RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Clozapine has shown great efficacy in treating treatment-resistant schizophrenia, but it is associated with a variety of medication- related safety problems. Despite this, there remains a lack of research on medication errors (MEs) associated with its use. AIM: To characterize the nature and contributory factors of clozapine-related MEs reported from government hospitals and primary care centres in Saudi Arabia (SA). METHOD: A cross-sectional analysis was carried out on MEs related to clozapine use reported to the General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care at the Ministry of Health (MOH) in Saudi Arabia between 2018 and 2022. The data were analysed descriptively to examine the nature and contributory factors of MEs. RESULTS: A total of 1,165 MEs were reported. The majority of reported errors involved patients aged > 18 years old, with 72.2% (n = 841) being male. The central region was found to report errors more frequently (32.3%, n = 376). Pharmacists were reported to detect errors most frequently (59.6%, n = 695). MEs most often occurred in the prescribing stage (77.8%, n = 906), with "missing prescription information" (30.1%, n = 351) being the most frequent finding. The most frequent contributing factor was the lack of policy (33.1%, n = 351). The majority of errors did not reach the patients (92.3%, n = 1,075), and those that did reach patients rarely resulted in harm (0.3%, n = 2). CONCLUSION: This study identified areas for improvement which could expedite the development of remedial interventions to reduce the risk of errors.
RESUMO
Recent studies indicate an ectopic upregulation of the human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) in tumor cells that may favor their escape from antitumor immune responses. The role of HLA-G in breast cancer has not been defined. Other studies showed that HLA-G transcription may be silenced by epigenetic mechanisms or activated by stress. This work aimed to clarify the expression of HLA-G protein, estimate the possible prognostic role of HLA-G expression and identify if this expression is linked to the DNA index (DI) and S phase fraction (SPF) in breast cancer. HLA-G protein expression and the DNA parameters were studied by flow cytometry and serum secreted HLA-G (sHLA-G) levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 45 breast cancer patients and 40 female blood donors as healthy donors. Surface HLA-G was expressed on 40% and the cytoplasmic pattern with no membrane association in 24.4% of the malignant specimens. There was an increased serum sHLA-G level in patients as compared with controls. There were negative correlations between cytoplasmic HLA-G and both DI and SPF and between preoperative sHLA-G and SPF with no relations with patients' clinical outcome. We cannot establish that HLA-G protein can be a useful prognostic marker, but sHLA-G may be used as a tumor marker in breast cancer patients.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Proliferação de Células , DNA de Neoplasias , Antígenos HLA , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Antígenos HLA/genética , Antígenos HLA/metabolismo , Antígenos HLA-G , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/genética , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/metabolismo , Humanos , Ploidias , PrognósticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of Plasmodium chabaudi infection on the plasma level of circulating immune complexes (CICs), haemoglobin (Hb) content, urine profile, and histological features of female BWF1 mice, the murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 30 female BWF1 lupus mice were randomly divided into three groups as follows: group (I) control group (P. chabaudi uninfected); group (II) lupus mice infected with live P. chabaudi; group (III) lupus mice infected with irradiated P. chabaudi. Urine samples were daily collected from the second week-post infection. Mice from the three groups were killed at day 14 post-infection and heparinized blood was collected for further haemoglobin contents and plasma analysis. Paraffin-embedded kidney, liver, lung, heart, brain, ovary and skin tissues were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and examined under light microscope. RESULTS: Our results reveal that infection of lupus mice with live P. chabaudi was associated with an increase in urinary Hb and a decrease in plasma Hb and CIC levels. Interestingly, infection of lupus mice with live P. chabaudi ameliorates the histopathological alterations mediated by lupus disease in kidney tissues. Although no parasite sequestration was observed in any of the investigated organs, P. chabaudi pigment deposition was observed in the liver of both live and irradiated P. chabaudi infected groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study in lupus prone BWF1 mice indicated that gamma-irradiated P. chabaudi infection has the desired lupus ameliorating effect without negative effects of malaria which assist the understanding of different responses to plasmodium sp. infection in human lupus patients.
