Development of a model of rehabilitation exercise and sports service delivery system for health promotion of people with disabilities.

People with disabilities (PWD) suffer from chronic diseases and other problems due to their low physical activity compared to people without disabilities. Physical activity and exercise can prevent chronic diseases and improve health management. However, PWD do not receive proper rehabilitation exercise and sports services immediately after dicharge from hospitals. An effective model of rehabilitation exercise and sports service delivery system has not been established in Korea. This study aimed to present such a model for health promotion, which enables PWD to participate in exercise regularly in local communities. The model is presented by dividing it into sides of consumers and suppliers by analyzing domestic and foreign rehabilitation and sports service systems and expert meetings. The system presented in this study can help promote returning to normal social life and transition into sports in daily life for PWD. In addition, it is expected to positively affect local communities through training instructors in rehabilitation exercise and sports; it can serve as a bridge between rehabilitation in medical institutes and sports in daily life.

Detection and Analysis of Bionic Motion Pose of Single Leg and Hip Joint Based on Random Process.

Based on the spectral representation method of random function and combined with memoryless nonlinear translation theory, this paper analyzes the transformation relationship between potential Gaussian random process and non-Gaussian random process, and successfully generates a stationary non-Gaussian random process that conforms to the target non-Gaussian random process. For the non-stationary non-Gaussian random process simulation, on the basis of the stationary Gaussian random process, the intensity non-stationary uniform modulation model is used to modulate it, and combined with the nonlinear translation theory, the non-stationary non-Gaussian random process conforming to the target non-Gaussian random process is obtained. Aiming at the single-leg bouncing model based on the flexible rotary hip joint, the stability of its bouncing motion under passive motion is studied, and the influence of the flexible hip rotary joint on the motion stability is analyzed by comparing the single-leg bouncing motion characteristics of the free rotary hip joint. Based on the inverse dynamic control of the air phase, the fixed point distribution of the single-leg bounce of the flexible rotary hip joint was improved, and the function of the flexible rotary hip joint in the energy conversion of the bouncing motion was studied by establishing the energy consumption evaluation function. The kinematic performance verification, dynamic performance verification, dynamic parameter identification verification, and modal experiment simulation analysis were carried out for the built experimental platform, and the comparison and analysis with its theoretical model were carried out. The results show that the theoretical motion trajectory of the test mobile platform is basically consistent with the actual motion trajectory in the X and Y directions, and there is a small error in the Z-axis direction, and the error is within an acceptable range, indicating that the experimental platform system can be used to simulate the human hip joint. There is a large error between the theoretical value of the driving torque calculated by the theoretical value of the dynamic parameters and the measured value, and the dynamic theoretical model cannot accurately predict the driving torque. The predicted value of the driving torque calculated by using the identification value of the dynamic parameters is in good agreement with the measured torque, and its confidence is increased by 10-16%, indicating that the dynamic parameter identification method in this paper has a high degree of confidence.

Treadmill exercise ameliorates ethanol with lipopolysaccharide and carbon tetrachloride-mediated liver injury in mice.

We reported that application of ethanol with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) enhanced alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level. In the current experiment, the protective effect of treadmill running on liver injury caused by ethanol with LPS and CCl4 in mice was studied. Liver injury severity was determined by measuring ALT and AST level in the blood. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, immunohistochemistry for caspase-3, and Western blotting for Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) were performed to indicate hepatocyte apoptosis. In addition, to understand the mechanism, 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation was studied by Western blotting. Treadmill exercise ameliorated ethanol with LPS and CCl4-mediated elevation of ALT and AST level. Treadmill exercise suppressed ethanol with LPS and CCl4-mediated elevation of the TUNEL-positive cell number and cleaved caspase-3 expression. Treadmill exercise suppressed ethanol with LPS and CCl4-mediated elevation of Bax expression and increased Bcl-2 expression suppressed by application of ethanol with LPS and CCl4. Treadmill exercise enhanced AMPK phosphorylation which was suppressed by application of ethanol with LPS and CCl4. Treadmill exercise has the effect of reducing liver damage caused by alcohol and or drug addiction.

