Hypermethylation of the OPRM1 and ALDH2 promoter regions in Chinese Han males with alcohol use disorder in Yunnan Province.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is one of the most serious public health problems worldwide. The OPRM1 and ALDH2 genes are important factors in the reward and alcohol metabolism pathways, and their DNA methylation patterns are closely related to AUD and are population-specific. Chinese Han people are the most populous ethnic group in the world, and this group experiences severe AUD. No epigenetic study on OPRM1 and ALDH2 has been performed in Chinese Han patients with AUD. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether methylation patterns of OPRM1 and ALDH2 are associated with susceptibility to AUD in Chinese Han males. METHODS: DNA methylation of the OPRM1 and ALDH2 promoters was studied in Chinese Han males with AUD in Yunnan Province (N = 50 controls, N = 90 individuals with AUD) using the bisulfite pyrosequencing method. RESULTS: In the AUD group, compared with the control group, OPRM1 was hypermethylated(p < .01) but there was no significant difference in the methylation level of ALDH2 (p > .05). 9 CpG sites of OPRM1 (p < .05) and 2 CpG sites of ALDH2 (p > .01) were hypermethylated. Smoking promoted AUD-mediated hypermethylation of OPRM1, in which 3 CpG sites showed significant hypermethylation (p < .01). Age had no significant effect on the DNA methylation levels of these two genes. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that DNA hypermethylation of the OPRM1 and ALDH2 promoter regions is associated with an increased risk of AUD, which may help to explain the pathogenesis and progression of AUD.

MicroRNA-503 regulates hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis through PI3K/Akt pathway by targeting IGF-1R.

Coronary heart disease is the second highest specific cause of death. H9c2 cardiomyocytes were subjected to hypoxia (1% O2) for 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. Cell apoptosis and the activity of caspase3/7 was detected using ELISA; western blot was applied to determine the cleaved-caspase3 (c-caspase3), cleaved-PARP (c-PARP) and cytochrome C (Cyto C) expression after the inhibitor negative control (in-NC), miR-503 inhibitor, mimic negative control (mi-NC) and miR-503 mimic were transfected into cells for 48 h. Moreover, flow cytometry was applied to evaluate mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, luciferase reporter gene assay was used for detection the relationship between miR-503 and insulin-like growth-factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R). Real-time PCR showed microRNA-503 (miR-503) was elevated in a time-dependent manner under hypoxia. MiR-503 inhibition prevented cell apoptosis and reduced caspase3/7 activity and the expression of c-caspase3 and c-PARP, prevented mitochondrial membrane potential collapse and reduced the cyto C level in cytosol. While, miR-503 overexpression showed a pro-apoptotic role and resulted in mitochondrial membrane potential loss. MiR-503 directly targets IGF-1R in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. The depletion of IGF-1R using a specific IGF-1R siRNA (siIGF-1R) abolished anti-apoptotic function of miR-503 inhibitor, and LY294002 showed a similar trend. In summary, miR-503 promoted cell apoptosis, caused mitochondrial membrane potential collapse and the emancipation of cyto C from mitochondrial through PI3K/Akt pathway via targeting IGF-1R in H9c2 cardiomyocytes.

Controllable Fabrication of Ag Nanoparticles-Coated Silica Core­Shell Microspheres and Its Optical Properties.

This paper described a one-step shell growth and extraordinarily facile method for the preparation of Ag nanoparticles-coated silica core­shell microspheres. The Ag nanoparticles could deposit on the silica microspheres to form continuous and compact shell layers at a balanced amount of polyvinyl pyrrolidone after the surface modification of the silica microspheres by (3-Mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane. The strong interactions between the thiol groups and Ag nanoparticles make it difficult to peel off the Ag shell from the core microspheres, obtaining extremely stable and homogeneous Ag nanoparticles-coated silica core­shell microspheres. Besides, the coating effect was controlled by varying the content of coupling agent, the type and amount of stabilizing agent, the quantity of silica microspheres as well as the mixing time between silica and silver ammonia solution. In addition, these Ag nanoparticles-coated silica core­shell microspheres were characterized using laser particle size analyzer (LPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The optical properties of the composite microspheres were observed by UV-vis spectroscopy.

Quercetin Prevents Hypertension in Dahl Salt-sensitive Rats F ed a High-salt Diet Through Balancing Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and Sirtuin 1.