Assuntos
Complexo Antígeno-Anticorpo/sangue , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/sangue , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/patologia , Malária/sangue , Malária/patologia , Plasmodium chabaudi/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Feminino , Rim/patologia , Fígado/patologia , Pulmão/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos TransgênicosRESUMO
Capillaries in the retina are more susceptible to develop microvascular lesions in diabetes than capillaries in the embryologically similar cerebral cortex. Because available evidence implicates hyperglycemia in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, differences in glucose transport into the retina and brain might contribute to this observed tissue difference in susceptibility to diabetes-induced microvascular disease. Thus, we compared levels of GLUT1 and GLUT3 expression in the retina, cerebrum, and their respective microvessels by Western blot analysis. In nondiabetic animals, the content of GLUT1 protein in retina and its microvessels was multifold greater than that of cerebral cortex gray matter and its microvessels. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes of a 2-week or 2-month duration reduced GLUT1 expression in the retina and its microvasculature by approximately 50%, but it resulted in no reduction in GLUT1 expression in cerebrum or its microvessels. The density of capillaries in retinas of diabetic animals did not change from normal, and so the observed decrease in GLUT1 expression in the retina and retinal capillaries of diabetic animals cannot be attributed to fewer vessels. Despite the diabetes-induced reduction of GLUT1 expression in retina, neural retina of diabetic rats still possessed more GLUT1 than the cerebrum. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) possessed more GLUT1 than neural retina or its microvessels, and expression of the transporter in the RPE was not affected by diabetes. GLUT3 levels were greater in cerebral gray matter than in retina, and they were unaffected by diabetes in either tissue. The effect of diabetes on GLUT1 expression differs between retina and cerebral cortex, suggesting that glucose transport is regulated differently in these embryologically similar tissues. Because diabetes results in downregulation of GLUT1 expression in retinal microvessels, but not in RPE, the fraction of the glucose entering the retina in diabetes is likely to be greater across the RPE than across the retinal vasculature.
Assuntos
Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Circulação Cerebrovascular , Proteínas de Transporte de Monossacarídeos/metabolismo , Retina/metabolismo , Vasos Retinianos/metabolismo , Animais , Vasos Sanguíneos/metabolismo , Regulação para Baixo , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 1 , Masculino , Microcirculação , Epitélio Pigmentado Ocular/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Somatosensory evoked potentials and cerebral metabolism were studied during cardiopulmonary bypass in 41 patients undergoing coronary bypass. Twenty-two patients received prostacyclin 50 ng/kg/min during cardiopulmonary bypass for platelet protection and 19 patients served as controls. Mean arterial blood pressure in the prostacyclin group was below 30 mm Hg during the first 30 minutes of bypass, but it remained above 50 mm Hg in the control group. Central conduction time, a measure of the electrical conduction time in the central nervous system, was prolonged in both groups during bypass up to 30 minutes of rewarming. The prolongation was greater in the control group early during bypass. At 20 minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass, central conduction time was increased by 81% (standard deviation 38) of the prebypass value in the control group and by 44% (standard deviation 17) in the prostacyclin group (p less than 0.001). Arteriovenous oxygen difference across the brain was greater in the prostacyclin group early during bypass. It was 36 ml/L (standard deviation 9) in the control group and 60 ml/L (standard deviation 18) in the prostacyclin group (p less than 0.001) at 10 minutes of bypass. There was no difference between the groups in regard to glucose and lactate. We conclude that cardiopulmonary bypass with hypothermia prolongs central conduction time. The hypotension induced by prostacyclin (50 ng/kg/min) did not further impair conduction in the central nervous system.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/metabolismo , Ponte Cardiopulmonar , Epoprostenol/farmacologia , Potenciais Somatossensoriais Evocados , Hipotensão Controlada/métodos , Plaquetas/efeitos dos fármacos , Pressão Sanguínea , Temperatura Corporal , Dióxido de Carbono/sangue , Córtex Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Lactatos/sangue , Ácido Láctico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nasofaringe , Oxigênio/sangueRESUMO