Combined effects of aerobic exercise and 40-Hz light flicker exposure on early cognitive impairments in Alzheimer's disease of 3×Tg mice.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative brain disease and the primary cause of dementia. At an early stage, AD is generally characterized by short-term memory impairment, owing to dysfunctions of the cortex and hippocampus. We previously reported that a combination of exercise and 40-Hz light flickering can protect against AD-related neuroinflammation, gamma oscillations, reduction in Aß, and cognitive decline. Therefore, we sought to extend our previous findings to the 5-mo-old 3×Tg-AD mouse model to examine whether the same favorable effects occur in earlier stages of cognitive dysfunction. We investigated the effects of 12 wk of exercise combined with 40-Hz light flickering on cognitive function by analyzing neuroinflammation, mitochondrial function, and neuroplasticity in the hippocampus in a 3×Tg-AD mouse model. Five-month-old 3×Tg-AD mice performed 12 wk of exercise with 40-Hz light flickering administered independently and in combination. Spatial learning and memory, long-term memory, hippocampal Aß, tau, neuroinflammation, proinflammatory cytokine expression, mitochondrial function, and neuroplasticity were analyzed. Aß and tau proteins levels were significantly reduced in the early stage of AD, resulting in protection against cognitive decline by reducing neuroinflammation and proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, mitochondrial function improved, apoptosis was reduced, and synapse-related protein expression increased. Overall, exercise with 40-Hz light flickering was significantly more effective than exercise or 40-Hz light flickering alone, and the improvement was comparable to the levels in the nontransgenic aged-match control group. Our results indicate a synergistic effect of exercise and 40-Hz light flickering on pathological improvements in the hippocampus during early AD-associated cognitive impairment.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exercising in a 40-Hz light flicker environment was more effective than exercise or 40-Hz light flicker alone. This synergistic effect may prevent cognitive dysfunction by inhibiting Aß, tau pathway, and neuroinflammation and enhancing neuroplasticity and mitochondrial functions in the hippocampus during early Alzheimer's disease.

Resistance exercise improves short-term memory through inactivation of NF-κB pathway in mice with Parkinson disease.

Dysfunctions of Parkinson disease (PD) are classified into motor dysfunction, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, and nonmotor dysfunction, and clinical symptoms such as muscle stiffness, tremors, speech disorders, balance disorders, and slow movements appear. Resistance exercise is a main compartment of exercise programs for PD patient. The effect of resistant exercise on short-term memory in PD mice was studied in relation to the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway. PD was induced by subcutaneous injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. For resistance exercise, mice performed ladder climbing 5 days per week for 5 weeks. Step-down avoidance test for short-term memory, enzyme-linked immunoassay for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1ß, Western bot for NF-κB, NF-κB inhibitor (IκB)-α, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax), and Bcl-2, and immunohistochemistry for cleaved caspase-3 were done. Latency time was shortened, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß concentration was increased, NF-κB expression and IκB-α phosphorylation were increased, cleaved caspase-3 and Bax expression was enhanced, and Bcl-2 expression was suppressed by PD induction. Latency time was lengthened, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß concentration was decreased, NF-κB expression and IκB-α phosphorylation were suppressed, cleaved caspase-3 and Bax expression was decreased, and Bcl-2 expression was increased in PD mice by resistance exercise or levodopa treatment. Resistance exercise improved short-term memory by inhibiting secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and apoptosis through inactivation of NF-κB. These effects of resistance exercise were similar to levodopa treatment.

Internet of things-based cloud computing platform for analyzing the physical health condition.

BACKGROUND: Health monitoring is important for early disease diagnosis and will reduce the discomfort and treatment expenses, which is very relevant in terms of prevention. The early diagnosis and treatment of multiple conditions will improve solutions to the patient's healthcare radically. A concept model for the real-time patient tracking system is the primary goal of the method. The Internet of things (IoT) has made health systems accessible for programs based on the value of patient health. OBJECTIVE: In this paper, the IoT-based cloud computing for patient health monitoring framework (IoT-CCPHM), has been proposed for effective monitoring of the patients. METHOD: The emerging connected sensors and IoT devices monitor and test the cardiac speed, oxygen saturation percentage, body temperature, and patient's eye movement. The collected data are used in the cloud database to evaluate the patient's health, and the effects of all measures are stored. The IoT-CCPHM maintains that the medical record is processed in the cloud servers. RESULTS: The experimental results show that patient health monitoring is a reliable way to improve health effectively.

Treadmill exercise ameliorates impairment of spatial learning memory in pups born to old and obese mother rats.