BACKGROUND: A high-salt diet is a leading dietary risk factor for elevated blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. Quercetin reportedly exhibits cardioprotective and antihypertensive therapeutic effects. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to examine the effect of quercetin on high-salt dietinduced elevated blood pressure in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats and determine the underlying molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rats of the Dahl SS and control SS-13 BN strains were separated into five groups, SS-13 BN rats fed a low-salt diet (BL group), SS-13 BN rats fed a high-salt diet (BH group), Dahl SS rats fed a low-salt diet (SL group), Dahl SS rats fed a high-salt diet (SH group), and SH rats treated with quercetin (SHQ group). Blood pressure was checked three weeks into the course of treatment, and biochemical markers in the urine and serum were examined. Additionally, western blot was done to evaluate the sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression levels. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to verify SIRT1 levels. RESULTS: We demonstrated that a high-salt diet elevated blood pressure in both SS-13 BN and Dahl SS rats, and quercetin supplementation alleviated the altered blood pressure. Compared with the SH group, quercetin significantly elevated the protein expression of SIRT1 and eNOS. Immunohistochemistry results further confirmed that quercetin could improve the protein expression of SIRT1. CONCLUSION: Quercetin reduced blood pressure by enhancing the expression of SIRT1 and eNOS in Dahl SS rats fed a high-salt diet.

Prebiotic inulin alleviates anxiety and depression-like behavior in alcohol withdrawal mice by modulating the gut microbiota and 5-HT metabolism.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol dependence (AD) is a common psychiatric disorder, often accompanied by anxiety and depression. These comorbidities are linked to disturbances in serotonin (5-HT) metabolism and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Clinical studies suggest that inulin, a prebiotic, can alleviate anxiety and depression in AD patients by affecting the gut microbiota, although the mechanisms remain unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential mechanisms by which inulin, a prebiotic, improves anxiety and depression-like behaviors in AD withdrawal mice. This research is based on the drug and food homology and intestinal treatment of encephalopathy, with the goal of developing new clinical strategies for AD treatment. STUDY DESIGN: For this purpose, fecal samples from AD patients were analyzed to identify microorganisms associated with AD. An AD withdrawal mouse model was created, with inulin as the intervention and fluvoxamine maleate as the control. Techniques such as 16S microbiome sequencing and UPLC-TQMS-targeted metabolomics were used to assess gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels, and 5-HT metabolism. METHODS: The AD withdrawal model was built using the "Drinking-in-the-dark" protocol over 6 weeks. Inulin (2 g/kg/day) and fluvoxamine maleate (30 mg/kg/day) were administered for 4 weeks. The open field test, forced swim test, and tail suspension test were used to evaluate anxiety and depression-like behaviors in mice. ELISA and qRT-PCR assessed 5-HT metabolism in the colon, blood, and prefrontal cortex, while 16S microbiome sequencing analyzed changes in gut microbiota and UPLC-TQMS examined SCFAs levels. Immunohistochemistry was used to study intestinal barrier integrity. RESULTS: AD patients showed reduced SCFA-producing bacteria such as Faecalibacterium and Roseburia. In mice, AD withdrawal led to anxiety and depression-like behaviors, disrupted 5-HT metabolism, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Inulin supplementation alleviated these behaviors, increased 5-HT and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) levels, upregulated colonic tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) expression, and promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria such as Faecalibacterium and Roseburia, while also increasing SCFAs levels. CONCLUSION: Inulin increases the abundance of Faecalibacterium and Roseburia, enhances SCFAs production, and regulates 5-HT metabolism, improving anxiety and depression-like behaviors in AD withdrawal mice. These findings suggest that inulin may serve as a nutritional intervention for mental health in AD patients by targeting the microbiome-gut-brain axis.

R1 motif is the major actin-binding domain of TRIOBP-4.