Treatment of rats with cobalt chloride [Co(II)], an agent that stimulates the expression of a set of hypoxia-responsive genes, for 10-12 days resulted in 1.45- and 1.40-fold increases in the content of Glut1 mRNA and Glut1 in cerebral gray matter, respectively (P<0. 05 for both changes). The increase in Glut1 content was associated with a significant increase in the content of Glut1 staining in microvessels isolated from cerebral gray matter, and in the intensity of Glut1 in microvessels of the frontal lobe and hippocampus assessed by immunohistochemistry. The abundance of Glut3 in cerebrum of Co(II)-treated rats also increased by 1.3-fold (P<0. 05), but the increase was not associated with a change in the content of Glut3 mRNA. In retina, treatment with Co(II) resulted in 2.48- and 1.23-fold increases in the content of Glut1 mRNA and Glut1 protein, respectively (P<0.05 for both changes); similar increases in Glut1 protein expression were observed in isolated retinal microvasculature. The content of Glut3 in retina also increased 1. 5-fold in Co(II)-treated rats (P<0.05). In addition, treatment with Co(II) resulted in a significant 2.2-fold increase in the expression of VEGF in the cerebrum. However, despite the Co(II)-induced increase in Glut1 expression in cerebral and retinal microvasculature and VEGF in cerebrum, there was no increase in the capillary density in either tissue. It is concluded that a 10-12 day exposure to Co(II), presumably acting through the hypoxia-signaling pathway, results in enhanced expression of both major glucose transporters in cerebral cortex and retina, without increasing the capillary density of either tissue.
Assuntos
Antimutagênicos/farmacologia , Córtex Cerebral/química , Cobalto/farmacologia , Proteínas de Transporte de Monossacarídeos/genética , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso , Retina/química , Animais , Barreira Hematoencefálica/fisiologia , Química Encefálica/efeitos dos fármacos , Química Encefálica/fisiologia , Capilares/fisiologia , Córtex Cerebral/irrigação sanguínea , Fatores de Crescimento Endotelial/genética , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 1 , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 3 , Hipóxia/fisiopatologia , Linfocinas/genética , Masculino , Microcirculação/fisiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , RNA Mensageiro/análise , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Vasos Retinianos/fisiologia , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular , Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio VascularRESUMO
Acyclovir treatment was used in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with parallel groups to test the hypothesis that herpes virus infections are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Sixty patients with the relapsing-remitting form of MS were randomized to either oral treatment with 800 mg acyclovir or placebo tablets three times daily for 2 years. The clinical effect was investigated by an extensive test battery consisting of neurological examinations, neuro-ophthalmological and neuropsychological tests, and evoked potentials. Results were based on "intent-to-treat" data and the primary outcome measure was the exacerbation rate. In the acyclovir group (n = 30), 62 exacerbations were recorded during the treatment period, yielding an annual exacerbation rate of 1.03. The placebo group (n = 30) had 94 exacerbations and an annual exacerbation rate of 1.57. Thus, 34% fewer exacerbations were encountered during acyclovir treatment. This difference in exacerbation rate between the treatment groups was not significant (P = 0.083). However, this trend to a lower disease activity in acyclovir-treated patients was supported in subsequent data analysis. If the patients were grouped according to exacerbation frequencies, i.e. into low (0-2), medium (3-5) and high (6-8) rate groups, the difference between acyclovir and placebo treatment was significant (P = 0.017). Moreover, in a subgroup of the population with a duration of the disease of at least 2 years providing an exacerbation rate base-line before entry, individual differences in exacerbation rates were compared between the 2-year pre-study period and the study period in acyclovir-treated (n = 19) and placebo (n = 20) patients and acyclovir-treated patients showed a significant reduction of exacerbations (P = 0.024). Otherwise, neurological parameters were essentially unaffected by acyclovir treatment and there were no convincing signs of reduced neurological deterioration in the acyclovir group. This study indicates that acyclovir treatment might inhibit the triggering of MS exacerbations and thus suggests that acyclovir-susceptible viruses might be involved in the pathogenesis of MS. This possibility warrants further investigation.
