for sex, age, education, smoking, alcohol, body mass index, physical activity, comorbidities, and consumption of fruit, vegetables, processed meat and total calorie intake were used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) for different cancer sites and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals(CI). For female hormone-related cancers, the models also included adjustments for age at menarche, menopausal status and parity. Although most of the estimates were below unity, suggesting a protective effect, only colorectal cancer showed a significant association. Compared to no consumption, the OR for consuming at least one portion of legumes was 0.79 (95% CI: 0.68-0.91), the OR for consuming two or more portions was 0.68 (95% CI: 0.57-0.82) and the estimate for an increment of one portion per week was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.81-0.93). The inverse association between legume consumption and colorectal cancer suggests a possible role of legumes in preventing cancer risk.


Assuntos
Dieta , Fabaceae , Neoplasias , Humanos , Feminino , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Itália/epidemiologia , Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/etiologia , Neoplasias/prevenção & controle , Fatores de Risco , Idoso , Adulto , Suíça/epidemiologia , Modelos Logísticos , Razão de Chances , Neoplasias Colorretais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/etiologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/prevenção & controle
11.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev ; 33(5): 731-738, 2024 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38451185

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Diabetes has been associated with colorectal cancer. We evaluated whether adherence to a diabetes risk reduction diet (DRRD) can favorably influence the risk of colorectal cancer. METHODS: Data came from a multicentric Italian case-control study including 1,953 histologically confirmed colorectal cancer cases and 4,154 hospital controls admitted for acute nonneoplastic diseases. Diet was assessed through a validated and reproducible food frequency questionnaire. The DRRD score was computed assigning higher values for higher consumption of cereal fiber, fruit, coffee, nuts and a higher polyunsaturated/saturated fats ratio and for lower glycemic index and lower consumption of red/processed meat and sweetened beverages and fruit juices. The ORs and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) of colorectal cancer according to the DRRD score were obtained using logistic regression models adjusting for total energy intake and other major confounders. RESULTS: The DRRD was inversely related to colorectal cancer risk. The ORs of colorectal cancer were 0.77 (95% CI, 0.67-0.89) for the third versus first score tertile (Ptrend < 0.001) and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.87-0.96) for a 3-point increment in the score. Inverse associations were observed for colon and rectal cancers and were consistent in strata of sex, age, and other major covariates. CONCLUSIONS: A higher adherence to a DRRD was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk. IMPACT: Given the high incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer, adherence to a DRRD can have relevant prevention and public health implications.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais , Humanos , Neoplasias Colorretais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias Colorretais/etiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Fatores de Risco , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Itália/epidemiologia , Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus/prevenção & controle
12.
Nutrients ; 16(4)2024 Feb 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38398819

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: A cholesterol-lowering diet score was previously developed for epidemiological studies; its association with serum lipid profile was not confirmed yet. METHODS: The score was developed as an adaptation of the dietary portfolio for cholesterol reduction, assigning one point for adherence to seven dietary indicators and ranging from 0 (null adherence) to 7 (highest adherence). The score was calculated for breast cancer patients enrolled in the DEDiCa study using a 7-day food record; serum lipid profile, including total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), was evaluated in serum at baseline. RESULTS: Patients with the highest adherence to the cholesterol-lowering diet (i.e., score ≥ 4) reported lower LDL-C level than women with score 0-1 (median: 107 mg/dL and 122 mg/dL, respectively; p < 0.01). The proportion of women with LDL-C above the recommended limit of 116 mg/dL was 60.0% with score 0-1 and 42.6% with score ≥4. Although the score directly correlates with consumption of foods from vegetal sources, it was mildly associated with the healthful plant-based diet index (r-Spearman = 0.51) and the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (r-Spearman = 0.30) Conclusions: These results provide experimental evidence that the cholesterol-lowering diet score is capable of detecting a specific plant-based dietary pattern that affects circulating cholesterol levels.