TRIOBP is an actin-bundling protein. Mutations of TRIOBP are associated with human deafness DFNB28. In vitro, TRIOBP isoform 4 (TRIOBP-4) forms dense F-actin bundles resembling the inner ear hair cell rootlet structure. Deletion of TRIOBP isoforms 4 and 5 leads to hearing loss in mice due to the absence of stereocilia rootlets. The mechanism of actin bundle formation by TRIOBP is not fully understood. The amino acid sequences of TRIOBP isoforms 4 and 5 contain two repeated motifs, referred to here as R1 and R2. To examine the potential role of R1 and R2 motifs in F-actin binding, we generated TRIOBP-4 mutant proteins deleted for R1 and/or R2, and then assessed their actin-binding activity and bundle formation in vitro using actin cosedimentation assays, and fluorescence and electron microscopy. Cellular distributions of the TRIOBP-4 mutants were examined by confocal microscopy. We showed that deletion of both R1 and R2 motifs completely disrupted the actin binding/bundling activities of TRIOBP-4 and impaired its localization to cellular actin cytoskeleton structures. By contrast, TRIOBP-4, lacking only R2 motif, retained its F-actin bundling ability and remained localized to actin filaments in cells, similar to full length TRIOBP-4. On the contrary, the R1 motif-deleted TRIOBP-4 mutant, which mainly consists of the R2 motif, formed thin F-actin bundles in vitro but failed to colocalize to actin filaments in cells. These results indicate that R1 motif is the major actin-binding domain of TRIOBP-4, and the binding of R2 motif with actin filaments is nonspecific.

Fatty liver is associated with reduced SIRT3 activity and mitochondrial protein hyperacetylation.

Acetylation has recently emerged as an important mechanism for controlling a broad array of proteins mediating cellular adaptation to metabolic fuels. Acetylation is governed, in part, by SIRTs (sirtuins), class III NAD(+)-dependent deacetylases that regulate lipid and glucose metabolism in liver during fasting and aging. However, the role of acetylation or SIRTs in pathogenic hepatic fuel metabolism under nutrient excess is unknown. In the present study, we isolated acetylated proteins from total liver proteome and observed 193 preferentially acetylated proteins in mice fed on an HFD (high-fat diet) compared with controls, including 11 proteins not previously identified in acetylation studies. Exposure to the HFD led to hyperacetylation of proteins involved in gluconeogenesis, mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, methionine metabolism, liver injury and the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress response. Livers of mice fed on the HFD had reduced SIRT3 activity, a 3-fold decrease in hepatic NAD(+) levels and increased mitochondrial protein oxidation. In contrast, neither SIRT1 nor histone acetyltransferase activities were altered, implicating SIRT3 as a dominant factor contributing to the observed phenotype. In Sirt3⁻(/)⁻ mice, exposure to the HFD further increased the acetylation status of liver proteins and reduced the activity of respiratory complexes III and IV. This is the first study to identify acetylation patterns in liver proteins of HFD-fed mice. Our results suggest that SIRT3 is an integral regulator of mitochondrial function and its depletion results in hyperacetylation of critical mitochondrial proteins that protect against hepatic lipotoxicity under conditions of nutrient excess.

The Connection of Early Life Adversity and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: an Updated Review.

Human beings develop a highly coordinated and flexible system of social behavior and threat evaluation. In this review we focus on the unique role of early life adversity (ELA) in programming deficits in social behavior and threat processing, and provides guidance on future investigations in the areas of stress reactivity and mental health. We propose that neuroendocrine perturbations of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and gene activity by epigenetic mechanisms may explain how early adverse circumstances may lead to post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The detailed exploration of the interaction of stress as environmental factor and epigenetic and genetic regulation in HPA axis may improve targeted interventions among vulnerable individuals. We are convinced that further studies following these directions will contribute to effective prevention and treatment of PTSD in early traumatized patients.

Protein deacetylation by sirtuins: delineating a post-translational regulatory program responsive to nutrient and redox stressors.

Lysine acetylation/deacetylation is increasingly being recognized as common post-translational modification that appears to be broadly operational throughout the cell. The functional roles of these modifications, outside of the nucleus, have not been extensively studied. Moreover, as acetyl-CoA donates the acetyl group for acetylation, nutrient availability and energetic status may be pivotal in this modification. Similarly, nutrient limitation is associated with the deacetylation reaction. This modification is orchestrated by a novel family of sirtuin deacetylases that function in a nutrient and redox dependent manner and targets non-histone protein deacetylation. In compartment-specific locations, candidate target proteins undergoing lysine-residue deacetylation are being identified. Through these investigations, the functional role of this post-translational modification is being delineated. We review the sirtuin family proteins, discuss their functional effects on target proteins, and postulate on potential biological programs and disease processes that may be modified by sirtuin-mediated deacetylation of target proteins.

Mitochondrial sirtuins in the regulation of mitochondrial activity and metabolic adaptation.