Assuntos
Aciclovir/uso terapêutico , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Esclerose Múltipla/tratamento farmacológico , Aciclovir/efeitos adversos , Administração Oral , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Antivirais/efeitos adversos , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Herpesviridae/imunologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Esclerose Múltipla/imunologia , Esclerose Múltipla/virologia , Placebos , Recidiva , Indução de Remissão , ComprimidosRESUMO
Six females with Rett syndrome (RS)--all seriously motor disabled with clinical symptomatology indicating not only brain but also spinal cord impairment--were investigated using auditory and somatosensory evoked responses techniques. In all patients the responses representing the pathways through the upper spinal cord were delayed suggesting an impairment of the central conduction time. The findings mean an involvement of the sub-cortical structures, the brain stem and the cervical spinal cord in the disease process. From the natural clinical course and the present findings, it is concluded that RS is also characterized by spinal cord impairment appearing with increasing age and stage of diseases.
Assuntos
Encefalopatias/fisiopatologia , Tronco Encefálico/fisiopatologia , Deficiência Intelectual/fisiopatologia , Medula Espinal/fisiopatologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Encefalopatias/genética , Criança , Potenciais Evocados Auditivos , Potenciais Somatossensoriais Evocados , Feminino , Humanos , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Condução Nervosa , Tempo de Reação , SíndromeRESUMO
A standard technique for recording trigeminal somatosensory evoked potentials (TEP) in response to stimulation of the second branch of the trigeminus nerve is described. Thirty-six nerves of 18 apparently healthy subjects have been investigated. A characteristic polyphasic wave was repeatedly observed. It consisted mainly of a P20, N30, P40, N50 sequence of deflections. Intraindividual variations were minimal. The response pattern varied according to the positions of the recording and stimulating electrodes. The method is useful in detecting functional integrity of the afferent pathways of the 5th cranial nerve, and it can be used as a diagnostic tool for routine investigation of the trigeminus nerve.
Assuntos
Eletroencefalografia , Nervo Trigêmeo/fisiologia , Adulto , Estimulação Elétrica , Potenciais Somatossensoriais Evocados , Paralisia Facial/diagnóstico , Feminino , Herpes Simples/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tempo de Reação/fisiologia , Córtex Somatossensorial/fisiologia , Transmissão Sináptica , Neuralgia do Trigêmeo/diagnósticoRESUMO
To evaluate the hypothesis of CNS involvement in Bell's palsy, the auditory brain stem responses (ABR) of 31 patients were studied. In nine of these patients ABR abnormalities were found. None of these patients showed evidence of dysfunction of the cochlear nerve. Six of the patients who had abnormal ABR were retested after they recovered from the facial paresis. Five of these patients showed persistent ABR abnormality, and one showed a normalization of the ABR. These results may be consistent with an injury at the brain stem level in some patients with Bell's palsy. The possible causative agent of a reactivation of a herpes simplex virus infection is discussed.
Assuntos
Potenciais Evocados Auditivos , Paralisia Facial/fisiopatologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tempo de ReaçãoRESUMO
The trigeminal function was investigated in 30 consecutive patients with acute unilateral peripheral facial palsy. The patients were tested with electrophysiological methods within 5 weeks after onset of the disease. Trigeminus-evoked potential test (TEP) disclosed trigeminal dysfunction in 47%, while the blink reflex test (BR) showed trigeminal pathology in 60% of the patients. A topographical analysis of the trigeminal system showed that 24% of the patients had BR patterns that were consistent with brainstem involvement. In 2 cases (7%), TEP was pathological though the BR test proved normal. These findings suggest a more central trigeminal affection and may demonstrate multifocal lesions. This was further underlined by the investigation of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) which indicated brainstem involvement in 28%. It is concluded that acute facial palsy is frequently a symptom of a central nervous affection.
Assuntos
Paralisia Facial/fisiopatologia , Nervo Trigêmeo/fisiopatologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Audiometria de Resposta Evocada , Tronco Encefálico/fisiopatologia , Eletromiografia , Potenciais Evocados , Movimentos Oculares , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , ReflexoRESUMO
Evaluation of the treatment in clinical psychiatry is mostly based on the rating of mental symptoms prior and after treatment. There is an obvious need to supplement clinical observations by objective measurements. Based on EEG automatic analysis, three methods which appeared to be valuable in investigating patients with affective psychosis, are briefly reviewed. 1) The EEG drug profile, indicating changes of the EEG frequency pattern, which varies proportionally to the psychoactive properties of the drug and its metabolites. 2) The fluctuations of the vigilance level which monitor the sedative/excitatory effect of drugs. 3) The interhemispheral assymetry which is related to the intensity of depression.
