RESUMO
Expansion of the hexanucleotide repeat (HR) in the first intron of the C9orf72 gene is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) in Caucasians. All C9orf72-ALS/FTD patients share a common risk (R) haplotype. To study C9orf72 expression and splicing from the mutant R allele compared to the complementary normal allele in ALS/FTD patients, we initially created a detailed molecular map of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) signature and the HR length of the various C9orf72 haplotypes in Caucasians. We leveraged this map to determine the allelic origin of transcripts per patient, and decipher the effects of pathological and normal HR lengths on C9orf72 expression and splicing. In C9orf72 ALS patients' cells, the HR expanded allele, compared to non-R allele, was associated with decreased levels of a downstream initiated transcript variant and increased levels of transcripts initiated upstream of the HR. HR expanded R alleles correlated with high levels of unspliced intron 1 and activation of cryptic donor splice sites along intron 1. Retention of intron 1 was associated with sequential intron 2 retention. The SNP signature of C9orf72 haplotypes described here enables allele-specific analysis of transcriptional products and may pave the way to allele-specific therapeutic strategies.
Assuntos
Alelos , Proteína C9orf72/genética , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Haplótipos , Splicing de RNA , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/diagnóstico , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/etiologia , Demência Frontotemporal/diagnóstico , Demência Frontotemporal/etiologia , Genótipo , Humanos , Íntrons , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Sítios de Splice de RNARESUMO
BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons (MNs). It was shown that human astrocytes with mutations in genes associated with ALS, like C9orf72 (C9) or SOD1, reduce survival of MNs. Astrocyte toxicity may be related to their dysfunction or the release of neurotoxic factors. METHODS: We used human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes from ALS patients carrying C9orf72 mutations and non-affected donors. We utilized these cells to investigate astrocytic induced neuronal toxicity, changes in astrocyte transcription profile as well as changes in secretome profiles. FINDINGS: We report that C9-mutated astrocytes are toxic to MNs via soluble factors. The toxic effects of astrocytes are positively correlated with the length of astrocyte propagation in culture, consistent with the age-related nature of ALS. We show that C9-mutated astrocytes downregulate the secretion of several antioxidant proteins. In line with these findings, we show increased astrocytic oxidative stress and senescence. Importantly, media conditioned by C9-astrocytes increased oxidative stress in wild type MNs. INTERPRETATION: Our results suggest that dysfunction of C9-astrocytes leads to oxidative stress of themselves and MNs, which probably contributes to neurodegeneration. Our findings suggest that therapeutic strategies in familial ALS must not only target MNs but also focus on astrocytes to abrogate nervous system injury.
Assuntos
Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/etiologia , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/metabolismo , Astrócitos/citologia , Astrócitos/metabolismo , Proteína C9orf72/genética , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/citologia , Mutação , Estresse Oxidativo , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/fisiopatologia , Animais , Biomarcadores , Células Cultivadas , Reprogramação Celular , Senescência Celular/genética , Córtex Cerebral/citologia , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Humanos , Camundongos , Neurônios Motores/metabolismo , Proteômica/métodos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Genetic modification of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is highly valuable for their exploitation in basic science and therapeutic applications. Here we developed lentiviral vectors (LVs) constitutively expressing a reporter and a selectable marker to enable high and homogeneous transgene expression within polyclonal hESCs. LVs carrying GFP and a downstream puromycin resistance gene, linked by the encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) or poliovirus internal ribosome entry sites (IRES), allowed homogeneous GFP expression after antibiotic selection. The GFP-expression levels were higher with the EMCV IRES. We also developed dual-promoter vectors harboring a reporter and an antibiotic resistance gene under the regulation of human EF1alpha and PGK1 promoters, respectively. Optimal efficiency was obtained when: (1) the reporter cassette was upstream rather than downstream of the selectable marker cassette, (2) the puromycin rather than the neomycin resistance gene was used, (3) a 5' deletion (314 bp) was created in the PGK promoter, and (4) two copies of a 120-bp element derived from the hamster Aprt CpG island were introduced upstream of the EF1alpha promoter. In summary, we developed bicistronic and novel dual-promoter LVs that enable high and homogeneous expression of transgenes by polyclonal hESCs after antibiotic selection. These vectors may provide important tools for basic and applied research on hESCs.