In eukaryotes, mitochondria carry out numerous functions that are central to cellular and organismal health. How mitochondrial activities are regulated in response to differing environmental conditions, such as variations in diet, remains an important unsolved question in biology. Here, we review emerging evidence suggesting that reversible acetylation of mitochondrial proteins on lysine residues represents a key mechanism by which mitochondrial functions are adjusted to meet environmental demands. In mammals, three members of the sirtuin class of NAD(+)-dependent deacetylases - SIRT3, SIRT4, and SIRT5 - localize to mitochondria and regulate targets involved in a diverse array of biochemical pathways. The importance of this activity is highlighted by recent studies of SIRT3 indicating that this protein suppresses the emergence of diverse age-related pathologies: hearing loss, cardiac fibrosis, and malignancy. Together, these findings argue that mitochondrial protein acetylation represents a central means by which mammals regulate mitochondrial functions to maintain cellular and organismal homeostasis.

[Association of polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene promote with the susceptibility to alcohol dependence in Yunnan Han Population].

To explore the association of polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene and the susceptibility to alcohol dependence in Yunnan Han population, PCR and DNA sequencing techniques were used to detect 5-HTT-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR). One hundred and eighteen alcohol dependent patients as case group and 214 normal people as control group were employed in this study. Significant differences in genotype frequencies were present between case group and control group of 5-HTTLPR (P<0.05). The proportion of L/L and L/S genotype was significantly smaller in case group than that was in control group (OR=0.581, P=0.026). No significant association was observed in allelic frequencies, which differed in different ethnic groups. In conclusion, 5-HTTLPR polymorphism may be associated with alcohol dependent patients, and the genotype L/L or L/S may be a genetic factor that is responsible for decreasing susceptibility of alcohol dependence in Yunnan Han population.

Simulation Study on Prediction of Urea Crystallization of a Diesel Engine Integrated after-Treatment Device.

An integrated after-treatment device model was established for our target engine based on the fluid simulation software (Converge), and simulation was performed to determine the NH3, temperature, and velocity uniformity at the front-end cross section of its SCR catalyst, urea deposition rate, liquid film mass of the mixer, and its positions under a low-load condition. Moreover, the structure of the mixer and injection pressure were optimized to improve the uniformity and reduce the liquid film mass. Our simulation results show the following facts: the liquid film is easily accumulated under a low-load condition and the structure of the mixer and the injection pressure significantly affect the urea deposition rate and uniformities and accumulation masses of the liquid film. As a result, our final optimization results indicate that the mass of the NH3 and the NH3 uniformity at the front-end cross section of the SCR catalyst increase by 2.83 times and 5.65%. The urea deposition rate and the cumulative mass of the liquid film fall by 4.82 and 10.4%, respectively. This study has certain theoretical guiding significance for the optimal design of this type of after-treatment devices.

Characterization of the murine SIRT3 mitochondrial localization sequence and comparison of mitochondrial enrichment and deacetylase activity of long and short SIRT3 isoforms.

SIRT3 is identified as the major mitochondrial deacetylase. Two distinct isoforms of the murine SIRT3 have been identified with the short isoform having no recognizable mitochondrial localization sequence (MLS) and the long isoform having a putative MLS. A recent study questions the mitochondrial deacetylase activity of this short isoform. In contrast, the long isoform has been shown to be predominantly mitochondrial with robust deacetylase activity. In this study, we investigate whether the amino-terminus of the long SIRT3 isoform is a legitimate MLS and evaluate in-situ mitochondrial deacetylase activity of both isoforms. We confirm the presence of long and short isoforms in murine liver and kidney. The long isoform is generated via intra-exon splicing creating a frame-shift to expose a novel upstream translation start site. Mitochondrial localization is significantly more robust following transfection of the long compared with the short isoform. Insertion of this alternatively spliced novel 5' sequence upstream of a GFP-reporter plasmid shows greater than 80% enrichment in mitochondria, confirming this region as a legitimate mitochondrial localization sequence. Despite lower mitochondrial expression of the short isoform, the capacity to deacetylate mitochondrial proteins and to restore mitochondrial respiration is equally robust following transient transfection of either isoform into SIRT3 knockout embryonic fibroblasts. How these alternative transcripts are regulated and whether they modulate distinct targets is unknown. Furthermore, in contrast to exclusive mitochondrial enrichment of endogenous SIRT3, overexpression of both isoforms shows nuclear localization. This overexpression effect, may partially account for previously observed divergent phenotypes attributed to SIRT3.

Loss of cell adhesion causes hydrocephalus in nonmuscle myosin II-B-ablated and mutated mice.