Memory state of rat pups born to old and obese mother rats and the effect of a treadmill running of mother rats on the memory of rat pups were studied. The radial 8-arm maze test was performed to detect spatial learning memory, and the level of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-6 in the hippocampus was measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Western blotting was performed for the expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer (NF-κB), nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκB-α), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 was conducted. The newborn rats were classified into following groups: pups born to old mother rats, pups born to old mother rats with exercise, pups born to old and obese mother rats, and pups born to old and obese mother rats with exercise. Exercise of mother ameliorated spatial learning memory impairment, inhibited proinflammatory cytokines production, NF-κB expression, and IκB-α phosphorylation of the pups born to old and obese mother rats. Maternal exercise suppressed Bax expression, the number of caspase-3, the level of MMP-9, and enhanced Bcl-2 expression of the pups born to old and obese mother rats. When the maternal exercise was performed, the impairment of spatial learning memory in pups was ameliorated. Therefore, it can be seen that exercise during pregnancy of older and obese mothers is an important factor in fetal health management.

Resistance Exercise Improves Spatial Learning Ability Through Phosphorylation of 5'-Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase in Parkinson Disease Mice.

PURPOSE: Exercise is a representative noninvasive treatment that can be applied to various diseases. We studied the effect of resistance exercise on motor function and spatial learning ability in Parkinson disease (PD) mice. METHODS: The rotarod test and beam walking test were conducted to evaluate the effect of resistance exercise on motor function, and the Morris water maze test was conducted to examine the effect of resistance exercise on spatial learning ability. The effect of resistance exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) expression and 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation was investigated by Western blot analysis. New cell generation was confirmed by immunohistochemistry for 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine. RESULTS: Resistance exercise improved coordination, balance, and spatial learning ability in PD mice. Resistance exercise enhanced new cell production, BDNF and TrkB expression, and AMPK phosphorylation in PD mice. The effect of such resistance exercise was similar to that of levodopa application. CONCLUSION: In PD-induced mice, resistance exercise enhanced AMPK phosphorylation to increase BDNF expression and new neuron generation, thereby improving spatial learning ability. Resistance exercise is believed to help improve symptoms of PD.

Study on the pathogenesis of liver injury caused by alcohol and drugs.

In the present study, alcohol, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) were administered to experimental mice. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-6 concentrations, and collagen type 1alpha (COL-1A) and fibronectin expressions were measured to evaluate pathophysiology of liver injury. Levels of ALT and AST were significantly increased by alcohol treatment. Alcohol with LPS treatment increased ALT and AST levels more than alcohol alone treatment, but it was not statistically significant. Alcohol with CCL4 treatment significantly increased ALT and AST levels more than alcohol alone treatment. Alcohol with LPS and CCL4 treatment significantly increased ALT and AST levels more than alcohol with CCL4 treatment. Concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 were significantly enhanced by alcohol treatment. Alcohol with LPS treatment significantly enhanced concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 more than alcohol alone treatment. Alcohol with CCL4 treatment significantly enhanced TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 concentrations more than alcohol alone treatment. Alcohol with LPS and CCL4 treatment increased TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 concentrations more than alcohol with CCL4 treatment, but it was not statistically significant. COL-1A and fibronectin expressions were significantly increased by alcohol treatment. Alcohol with LPS treatment significantly increased COL-1A and fibronectin expressions more than alcohol alone treatment. Alcohol with CCL4 treatment significantly increased COL-1A and fibronectin expressions more than alcohol alone treatment. Alcohol with LPS and CCL4 treatment increased COL-1A and fibronectin expressions more than alcohol with CCL4 treatment, but it was not statistically significant.

Impact of exercise on hippocampal neurogenesis in hyperglycemic diabetes.

Hyperglycemic diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high level of plasma glucose. Numerous studies have shown that hy-perglycemic diabetes leads to brain dysfunction including cognitive im-pairment and emotional disorders. This study evaluated the impact of exercise on brain dysfunction, hippocampal neurogenesis, and cogni-tive impairment in hyperglycemic diabetes. The present study suggests that exercise improves hyperglycemic control and prevents decline of cognition through increasing hippocampal neurogenesis. Understanding the mechanism of exercise for hippocampal neurogenesis can lead to the development of therapeutic strategies for metabolic disorders.

Treadmill exercise in obese maternal rats during pregnancy improves short-term memory through neurogenesis in the hippocampus of rat pups.

