Quantifying insufficient coping behavior under chronic stress: a cross-cultural study of 1,303 students from Italy, Spain and Argentina.

The question of how to quantify insufficient coping behavior under chronic stress is of major clinical relevance. In fact, chronic stress increasingly dominates modern work conditions and can affect nearly every system of the human body, as suggested by physical, cognitive, affective and behavioral symptoms. Since freshmen students experience constantly high levels of stress due to tight schedules and frequent examinations, we carried out a 3-center study of 1,303 students from Italy, Spain and Argentina in order to develop socioculturally independent means for quantifying coping behavior. The data analysis relied on 2 self-report questionnaires: the Coping Strategies Inventory (COPE) for the assessment of coping behavior and the Zurich Health Questionnaire which assesses consumption behavior and general health dimensions. A neural network approach was used to determine the structural properties inherent in the COPE instrument. Our analyses revealed 2 highly stable, socioculturally independent scales that reflected basic coping behavior in terms of the personality traits activity-passivity and defeatism-resilience. This replicated previous results based on Swiss and US-American data. The percentage of students exhibiting insufficient coping behavior was very similar across the study sites (11.5-18.0%). Given their stability and validity, the newly developed scales enable the quantification of basic coping behavior in a cost-efficient and reliable way, thus clearing the way for the early detection of subjects with insufficient coping skills under chronic stress who may be at risk of physical or mental health problems.

Trends in research involving human beings in Brazil.

Developing countries have experienced a dramatic increase in the number of clinical studies in the last decades. The aim of this study was to describe 1) the number of clinical trials submitted to the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, Anvisa) from 2007 to 2012 and the number of human-subject research projects approved by research ethics committees (RECs) and the National Research Ethics Committee (Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa, CONEP) in Brazil from 2007 to 2011 and 2) the diseases most frequently studied in Brazilian states in clinical trials approved in the country from 2009 to 2012, based on information from an Anvisa databank. Two databases were used: 1) the National Information System on Research Ethics Involving Human Beings (Sistema Nacional de Informação Sobre Ética em Pesquisa envolvendo Seres Humanos, SISNEP) and 2) Anvisa's Clinical Research Control System (Sistema de Controle de Pesquisa Clínica, SCPC). Data from the SCPC indicated an increase of 32.7% in the number of clinical trials submitted to Anvisa, and data from the SISNEP showed an increase of 69.9% in those approved by RECs and CONEP (from 18 160 in 2007 to 30 860 in 2011). Type 2 diabetes (26.0%) and breast cancer (20.5%)-related to the main causes of mortality in Brazil-were the two most frequently studied diseases. The so-called “neglected diseases,” such as dengue fever, were among the least studied diseases in approved clinical trials, despite their significant impact on social, economic, and health indicators in Brazil. Overall, the data indicated 1) a clear trend toward more research involving human beings in Brazil, 2) good correspondence between diseases most studied in clinical trials approved by Anvisa and the main causes of death in Brazil, and 3) a low level of attention to neglected diseases, an issue that should be considered in setting future research priorities, given their socioeconomic and health effects.

Ethics education in research involving human beings in undergraduate medicine curriculum in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: The Brazilian national curriculum guidelines for undergraduate medicine courses inspired and influenced the groundwork for knowledge acquisition, skills development and the perception of ethical values in the context of professional conduct. OBJECTIVE: The evaluation of ethics education in research involving human beings in undergraduate medicine curriculum in Brazil, both in courses with active learning processes and in those with traditional lecture learning methodologies. METHODS: Curricula and teaching projects of 175 Brazilian medical schools were analyzed using a retrospective historical and descriptive exploratory cohort study. Thirty one medical schools were excluded from the study because of incomplete information or a refusal to participate. Active research for information from institutional sites and documents was guided by terms based on 69 DeCS/MeSH descriptors. Curriculum information was correlated with educational models of learning such as active learning methodologies, tutorial discussions with integrated curriculum into core modules, and traditional lecture learning methodologies for large classes organized by disciplines and reviewed by occurrence frequency of ethical themes and average hourly load per semester. RESULTS: Ninety-five medical schools used traditional learning methodologies. The ten most frequent ethical themes were: 1--ethics in research (26); 2--ethical procedures and advanced technology (46); 3--ethic-professional conduct (413). Over 80% of schools using active learning methodologies had between 50 and 100 hours of scheduled curriculum time devoted to ethical themes whereas more than 60% of traditional learning methodology schools devoted less than 50 hours in curriculum time to ethical themes. CONCLUSION: The data indicates that medical schools that employ more active learning methodologies provide more attention and time to ethical themes than schools with traditional discipline-based methodologies. Given the importance of ethical issues in contemporary medical education, these findings are significant for curriculum change and modification plans in the future of Brazilian medical education.