Ablation of nonmuscle myosin (NM) II-B in mice during embryonic development leads to marked enlargement of the cerebral ventricles and destruction of brain tissue, due to hydrocephalus. We have identified a transient mesh-like structure present at the apical border of cells lining the spinal canal of mice during development. This structure, which only contains the II-B isoform of NM, also contains beta-catenin and N-cadherin, consistent with a role in cell adhesion. Ablation of NM II-B or replacement of NM II-B with decreased amounts of a mutant (R709C), motor-impaired NM II-B in mice results in collapse of the mesh-like structure and loss of cell adhesion. This permits the underlying neuroepithelial cells to invade the spinal canal and obstruct cerebral spinal fluid flow. These defects in the CNS of NM II-B-ablated mice seem to be the cause of hydrocephalus. Interestingly, the mesh-like structure and patency of the spinal canal can be restored by increasing expression of the motor-impaired NM II-B, which also rescues hydrocephalus. However, the mutant isoform cannot completely rescue neuronal cell migration. These studies show that the scaffolding properties of NM II-B play an important role in cell adhesion, thereby preventing hydrocephalus during mouse brain development.

SIRT2 is a negative regulator of anoxia-reoxygenation tolerance via regulation of 14-3-3 zeta and BAD in H9c2 cells.

Knockdown or inhibition of SIRT2 enhances biological stress-tolerance. We extend this phenotype showing that SIRT2 knockdown reduces anoxia-reoxygenation injury in H9c2 cells. Gene array analysis following SIRT2 siRNA knockdown identifies 14-3-3 zeta as the most robustly induced gene. SIRT2 knockdown evokes induction of this chaperone, facilitating cytosolic sequestration of BAD with a corresponding reduction in mitochondrial BAD localization. Concurrent siRNA against SIRT2 and 14-3-3 zeta abolishes the SIRT2-depleted cytoprotective phenotype. SIRT2 functions to moderate cellular stress-tolerance, in part, by modulating the levels of 14-3-3 zeta with the concordant control of BAD subcellular localization.

The B2 alternatively spliced isoform of nonmuscle myosin II-B lacks actin-activated MgATPase activity and in vitro motility.

We report the initial biochemical characterization of an alternatively spliced isoform of nonmuscle heavy meromyosin (HMM) II-B2 and compare it with HMM II-B0, the nonspliced isoform. HMM II-B2 is the HMM derivative of an alternatively spliced isoform of endogenous nonmuscle myosin (NM) II-B, which has 21-amino acids inserted into loop 2, near the actin-binding region. NM II-B2 is expressed in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum as well as in other neuronal cells [X. Ma, S. Kawamoto, J. Uribe, R.S. Adelstein, Function of the neuron-specific alternatively spliced isoforms of nonmuscle myosin II-B during mouse brain development, Mol. Biol. Cell 15 (2006) 2138-2149]. In contrast to any of the previously described isoforms of NM II (II-A, II-B0, II-B1, II-C0 and II-C1) or to smooth muscle myosin, the actin-activated MgATPase activity of HMM II-B2 is not significantly increased from a low, basal level by phosphorylation of the 20kDa myosin light chain (MLC-20). Moreover, although HMM II-B2 can bind to actin in the absence of ATP and is released in its presence, it cannot propel actin in the sliding actin filament assay following MLC-20 phosphorylation. Unlike HMM II-B2, the actin-activated MgATPase activity of a chimeric HMM with the 21-amino acid II-B2 sequence inserted into the homologous location in the heavy chain of HMM II-C is increased following MLC-20 phosphorylation. This indicates that the effect of the II-B2 insert is myosin heavy chain specific.

Photoelectric and flexible poly(styrene-b-ethylene/butylene-b-styrene)-zinc porphyrin-graphene hybrid composite: synthesis, performance, and mechanism.

Stretchable and flexible photoelectric materials are highly desirable for the development of artificial intelligence products. However, it remains a challenge to fabricate a stable, processable, and cost-efficient material with both high photoelectric sensitivity and remarkable deformability. Herein, a new kind of photoelectric sensitive, highly stretchable and environmentally adaptive materials was developed through in situ synthesis and π-π conjugation design. Specifically, a photoelectric elastomer zinc porphyrin SEBS(Zn-PorSEBS) was synthesized by introducing porphyrin to SEBS chain via a one-pot method. Then, graphene/zinc porphyrin SEBS (G/Zn-PorSEBS) composites were obtained by combing the elastomer with graphene sheets through solution blending. Notably, the resultant flexible composites were capable of capturing light changes with illumination on or off, and the maximum photocurrent density reached 0.13 µA cm-2. Moreover, the photoelectric composites exhibited a dramatic elongation (more than 1000%) and an excellent tensile strength about 20 MPa. This proposed strategy represents a general approach to manufacture photoelectric and flexible materials.