Maternal obesity is known to increase the likelihood of offspring becoming obese, high blood pressure, and other metabolic disorders. After inducing obesity, the effect of treadmill exercise in maternal rats during pregnancy on short-term memory was investigated in relation to neurogenesis in rat pups. Short-term memory was declined in rat pups born to obese maternal rats, and treadmill running during pregnancy alleviated short-term memory impairment in rat pups born to obese maternal rats. The number of doublecortin (DCX)-positive and 5-bro-mo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus was decreased in rat pups born to obese maternal rats. Treadmill running during pregnancy increased the number of DCX-positive and BrdU-positive cells in rat pups born to obese maternal rats. Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) in the hippocampus was decreased in the rat pups born to obese maternal rats. Treadmill running during pregnancy increased the expressions of BDNF and TrkB in rat pups born to obese maternal rats. Enhancing effect of short-term memory by treadmill exercise may be due to increased neurogenesis through activation of the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway by treadmill exercise.

Physical exercise during exposure to 40-Hz light flicker improves cognitive functions in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND: Exercise promotes brain health and improves cognitive functioning in the elderly, while 40-Hz light flickering through the visual cortex reduces amyloid beta (Aß) by stabilizing gamma oscillation. We examined whether exercise was associated with hippocampus-mediated improvement in cognitive functioning in the 3xTg-Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD) murine model following exposure to 40-Hz light flickering and exercise. METHODS: We subjected 12-month-old 3xTg-AD mice to exercise and 40-Hz light flickering for 3 months to investigate spatial learning, memory, long-term memory, Aß levels, tau levels, mitochondrial functioning including Ca2+ retention and H2O2 emission, apoptosis, and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. RESULTS: Treatments had a positive effect; however, the combination of exercise and 40-Hz light flickering exposure was most effective in reducing Aß and tau levels. Reducing Aß and tau levels by combination of exercise and 40-Hz light flickering improves Ca2+ homeostasis and reactive oxygen species such as H2O2 in mitochondria and apoptosis including bax, bcl-2, cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase-3 and cell death, cell differentiation, and neurogenesis in the 3xTg-AD model of the hippocampus, resulting in improving cognitive impairment such as spatial learning, memory and long term memory. CONCLUSION: Our results show that exercising in a 40-Hz light flickering environment may improve cognitive functioning by reducing Aß and tau levels, thereby enhancing mitochondrial function and neuroplasticity.

Treadmill exercise ameliorates social isolation-induced memory impairment by enhancing silent information regulator-1 expression in rats.

The effect of treadmill exercise on the social isolation-induced memory impairment in relation with the silent information regulator-1 (SIRT-1) was investigated. The rats in the control groups lived four in the stan-dard cages for 8 weeks. The rats in the social isolation groups lived alone in the small cages for 8 weeks. The rats in the treadmill exercise groups were subjected to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day for 8 weeks. We used step-through avoidance test for short-term memory and Morris water maze task for spatial working memory. Immunohisto-chemistry for SIRT-1 and western blot analysis for Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) were performed. The rats in the social isolation group showed a decrease in short-term memory and spatial working memory. Treadmill exercise alleviated short-term memory and spatial working memory in the social isolation rats. SIRT-1 expression in the hippocampus was decreased in the rats of social isolation group. Treadmill exercise increased SIRT-1 expression in the social isolation rats. Bax expression was increased, Bcl-2 expression was decreased, and cleaved caspase-3 expression in the hippocampus was increased in the rats of social isolation group. Treadmill exercise decreased Bax expression, increased Bcl-2 expression, and decreased cleaved caspase-3 expression in the social isolation rats. Hippocampal BDNF and TrkB expression was decreased in the rats of social isolation group. Treadmill exercise increased BDNF and TrkB expression in the social isolation rats.

Effects of treadmill exercise on the anxiety-like behavior through modulation of GSK3ß/ß-catenin signaling in the maternal separation rat pup.