The Modified versus the Conventional Winograd Technique for the Treatment of Onychocryptosis: A Retrospective Study.

The Winograd technique is a common surgical treatment for ingrown toenails. Attempting to improve the results of this technique, two modifications were adopted: the incisional approach and the use of adhesive approximation strips. This study aimed to compare the conventional technique and the modified version based on (i) postoperative complications, (ii) healing time, (iii) recurrence rate, and (iv) overall patient satisfaction. A longitudinal, observational, and retrospective design was used, with a sample of 208 patients divided into the modified Winograd technique (n = 111) and the conventional Winograd technique (n = 97) in three clinics in Portugal, with follow-up periods of more than 15 years and 10 years, respectively. The modifications to the Winograd technique revealed fewer postsurgical complications, in terms of infections (1.8% vs. 20.62%, p < 0.010), recurrence rate (2.7% vs. 5.21%, p > 0.05), shorter recovery time (8.10 ± 0.76 vs. 14.51 ± 3.48 days, p < 0.001), and lower postoperative pain and better satisfaction with the functional and esthetic results, with the patient's overall satisfaction, and with significant differences in relation to the conventional technique (p < 0.001). The modifications performed showed a lower rate of infection, decreased healing time, and better patient satisfaction, suggesting that it may be adopted in clinical practice for the treatment of stages II and III ingrown toenails.

Trends in research involving human beings in Brazil / Tendencias en la investigación con seres humanos en el Brasil

Developing countries have experienced a dramatic increase in the number of clinical studies in the last decades. The aim of this study was to describe 1) the number of clinical trials submitted to the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, Anvisa) from 2007 to 2012 and the number of human-subject research projects approved by research ethics committees (RECs) and the National Research Ethics Committee (Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa, CONEP) in Brazil from 2007 to 2011 and 2) the diseases most frequently studied in Brazilian states in clinical trials approved in the country from 2009 to 2012, based on information from an Anvisa databank. Two databases were used: 1) the National Information System on Research Ethics Involving Human Beings (Sistema Nacional de Informação Sobre Ética em Pesquisa envolvendo Seres Humanos, SISNEP) and 2) Anvisa's Clinical Research Control System (Sistema de Controle de Pesquisa Clínica, SCPC). Data from the SCPC indicated an increase of 32.7% in the number of clinical trials submitted to Anvisa, and data from the SISNEP showed an increase of 69.9% in those approved by RECs and CONEP (from 18 160 in 2007 to 30 860 in 2011). Type 2 diabetes (26.0%) and breast cancer (20.5%)-related to the main causes of mortality in Brazil-were the two most frequently studied diseases. The so-called “neglected diseases,” such as dengue fever, were among the least studied diseases in approved clinical trials, despite their significant impact on social, economic, and health indicators in Brazil. Overall, the data indicated 1) a clear trend toward more research involving human beings in Brazil, 2) good correspondence between diseases most studied in clinical trials approved by Anvisa and the main causes of death in Brazil, and 3) a low level of attention to neglected diseases, an issue that should be considered in setting future research priorities, given their socioeconomic and health effects.