Assuntos
Colesterol , Dieta Mediterrânea , Humanos , Feminino , LDL-Colesterol , Dieta Saudável
13.
Sci Rep ; 13(1): 21208, 2023 12 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38040773

RESUMO

Obesity and metabolic disorders have been associated with poor outcomes in non-Mediterranean breast cancer (BC) patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic potential of anthropometric variables in patients with early BC living in Southern Mediterranean region of Italy. We enrolled 955 consecutive early BC patients treated in hospitals in Naples between 2009 and 2013 (median follow-up 11.8-year ending 15/09/2022). Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) were collected. All-cause and BC-specific mortality were calculated. At the last day of contact 208 (22%) patients had died, 131 (14%) from BC. High WC (≥ 88 cm) or WHR (> 0.85) and the MetS were significantly associated with moderately increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR=1.39, 1.62, 1.61, respectively). A significant increased risk of BC-specific mortality was found in obese patients, in those with high WC, high WHR and those with MetS (HR=1.72, 1.71, 1.80, 1.81, respectively). Central obesity significantly increased total and BC-specific mortality particularly in pre-menopausal women and in luminal subtypes, while in post-menopause MetS was a stronger risk factor. Obesity and MetS may impair the effectiveness of BC therapies hence active lifestyle interventions are encouraged.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Síndrome Metabólica , Humanos , Feminino , Síndrome Metabólica/complicações , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Obesidade Abdominal/complicações , Obesidade Abdominal/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Mama/complicações , Obesidade/complicações , Circunferência da Cintura , Relação Cintura-Quadril , Fatores de Risco
14.
Food Funct ; 14(3): 1560-1572, 2023 Feb 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36655860

RESUMO

Background: the Mediterranean diet, the low dietary glycemic index (GI) and the dietary inflammation index (DII®) have been associated with lower risk of breast cancer (BC) incidence and mortality. Objective: to investigate whether one-year nutrition counselling in the context of a Mediterranean diet, with or without low-GI carbohydrates counselling, may influence the DII in women with BC. Methods: data were obtained from participants of DEDiCa trial randomized to a Mediterranean diet (MD, n = 112) or a Mediterranean diet with low-GI carbohydrates (MDLGI, n = 111). The diet-derived DII and GI were calculated from 7-day food records while Mediterranean diet adherence from PREDIMED questionnaire. Differences between study arms were evaluated through Fisher's exact test or Mann-Whitney test and associations with multivariable regression analyses. Results: Mediterranean diet adherence significantly increased by 15% in MD and 20% in MDLGI with no difference between arms (p < 0.326). Dietary GI significantly decreased from 55.5 to 52.4 in MD and 55.1 to 47.6 in MDLGI with significant difference between arms (p < 0.001). DII significantly decreased by 28% in MD and 49% in MDLGI with no difference between arms (p < 0.360). Adjusting for energy intake (E-DII) did not change the results. Higher Mediterranean diet adherence and lower dietary GI independently contributed to DII lowering (ß-coefficient -0.203, p < 0.001; 0.046, p = 0.003, respectively). Conclusions: DII and E-DII scores decreased significantly after one-year with 4 nutrition counselling sessions on the Mediterranean diet and low GI. Increased adherence to the Mediterranean diet and low GI independently contributed to the DII changes. These results are relevant given that lowering the inflammatory potential of the diet may have implications in cancer prognosis and overall survival.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Dieta Mediterrânea , Humanos , Feminino , Índice Glicêmico , Dieta , Inflamação/complicações , Carboidratos
15.
Food Funct ; 13(10): 5730-5738, 2022 May 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35522943

RESUMO

Evidence suggests a role of serum cholesterol in prostate cancer (PCa) development and of lipid lowering medications in PCa risk reduction. We developed a score for adherence to an established cholesterol-lowering diet and evaluated its association with PCa risk in a multicentric hospital-based case-control study (1294 cases; 1451 matched controls) in Italy (1992-2001). The score was derived from seven dietary indicators which have been reported to lower cholesterol levels: high intake of non-cellulosic polysaccharides (viscous fibres), monounsaturated fatty acids, legumes, seeds/corn oil; low intake of saturated fatty acids, dietary cholesterol, and glycaemic index. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated through the unconditional logistic regression model. Although most of the dietary indicators alone were not significantly associated with reduced PCa risk, men who fulfilled 5 to 7 dietary indicators (187 cases and 281 controls) showed a 43% reduction in PCa risk compared to those with 0 to 2 indicators (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.43-0.77). This association was not modified by socio-demographic characteristics or lifestyle factors. In conclusion, adherence to a cholesterol-lowering diet is a favourable factor against the risk of PCa, providing support to dietary guidelines that promote cholesterol reduction through plant-based diets.