Assuntos
Transtorno Depressivo/fisiopatologia , Eletroencefalografia , Nível de Alerta/fisiologia , Sincronização Cortical , Humanos , Psicotrópicos/farmacologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Few studies have addressed racial differences in prostate cancer (PCa) detection between Western and Arabian countries, although PCa has a significantly lower prevalence in Arabic populations compared to Western populations. Therefore, an explanation of this difference is lacking. Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a valuable marker used to select patients who should undergo prostate biopsies, although the manner in which it is used may require adjustments based on the ethnic population in question. We investigated racial differences in the PCa detection rate between Canadian and Saudi populations. A retrospective analysis was performed of data collected prospectively over 5 consecutive years in urology clinics at the McGill University Health Center (MUHC) and King Saud University Hospital (KSUH). Men who had high (>4'ng/mL) or rising PSA levels and a negative digital rectal examination were eligible. A total of 1403 Canadian and 414 Saudi patients were evaluated for the study; 717 and 158 men, median age 64 and 68 years, were included in the MUHC and KSUH cohorts, respectively, P<0.0001). Median serum PSA, prostate volume, and PSA density values were 6.1'ng/mL, 47.3 g, and 0.12'ng · mL(-1) · g(-1), respectively, for MUHC patients and 5.2'ng/mL, 64.5'g, and 0.08'ng · mL(-1) · g(-1), respectively, for KSUH patients (P<0.0001, t-test followed by one-way ANOVA). In addition, the KSUH group had a significantly lower PCa detection rate among patients younger than 60 years of age and with PSA values <10'ng/mL.
Assuntos
Antígeno Prostático Específico/sangue , Neoplasias da Próstata/etnologia , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Análise de Variância , Canadá/etnologia , Estudos de Coortes , Exame Retal Digital/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Biópsia Guiada por Imagem , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tamanho do Órgão , Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Arábia Saudita/etnologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Placental growth responds to maternal influences. Ramadan is an annual period of day-time fasting during which people in Saudi Arabia, including pregnant women, change their diets and physical activity. Little is known about the effects of this altered lifestyle on placental development. METHODS: We studied the birth records of 7083 babies born over a four-year period to Saudi nationals in Unizah, a small city 350km to the north of Riyadh, the capital city of Saudi Arabia. The records included birth weight, placental weight and gestational age. RESULTS: Mean birth weight was similar to European values but the mean placental weight and ratio of placental weight to birth weight were lower. Among babies who were in the second or third trimester of gestation during Ramadan the mean placental weight and ratio were below those of babies who were not in utero during Ramadan. Among boys the mean placental ratios were 14.4 percent (second trimester) and 14.5 percent (third trimester) compared with 14.9 percent (p=<0.001 and 0.002). The corresponding figures for girls were 14.8 and 14.6 percent compared with 15.1 percent (p=0.02 and <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In Saudi Arabia placentas respond to mothers' limited ability to deliver nutrients to them. Placental growth slows but efficiency is increased so that fetal growth is sustained, albeit with a reduced reserve capacity. The lifestyle changes associated with Ramadan further slow placental growth. Ramadan may influence placental growth through dietary changes other than day-time fasting. Changes in placental growth during Ramadan could be associated with altered fetal programming, and may therefore have long-term implications for the health of the next generation.