Los países en desarrollo han experimentado un notable aumento del número de estudios clínicos en los últimos decenios. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido describir: 1) el número de ensayos clínicos presentados a la Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria (Anvisa) entre el 2007 y el 2012 y el número de proyectos de investigación con seres humanos autorizados por los comités de ética de la investigación y la Comisión Nacional de Ética en Investigación (CONEP) en el Brasil entre el 2007 y el 2011; y 2) las enfermedades más estudiadas en los estados brasileños dentro de los ensayos clínicos autorizados en el país entre el 2009 y el 2012, a partir de una base de datos de la Anvisa. Se utilizaron dos bases de datos: 1) el Sistema Nacional de Información sobre Ética de la Investigación con Seres Humanos (SISNEP); y 2) el Sistema de Control de la Investigación Clínica (SCPC) de la Anvisa. Los datos del SCPC indican un aumento de 32,7% del número de ensayos clínicos presentados a la Anvisa, y los datos del SISNEP presentan un aumento de 69,9% de los ensayos autorizados por los comités de ética y la CONEP (18 160 en el 2007 y 30 860 en el 2011). La diabetes de tipo 2 (26,0%) y el cáncer de mama (20,5%) - relacionadas con las principales causas de mortalidad en el Brasil- son las dos enfermedades estudiadas con mayor frecuencia. Las denominadas “enfermedades desatendidas”, como el dengue, se hallan entre las enfermedades menos estudiadas tanto en los ensayos clínicos presentados como en los autorizados, a pesar de la repercusión significativa que tienen sobre los índices sociales, económicos y sanitarios del Brasil. En términos generales, los datos indican: 1) una tendencia clara al crecimiento de la investigación con seres humanos en el Brasil; 2) una buena correspondencia entre las enfermedades más estudiadas en los ensayos autorizados por la Anvisa y las principales causas de muerte en el Brasil; y 3) una escasa atención a las enfermedades desatendidas, asunto que debería tenerse en cuenta a la hora de determinar las prioridades de la investigación en el futuro, dados sus efectos socioeconómicos y sanitarios.

É possível desenvolver a autorreflexão no estudante de primeiro ano que atua na comunidade? um estudo preliminar / Is it possible for first year students working in the communityto develop self-reflection? a preliminaryStudy

Numa faculdade com currículo tradicional e predomínio da avaliação cognitiva e somativa, uma nova disciplina, baseada na interação entre universidade, serviços e comunidade (Iusc), para estudantes de Medicina e Enfermagem numa escola de São Paulo, teve por objetivo buscar uma forma de avaliar o desenvolvimento do aluno em habilidades de comunicação e autorreflexão. A avaliação global do aluno em pequenos grupos feita por meio de relatórios escritos e portfólio do grupo não evidenciou a autorreflexão sobre o processo de aprendizagem de alguns estudantes. Foi proposto, então, um estudo piloto com 15 alunos, divididos em dois grupos, selecionados aleatoriamente, que aceitaram desenvolver um portfólio individual e reflexivo. Na análise qualitativa do material, identificou-se a presença de categorias como reflexão sobre a vida estudantil antes do curso universitário escolhido, experiências de vida que levaram à escolha profissional, correlação do aprendizado na disciplina com a prática profissional e capacidade de identificar o crescimento em habilidades de comunicação, mostrando-se eficiente no processo de autorreflexão sobre a aprendizagem.

In a multiprofessional, discipline-based curriculum with cumulative and cognitive assessment, anew discipline based on University-Community Service Interaction (IUSC), for medicine and nursing students at a São Paulo school, aimed at finding a way to evaluate students' development of communication and self-reflection skills. Overall assessment of students in small groups conducted through written reports and group portfolios failed to demonstrate self-reflection on the learning process in some students. A pilot study was therefore proposed, involving 15 students, divided into two randomly-selected groups, who agreed to develop an individual and reflective portfolio. Qualitative analysis of the material outlined categories such as reflection on student life before the chosen university course began, life experiences that led the student to the chosen career, correlation between learning the subject and professional practice and ability to identify their growth in communication skills, indicating an efficient process of self-reflection on their learning.