Assuntos
Dieta , Neoplasias da Próstata , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Colesterol , Colesterol na Dieta , Gorduras na Dieta , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias da Próstata/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/prevenção & controle
16.
Diabetes Care ; 45(12): 2862-2870, 2022 12 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36326712

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: High cereal fiber and low-glycemic index (GI) diets are associated with reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in cohort studies. Clinical trial evidence on event incidence is lacking. Therefore, to make trial outcomes more directly relevant to CVD, we compared the effect on carotid plaque development in diabetes of a low-GI diet versus a whole-grain wheat-fiber diet. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study randomized 169 men and women with well-controlled type 2 diabetes to counseling on a low GI-diet or whole-grain wheat-fiber diet for 3 years. Change in carotid vessel wall volume (VWV) (prespecified primary end point) was assessed by MRI as an indication of arterial damage. RESULTS: Of 169 randomized participants, 134 completed the study. No treatment differences were seen in VWV. However, on the whole-grain wheat-fiber diet, VWV increased significantly from baseline, 23 mm3 (95% CI 4, 41; P = 0.016), but not on the low-GI diet, 8 mm3 (95% CI -10, 26; P = 0.381). The low-GI diet resulted in preservation of renal function, as estimated glomerular filtration rate, compared with the reduction following the wheat-fiber diet. HbA1c was modestly reduced over the first 9 months in the intention-to-treat analysis and extended with greater compliance to 15 months in the per-protocol analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Since the low-GI diet was similar to the whole-grain wheat-fiber diet recommended for cardiovascular risk reduction, the low-GI diet may also be effective for CVD risk reduction.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Índice Glicêmico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Triticum/efeitos adversos , Fibras na Dieta/uso terapêutico , Dieta , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Glicemia
17.
Nutrients ; 13(8)2021 Jul 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34444790

RESUMO

Diabetes increases endometrial cancer risk. We investigated the role of a diabetes risk reduction diet (DRRD) on the risk of endometrial cancer using data from a multicentric, Italian hospital-based case-control study (1992-2006) enrolling 454 histologically confirmed cases of endometrial cancer and 908 controls matched by age and center. We derived a DRRD score assigning higher scores for higher intakes of cereal fiber, fruit, coffee, polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acid ratio, and nuts and for lower glycemic load and lower intakes of red/processed meat and sugar-sweetened beverages/fruit juices. The odds ratios (OR) of endometrial cancer according to the DRRD score were derived by multiple conditional logistic regression models. The OR for high (DRRD score >24, i.e., third tertile) versus medium-low adherence to the DRRD was 0.73 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.55-0.97). Similar results were observed after the exclusion of diabetic women (OR 0.75; 95% CI, 0.56-1.00) and allowance for total vegetable consumption (OR 0.80; 95% CI, 0.60-1.07). Inverse associations were observed in most of the analyzed subgroups. The OR for high DRRD combined with high vegetable consumption was 0.45 (95% CI, 0.28-0.73). Our results suggest that diets able to reduce diabetes risk may also reduce endometrial cancer risk. High vegetable consumption combined with high adherence to the DRRD may provide additional benefit in endometrial cancer prevention.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus , Dieta , Neoplasias do Endométrio/prevenção & controle , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Complicações do Diabetes , Fibras na Dieta , Feminino , Frutas , Humanos , Itália , Modelos Logísticos , Carne , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nozes , Razão de Chances , Fatores de Risco , Verduras , Adulto Jovem
18.
Nutrients ; 13(1)2021 Jan 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33467042