Assuntos
Peso ao Nascer , Jejum/efeitos adversos , Islamismo , Placenta/anatomia & histologia , Feminino , Desenvolvimento Fetal , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Placentação , Gravidez , Arábia SauditaAssuntos
Eletrodos Implantados , Animais , Eletrônica , Eletrofisiologia/instrumentação , Métodos , RatosRESUMO
Few studies have addressed racial differences in prostate cancer (PCa) detection between Western and Arabian countries, although PCa has a significantly lower prevalence in Arabic populations compared to Western populations. Therefore, an explanation of this difference is lacking. Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a valuable marker used to select patients who should undergo prostate biopsies, although the manner in which it is used may require adjustments based on the ethnic population in question. We investigated racial differences in the PCa detection rate between Canadian and Saudi populations. A retrospective analysis was performed of data collected prospectively over 5 consecutive years in urology clinics at the McGill University Health Center (MUHC) and King Saud University Hospital (KSUH). Men who had high (>4'ng/mL) or rising PSA levels and a negative digital rectal examination were eligible. A total of 1403 Canadian and 414 Saudi patients were evaluated for the study; 717 and 158 men, median age 64 and 68 years, were included in the MUHC and KSUH cohorts, respectively, P<0.0001). Median serum PSA, prostate volume, and PSA density values were 6.1'ng/mL, 47.3 g, and 0.12'ng·mL−1·g−1, respectively, for MUHC patients and 5.2'ng/mL, 64.5'g, and 0.08'ng·mL−1·g−1, respectively, for KSUH patients (P<0.0001, t-test followed by one-way ANOVA). In addition, the KSUH group had a significantly lower PCa detection rate among patients younger than 60 years of age and with PSA values <10'ng/mL.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Neoplasias da Próstata/etnologia , Antígeno Prostático Específico/sangue , Tamanho do Órgão , Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Arábia Saudita/etnologia , Canadá/etnologia , Análise de Variância , Estudos de Coortes , Fatores Etários , Exame Retal Digital/estatística & dados numéricos , Biópsia Guiada por ImagemRESUMO
Cytokines play important roles in the growth and growth arrest of cancer cells. IL-13 via an IL-4R alpha/IL-13R alpha 1 heterocomplex receptor inhibits the growth of renal cell carcinoma cells (RCC). However, it does not inhibit the growth of glioblastoma cells that express the IL-13R alpha 2 chain. In the present studies we investigated whether melanoma cells express IL-13R alpha 1 and IL-13R alpha 2 chains as well as whether they respond to IL-13. Membrane IL13R alpha 2 was co-expressed with IL-4R alpha and IL-13R alpha 1 chains in three of six tested melanoma cell lines. Furthermore, the IL-13R alpha 2 positive cell lines, release a soluble form of IL-13R alpha 2, specifically under IL-13 but not IL-4 stimulation. The release of soluble IL-13R alpha 2 was inhibited by various metalloproteinase inhibitors and EDTA inhibits the biological response to IL-13.
Assuntos
Subunidade alfa1 de Receptor de Interleucina-13/metabolismo , Subunidade alfa2 de Receptor de Interleucina-13/metabolismo , Interleucina-13/metabolismo , Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Melanoma/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Interleucina-13/imunologia , Subunidade alfa1 de Receptor de Interleucina-13/imunologia , Subunidade alfa2 de Receptor de Interleucina-13/imunologia , Interleucina-4/imunologia , Melanoma/metabolismo , Metaloproteases/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina-4/imunologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/imunologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/metabolismoRESUMO
This investigation has been directed to estimate to what extent a GABA derivative, beta-(p-chlorophenyl)-gamma-aminobutyric acid (baclofen), is active at the cortical and subcortical level. Selected nonpsychotic patients with slight depression symptoms were given 30 mg of baclofen daily for a period of 3-5 weeks. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and Standardized Hamilton Interview for Depression were used for clinical evaluation. EEGs were recorded prior to and at different times during treatment. An automatic analysis completed by multivariant statistics of EEG spectral values was performed. EEG changes were characterized by a significant increase of slow waves and decrease of fast activity. These results can support the view that baclofen is effective even at the highest levels of the central nervous system.
Assuntos
Baclofeno/farmacologia , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Idoso , Baclofeno/uso terapêutico , Computadores , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Eletroencefalografia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Escalas de Graduação PsiquiátricaRESUMO
Techniques are described for recording evoked potentials in humans in response to stimulation of the urinary bladder. Twenty patients with various disorders of their urinary function were investigated. Evoked cortical potentials following stimulation of the urinary bladder could be recorded from all patients except subjects with complete transverse spinal cord lesions. The response was most evident at the central site (Cz) and had its most prominent peaks at 45, 65, 82 and 102 msec. This technique may become a useful diagnostic tool in the study of neurogenic bladder dysfunctions.