ProBDNF/p75NTR/sortilin pathway is activated in peripheral blood of patients with alcohol dependence.

Alcohol dependence is a worldwide problem with a great social and economic burden in many countries. A number of studies have suggested that BDNF (mature BDNF) and its precursor (proBDNF) play important roles in the alcohol dependence. However, what roles of the mBDNF/proBDNF pathways play during the pathological process of alcohol dependence are not clearly understood. In our clinical study, peripheral blood was sampled from 30 male patients with alcohol dependence and 50 healthy males (as control). The protein levels of proBDNF, p75NTR, sortilin, mBDNF, TrkB and mRNA levels of BDNF, p75NTR, sortilin, and TrkB were detected in the peripheral blood in our study. We found that the protein levels of proBDNF and p75NTR were increased, but not the sortilin protein level; while the TrkB protein level was decreased in the alcohol dependence patients compared with healthy controls. Moreover, the mRNA levels of p75NTR and sortilin from the lymphocytes were slightly increased; while BDNF and TrkB were significantly decreased. The ELISA results of mBDNF and TrkB were declined in the alcohol dependence group. The levels of mBDNF and TrkB were negatively correlated with the average amount of daily ethanol consumption, and the levels of proBDNF, p75NTR and sortilin were positively correlated with the average amount of ethanol consumption per day. The ratio of proBDNF to mBDNF was altered in alcohol dependence patients. The balance between the proBDNF/p75NTR and mBDNF/TrkB signalling pathways appeared dysregulated in alcohol dependence. Our results suggested that both pathways may participate in the complex processes of alcohol dependence.

Changes in long non-coding RNA expression profiles related to the antagonistic effects of Escherichia coli F17 on lamb spleens.

Sheep colibacillosis is one of the most common bacterial diseases found at large-scale sheep farms. The aim of this study was to employ RNA-seq to screen differentially expressed (DE) long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that impart antagonistic or sensitive effects on Escherichia coli F17. In this study, individuals who had antagonistic or sensitive responses to E. coli F17 were identified by feeding E. coli F17 strains to Hu lambs. The sensitive group had higher levels of intestinal bacteria than that in the antagonistic group (P < 0.05), the jejunum showed various levels of mucosal tissue damage and had a dark colour, and disintegration of part of the small intestinal villi was observed. Totals of 34 DE lncRNAs and 703 DE mRNAs in two groups were identified. qRT-PCR results for 12 randomly selected DE lncRNAs and DE mRNAs were consistent with the RNA-seq data. Gene Ontology (GO), KEGG Pathway enrichment and lncRNA-mRNA interaction analyses identified 6 co-expressed genes, namely, MYO1G, TIMM29, CARM1, ADGRB1, SEPT4, and DESI2. This is the first study that has performed expression profiling of lncRNAs in the spleen of antagonistic and sensitive lambs. The identification of DE lncRNAs can facilitate investigations into the molecular mechanism underlying resistance to diarrhoea in sheep.

Changes in circRNA expression profiles related to the antagonistic effects of Escherichia coli F17 in lamb spleens.

Sheep colibacillosis is one of the most common bacterial diseases in large-scale sheep farms. In this study, we orally administered Escherichia coli F17 (E. coli F17) to lambs to obtain antagonistic and sensitive individuals. We used RNA-seq to screen for differential circRNAs in the spleens of both antagonist and sensitive individuals to explore the effect of circRNA on anti-diarrhoea in sheep. The results showed that 60 differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs were screened by RNA-seq in the spleen of antagonistic and sensitive lambs, among which 31 were up-regulated and 29 were down-regulated; q-PCR was used to validate the relative expression levels of six randomly selected circRNAs in antagonist and susceptible lambs and found to be consistent with the results of RNA-seq. Using Miranda analysis of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interactions, we found a certain target relationship between 6 circRNAs, 5 miRNAs and 9 mRNAs. The relative expression levels of mRNA in antagonistic and sensitive lambs were verified by q-PCR and were consistent with the results of RNA-seq. This study explored the expression profile of circRNA in the spleen of an antagonistic and susceptible lamb with diarrhoea and found that differentially expressed circRNAs were helpful for determining how the lambs resist the pathogenesis of diarrhoea and provided a scientific basis for lambs to resist diarrhoea.