Maternal separation causes depression and anxiety. Exercise ameliorates maternal separation-induced depression. In this study, we investigated the effect of treadmill exercise on anxiety-like behavior in relation with glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3ß)/ß-catenin pathway using maternal separation rat pups. For this study, elevated plus maze test, immunohistochemistry for serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), and western blot for total GSK3ß (t-GSK3ß), phosphorylated GSK3ß (p-GSK3ß), total ß-catenin (t-ß-catenin), and phosphorylated ß-catenin (p-ß-catenin) were conducted. The rat pups in the exercise groups were scheduled to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day for 10 days, starting on postnatal day 21. For the rat pups in the fluoxetine-treated group, fluoxetine was orally administrated once a day for 10 consecutive days, starting on postnatal day 21. Anxiety-like behavior was appeared in the rat pups by maternal separation. Maternal separation suppressed 5-HT and TPH expression in the dorsal raphe. Maternal separation suppressed phosphorylation of GSK3ß and increased phosphorylation of ß-catenin in the hippocampus. However, treadmill exercise and fluoxetine treatment alleviated anxiety and increased 5-HT and TPH expression in the dorsal raphe. Treadmill exercise and fluoxetine treatment also enhanced GSK3ß phosphorylation and suppressed ß-catenin phosphorylation in the hippocampus. In this study, alleviating effect of treadmill exercise on maternal separation-induced anxiety appeared through enhancing 5-HT expression and GSK3ß phosphorylation, and then inhibiting ß-catenin phosphorylation. These results showed that treadmill exercise relieves anxiety through GSK3ß/ß-catenin pathway. Treadmill exercise showed similar ameliorating effect on anxiety-like behavior as fluoxetine.

Exercise attenuates maternal separation-induced mood disorder-like behaviors by enhancing mitochondrial functions and neuroplasticity in the dorsal raphe.

Loss of the mother-infant relationship during early childhood affects infant development and is known to increase the infant's vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders throughout life. Serotonin deficits and mitochondrial dysfunction in the dorsal raphe may underlie mood disorders such as anxiety and depression. Exercise is known to have a positive effect on brain function. In this study, we investigated the effect of exercise on mitochondrial function, apoptosis, and serotonin levels in the dorsal raphe as well as behavioral changes in cases of maternal separation. Exposure to the stress of maternal separation resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction in the dorsal raphe, including impaired Ca2+ homeostasis, an increase in reactive oxygen species such as H2O2, and a decrease in the O2 respiration rate. Exposure to maternal separation stress also decreased tryptophan hydroxylase and 5-hydroxytryptamine positive cells and increased apoptosis, anxiety, and depression. The impairments in mitochondrial function, apoptosis, and serotonin in the dorsal raphe, as well as anxiety and depression, were all improved by exercise. Exercise might alter mitochondrial function, serotonin levels, and the rate of apoptosis in the dorsal raphe. Therefore, exercise might be an important non-pharmacological intervention for the prevention and treatment of the adverse effects of maternal separation.

Wnt signaling pathway is implicated in the alleviating effect of treadmill exercise on maternal separation-induced depression.

Maternal separation in the developmental stage has a negative influence on brain development and causes depression. The extracellular ligand, Wnt, and its receptors play an important role in axis formation and neural development. Exercise inhibits apoptosis, increases cell proliferation, and exerts antidepressive effect. In this study, the effect of treadmill exercise on the maternal separation-induced depression was investigated in the aspect of Wnt signaling pathway. The maternal separation started on the postnatal day 14. The rat pups in the exercise groups were forced to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day from postnatal day 21 to postnatal day 34. The rat pups in the maternal separation and fluoxetine-treated group were intraperitoneally injected with 5-mg/kg fluoxetine once a day from postnatal day 21 to postnatal day 34. Forced swimming test was performed to evaluate the depression level. Western blotting was performed for the expressions of Wnt signaling ligands, Wnt2 and Wnt3a, and Wnt signaling inhibitors, Dkk1, and sFRP3. Maternal separation showed depressive behaviors in the forced swimming test. Treadmill exercise alleviated depressive behaviors in the maternal separation rat pups. Expressions of Wnt2 and Wnt3a were decreased by maternal separation. Treadmill exercise alleviated maternal separation-induced reduction of Wnt2 and Wnt3a expressions. Expressions of Dkk1 and sFRP3 in the hippocampus were increased by maternal separation. Treadmill exercise alleviated maternal separation-induced reduction of Dkk1 and sFRP3 expressions. Our study demonstrated that treadmill exercise activates Wnt signaling pathway, and then exerted antidepressive effect.

Preischemic treadmill exercise improves short-term memory by inhibiting hypoperfusion-induced disruption of blood-brain barrier after bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion.

Bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (BCCAO) causes an abrupt reduction of cerebral blood flow, and this method has been used to investigate the effects of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion on vascular dementia and neuronal injuries. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion leads to functional changes in the hippocampus and then results in a cognitive impairment. We investigated the effect of preischemic treadmill exercise on short-term memory and blood-brain barrier integration following cerebral hypoperfusion caused by BCCAO. The rats in the preischemic treadmill exercise and BCCAO group were made to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day for 4 weeks. At 4 weeks after performing treadmill exercise, right carotid artery was ligated, and 1 week after, left common carotid artery was ligated. At 20 days after BCCAO, short-term memory was evaluated. Half of the rats were sacrificed 2 days after BCCAO and the other rats were sacrificed at 3 weeks after BCCAO. Immunohistochemistry and western blot were performed. Preischemic treadmill exercise alleviated impairment of short-term memory in the step-down avoidance task. Preischemic treadmill exercise reduced microvascular injury in the hippocampus. Preischemic treadmill exercise prevented the reduction of zonula occludens-1 in the hippocampus and inhibited the activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Therefore, pre-conditioning treadmill exercise might be used as a therapeutic strategy for the prevention of stroke in patients.

Treadmill exercise activates PI3K/Akt signaling pathway leading to GSK-3ß inhibition in the social isolated rat pups.

Social isolation is known to precipitate depression-like symptoms in rodents and has emerged as a dependable paradigm to screen the behavioral and neurobiological changes observed in humans. In the present study, the undying mechanisms of treadmill exercise on social isolation-induced depression was evaluated. The rat pups in the social isolation groups were housed individually. The social isolation procedures started on the postnatal day 14. The rat pups in the exercise groups were forced to run on treadmill for 30 min once a day from postnatal day 21 to postnatal day 34. The expression of phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K), tyrosine kinase B (Akt), and glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (GSK-3ß) in the hippocampus were determined by using western blot analysis. The ratio phosphorylated PI3K (p-PI3K)/PI3K and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt)/Akt were decreased and the ratio of phosphorylated-GSK-3 (p-GSK-3ß)/GSK-3ß was increased by social isolation. Treadmill exercise increased the ratio p-PI3K/PI3K and p-Akt/Akt and suppressed the ratio of p-GSK-3ß/GSK-3ß in the hippocampus of social isolated rat pups. Treadmill exercise activates PI3K/Akt signaling pathway leading to GSK-3ß inhibition in social isolated rats. These results suggested that treadmill exercise may improve depressive symptoms via activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Treadmill Exercise Improves Motor Function by Suppressing Purkinje Cell Loss in Parkinson Disease Rats.

PURPOSE: Rotenone is the most widely used neurotoxin for the making Parkinson disease (PD) animal model. The neurodegenerative disorder PD shows symptoms, such as slowness of movements, tremor at resting, rigidity, disturbance of gait, and instability of posture. We investigated whether treadmill running improves motor ability using rotenone-caused PD rats. The effect of treadmill running on PD was also assessed in relation with apoptosis of cerebellar Purkinje cells. METHODS: Treadmill running was applied to the rats in the exercise groups for 30 minutes once a day for 4 weeks, starting 4 weeks after birth. We used rota-rod test for the determination of motor coordination and balance. In this experiment, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, immunohistochemistry for calbindin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Iba-1, and western blot analysis for Bax and Bcl-2 were performed. RESULTS: Treadmill running enhanced motor balance and coordination by preventing the loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar vermis. Treadmill running suppressed PD-induced expression of GFAP-positive reactive astrocytes and Iba-1-positive microglia, showing that treadmill running suppressed reactive astrogliosis and microglia activation. Treadmill running suppressed TUNEL-positive cell number and Bax expression and enhanced Bcl-2 expression, demonstrating that treadmill running inhibited the progress of apoptosis in the cerebellum of rotenone-induced PD rats. CONCLUSION: Treadmill running improved motor ability of the rotenone-induced PD rats by inhibiting apoptosis in the cerebellum. Apoptosis suppressing effect of treadmill running on rotenone-induced PD was achieved via suppression of reactive astrocyte and inhibition of microglial activation.

Role of exercise on molecular mechanisms in the regulation of antidepressant effects.

Regular exercise reduces depressive-like behavior activation. In this study, we look for exact roles of exercise on molecular and neuronal mechanisms for antidepressant action by studying the hippocampal neuroplasticity and proliferation. Increased hippocampal neurogenesis with exercise has potential significance for depression. Exercise promotes brain health in the molecular levels in the hippocampus and also affects behavior in a similar way to chronic antidepressant treatment. Wingless (Wnt) and frizzled signaling system plays an important role in cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation during development. Our results demonstrate complicated, differential effects of antidepressants on Wnt signaling system, and assume a role for selected signaling molecules in the neurogenic activity of antidepressant care. Our review suggests that exercise may preserve brain function by increasing neurogenesis through activating Wnt signaling pathway in the psychiatric disorders, such as depression.