RESUMO

Despite the considerable number of studies investigating the Mediterranean diet in prostate cancer (PCa) etiology, very few focused on cancer survival. We assessed the pre-diagnostic diet and physical activity in a cohort of 777 men with PCa diagnosed between 1995 and 2002 in north-eastern Italy; adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated through the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS). Hazard ratios (HR) of death with confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using the Cox model, adjusting for potential confounders. During 10 years of follow-up, 208 patients (26.8%) died, 75 (9.7%) due to PCa. Patients reporting MDS ≥ 5 showed a higher overall survival than those with MDS < 5 (HR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.56-0.99). Although high physical activity was not significantly associated with overall survival (HR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.59-1.07), the HR for all-cause death was the lowest (HR = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.38-0.90) for men reporting MDS ≥ 5 and high physical activity compared to those reporting MDS < 5 and low/moderate physical activity. No association emerged for PCa specific survival. Study findings support the beneficial impact of pre-diagnostic adherence to the Mediterranean diet and physical activity on overall survival; they are mainly driven by risk reduction in non-prostate cancer mortality, which however accounts for about 80% of death in men with PCa.


Assuntos
Dieta Mediterrânea , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Cooperação do Paciente , Neoplasias da Próstata/mortalidade , Idoso , Estudos de Coortes , Seguimentos , Humanos , Itália , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias da Próstata/etiologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/terapia , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Taxa de Sobrevida , Fatores de Tempo
19.
Nutrients ; 13(6)2021 Jun 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34205057

RESUMO

COVID-19 is an unprecedented global pandemic. On 12 March 2020, a lockdown order was issued in Italy in attempt to contain the health crisis. The study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on diet, physical activity, sleep quality, and distress in an Italian cohort. An online anonymous interview, which included validated questionnaires was created to compare lifestyle habits pre- and during the lockdown. Data analysis from 604 subjects with a mean age of 29.8 years was carried out using multivariate analysis. Compared to pre-COVID-19 times, 67% of people changed their eating habits and increased consumption of foods containing added sugars. Women and men with low adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) were more likely to be physically inactive (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.01, respectively). Results from logistic regression showed a three times higher risk of being inactive if adherence to the MedDiet was low (p < 0.0001), especially in men between 26 and 35 years. Lower levels of distress were reported in males who were physically active (89%) (p < 0.001). Our findings may help to identify effective lifestyle interventions during restrictive conditions.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Dieta , Exercício Físico , Comportamento Alimentar , Estilo de Vida , Pandemias , Adulto , Dieta Mediterrânea , Feminino , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Análise Multivariada , Distanciamento Físico , Angústia Psicológica , SARS-CoV-2 , Comportamento Sedentário , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
20.
Nutrients ; 13(9)2021 Sep 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34579120

RESUMO

The glycaemic index (GI) is a food metric that ranks the acute impact of available (digestible) carbohydrates on blood glucose. At present, few countries regulate the inclusion of GI on food labels even though the information may assist consumers to manage blood glucose levels. Australia and New Zealand regulate GI claims as nutrition content claims and also recognize the GI Foundation's certified Low GI trademark as an endorsement. The GI Foundation of South Africa endorses foods with low, medium and high GI symbols. In Asia, Singapore's Healthier Choice Symbol has specific provisions for low GI claims. Low GI claims are also permitted on food labels in India. In China, there are no national regulations specific to GI; however, voluntary claims are permitted. In the USA, GI claims are not specifically regulated but are permitted, as they are deemed to fall under general food-labelling provisions. In Canada and the European Union, GI claims are not legal under current food law. Inconsistences in food regulation around the world undermine consumer and health professional confidence and call for harmonization. Global provisions for GI claims/endorsements in food standard codes would be in the best interests of people with diabetes and those at risk.


Assuntos
Dieta , Análise de Alimentos , Saúde Global , Índice Glicêmico , Rotulagem de Alimentos , Humanos
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