Assuntos
Vetores Genéticos , Lentivirus/genética , Células-Tronco , Transdução Genética , Transgenes/genética , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Ilhas de CpG/genética , Cricetinae , Resistência a Medicamentos/genética , Embrião de Mamíferos/citologia , Vírus da Encefalomiocardite , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde , Humanos , Fenótipo , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Puromicina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have been directed to differentiate into neuronal cells using many cell-culture techniques. Central nervous system cells with clinical importance have been produced from hESCs. To date, however, there have been no definitive reports of generation of peripheral neurons from hESCs. We used a modification of the method of Sasai and colleagues for mouse and primate embryonic stem cells to elicit neuronal differentiation from hESCs. When hESCs are cocultured with the mouse stromal line PA6 for 3 weeks, neurons are induced that coexpress (a) peripherin and Brn3a, and (b) peripherin and tyrosine hydroxylase, combinations characteristic of peripheral sensory and sympathetic neurons, respectively. In vivo, peripheral sensory and sympathetic neurons develop from the neural crest (NC). Analysis of expression of mRNAs identified in other species as NC markers reveals that the PA6 cells induce NC-like cells before neuronal differentiation takes place. Several NC markers, including SNAIL, dHAND, and Sox9, are increased at 1 week of coculture relative to naive cells. Furthermore, the expression of several NC marker genes known to be downregulated upon in vivo differentiation of NC derivatives, was observed to be present at lower levels at 3 weeks of PA6-hESC coculture than at 1 week. Our report is the first on the expression of molecular markers of NC-like cells in primates, in general, and in humans, specifically. Our results suggest that this system can be used for studying molecular and cellular events in the almost inaccessible human NC, as well as for producing normal human peripheral neurons for developing therapies for diseases such as familial dysautonomia.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Cultura , Embrião de Mamíferos/citologia , Crista Neural/citologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/citologia , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos , Diferenciação Celular , Células Cultivadas , Técnicas de Cocultura , Regulação para Baixo , Proteínas de Grupo de Alta Mobilidade/metabolismo , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Camundongos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Neurônios/citologia , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Fatores de Transcrição SOX9 , Fatores de Transcrição da Família Snail , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/fisiologia , Fatores de Tempo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Proteínas de Peixe-ZebraRESUMO
p73 is a structural and functional homologue of the p53 tumor-suppressor protein. Like p53, p73 is activated in response to DNA-damaging insults to induce cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Under these conditions p73 is tyrosine-phosphorylated by c-Abl, a prerequisite modification for p73 to elicit cell death in fibroblasts. In this study we report that in response to ionizing radiation, p73 undergoes nuclear redistribution and becomes associated with the nuclear matrix. This association is c-Abl-dependent because it was not observed in cells that are defective in c-Abl kinase activation. Moreover, STI-571, a specific c-Abl kinase inhibitor, is sufficient to block significantly p73 alpha nuclear matrix association. The observed c-Abl dependence of nuclear matrix association was recapitulated in the heterologous baculovirus system. Under these conditions p73 alpha but not p53 is specifically tyrosine-phosphorylated by c-Abl. Moreover, the phosphorylated p73 alpha is predominantly found in association with the nuclear matrix. Thus, in response to ionizing radiation p73 is modified in a c-Abl-dependent manner and undergoes nuclear redistribution and translocates to associate with the nuclear matrix. Our data describe a novel mechanism of p73 regulation.
Assuntos
Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Matriz Nuclear/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-abl/metabolismo , Animais , Apoptose , Baculoviridae/metabolismo , Células COS , Ciclo Celular , Linhagem Celular , Separação Celular , Cromatina/química , Cromatina/metabolismo , Dano ao DNA , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ativação Enzimática , Citometria de Fluxo , Genes Supressores de Tumor , Humanos , Insetos , Fosforilação , Testes de Precipitina , Ligação Proteica , Transporte Proteico , Radiação Ionizante , Frações Subcelulares , Fatores de Tempo , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Proteína Tumoral p73 , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor , Tirosina/metabolismoRESUMO
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) gene expression is mainly regulated at the transcription initiation level. The viral X protein (pX) is a transcription coactivator/mediator targeting TFIIB for the recruitment of RNA polymerase II. Here we report a novel pX nuclear target designated HBXAP (hepatitis B virus X-associated protein). HBXAP is a novel cellular nuclear protein containing a PHD (plant homology domain) finger, a domain shared by many proteins that play roles in chromatin remodeling, transcription coactivation, and oncogenesis. pX physically interacts with HBXAP in vitro and in vivo via the HBXAP region containing the PHD finger. At the functional level HBXAP increases HBV transcription in a pX-dependent manner suggesting a role for this interaction in the virus life cycle. Interestingly, HBXAP collaborates with pX in coactivating the transcriptional activator NF-kappaB. Coactivation of NF-kappaB was also observed in tumor necrosis factor alpha-treated cells suggesting that pX-HBXAP functional collaboration localized downstream to the NF-kappaB nuclear import. Collectively our data suggest that pX recruits and potentiates a novel putative transcription coactivator to regulate NF-kappaB. The implication of pX-HBXAP interaction in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma is discussed.