RESUMO
Two lawsuits filed this year in federal court claim that three drugmakers have colluded in order to simultaneously raise the price of insulin.
Assuntos
Custos de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Indústria Farmacêutica/economia , Medicamentos Genéricos/economia , Medicamentos sob Prescrição/economia , Controle de Custos/legislação & jurisprudência , Custos de Medicamentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Custos de Medicamentos/tendências , Indústria Farmacêutica/legislação & jurisprudência , Competição Econômica , Humanos , Minnesota , Negociação , Pesquisa/economia , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Coleta de Dados/estatística & dados numéricos , Papel do Médico , Indicadores de Qualidade em Assistência à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Projetos de Pesquisa/estatística & dados numéricos , Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Minnesota , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Fluxo de TrabalhoRESUMO
Aphids are major insect pests of cereal crops, acting as virus vectors as well as causing direct damage. The responses of wheat to infestation by cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae) were investigated in a proteomic analysis. Approximately, 500 protein spots were reproducibly detected in the extracts from leaves of wheat seedlings after extraction and 2-DE. Sixty-seven spots differed significantly between control and infested plants following 24 h of aphid feeding, with 27 and 11 up-regulated, and 8 and 21 down-regulated, in local or systemic tissues, respectively. After 8 days, 80 protein spots differed significantly between control and aphid treatments with 13 and 18 up-regulated and 27 and 22 down-regulated in local or systemic tissues, respectively. As positive controls, plants were treated with salicylic acid or methyl jasmonate; 81 and 37 differentially expressed protein spots, respectively, were identified for these treatments. Approximately, 50% of differentially expressed protein spots were identified by PMF, revealing that the majority of proteins altered by aphid infestation were involved in metabolic processes and photosynthesis. Other proteins identified were involved in signal transduction, stress and defence, antioxidant activity, regulatory processes, and hormone responses. Responses to aphid attack at the proteome level were broadly similar to basal non-specific defence and stress responses in wheat, with evidence of down-regulation of insect-specific defence mechanisms, in agreement with the observed lack of aphid resistance in commercial wheat lines.
Assuntos
Afídeos/metabolismo , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/fisiologia , Doenças das Plantas/parasitologia , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteoma/metabolismo , Triticum/metabolismo , Acetatos/farmacologia , Animais , Ciclopentanos/farmacologia , Eletroforese em Gel Bidimensional , Oxilipinas/farmacologia , Mapeamento de Peptídeos , Folhas de Planta/química , Proteínas de Plantas/análise , Proteínas de Plantas/classificação , Proteoma/química , Ácido Salicílico/farmacologia , Plântula/metabolismo , Plântula/parasitologia , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz , Estresse FisiológicoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: In this communication we report on a novel non-invasive methodology in utilizing "soft" energy diagnostic X-rays to indirectly activate a photo-agent utilized in photodynamic therapy (PDT): Photofrin II (Photo II) through X-ray induced luminescence from Gadolinium Oxysulfide (20 micron dimension) particles doped with Terbium: Gd