Biodegradation of 4-chlorophenol in batch and continuous packed bed reactor by isolated Bacillus subtilis.

In present work, biodegradation of 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP) has been successfully achieved using bacteria i.e. Bacillus subtilis (MF447841.1), which was isolated from the wastewater of a nearby drain of Hyundai Motor Company service centre, Agartala, Tripura (India). Geonomic identification was carried out by 16 S rDNA technique and phylogenetic processes. Both, batch and column mode of experiments were performed to optimize various parameters (initial concentration, contact time, dosages etc.) involved in the significant biodegradation of 4-CP. Based on R2 value (0.9789), the Levenspiel's model was found to be best fit than others. The kinetic parameters; specific growth rate (µ), yield of cell mass (YX/S), and saturation constant (KS), were obtained as 0.6383 (h-1), 0.35 (g/g), and 0.006884 (g/L), respectively. The isolated strain has shown the ability of degrading 4-CP up to 1000 mg/L initial concentration within 40 h. Bacterial strain was immobilized via developing calcium alginate beads along by optimizing weight proportion of calcium chloride and sodium alginate and size of the bead for further experiments. Various process parameters i.e. initial feed concentration, bed height, rate of flow of were optimized during packed bed reactor (PBR) study. Maximum biodegradation efficiency of 4-CP was observed as 45.39% at initial concentration of 500 mg/L within 105 min, using 2 mm size of immobilized beads which were formed using 3.5% w/v of both calcium chloride and sodium alginate within. Thus, Bacillus subtilis (MF447841.1) could be used for biological remediation of 4-CP pollutant present in wastewater. Moreover, because of affordable and eco-friendly nature of water treatment, relatively it has the better scope of commercialization.

Biodegradation of high concentration phenol using sugarcane bagasse immobilized Candida tropicalis PHB5 in a packed-bed column reactor.

Biodegradation of phenolic compounds in wastewater can be effectively carried out in packed bed reactors (PBRs) employing immobilized microorganisms. A low-cost, reusable immobilization matrix in PBR can provide economic advantages in large scale removal of high concentration phenol. In this study, we evaluated the efficiency and reusability of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as a low-cost immobilization support for high strength phenol removal in recirculating upflow PBR. An isolated yeast Candida tropicalis PHB5 was immobilized onto the SCB support and packed into the reactor to assess phenol biodegradation at various influent flow rates. Scanning electron microscopy exhibited substantial cell attachment within the pith and onto the fibrous strand surface of the SCB support. The PBR showed 97% removal efficiency at the initial phenol concentration of 2400 mg L-1 and 4 mL min-1 flow rate within 54 h. Biodegradation kinetic studies revealed that the phenol biodegradation rate and biodegradation rate constant were dependent on the influent flow rate. A relatively higher rate of biodegradation (64.20 mg g-1 h-1) was found at a flow rate of 8 mL min-1, indicating rapid phenol removal in the PBR. Up to six successive batches (phenol removal >94%) were successfully applied in the PBR using an initial phenol concentration of 400-2400 mg L-1 at a flow rate of 4 mL min-1 indicating the reusability of the PBR system. The SCB-immobilized C. tropicalis could be employed as a cost-effective packing material for removal of high strength phenolic compounds in real scale PBR.

Approaches towards the enhanced production of Rapamycin by Streptomyces hygroscopicus MTCC 4003 through mutagenesis and optimization of process parameters by Taguchi orthogonal array methodology.

The present research was conducted to define the approaches for enhanced production of rapamycin (Rap) by Streptomyces hygroscopicus microbial type culture collection (MTCC) 4003. Both physical mutagenesis by ultraviolet ray (UV) and chemical mutagenesis by N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) have been applied successfully for the improvement of Rap production. Enhancing Rap yield by novel sequential UV mutagenesis technique followed by fermentation gives a significant difference in getting economically scalable amount of this industrially important macrolide compound. Mutant obtained through NTG mutagenesis (NTG-30-27) was found to be superior to others as it initially produced 67% higher Rap than wild type. Statistical optimization of nutritional and physiochemical parameters was carried out to find out most influential factors responsible for enhanced Rap yield by NTG-30-27 which was performed using Taguchi orthogonal array approach. Around 72% enhanced production was achieved with nutritional factors at their assigned level at 23 °C, 120 rpm and pH 7.6. Results were analysed in triplicate basis where validation and purification was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography. Stability study and potency of extracted Rap was supported by turbidimetric assay taking Candida albicans MTCC 227 as test organism.

Algal carbohydrates: Sources, biosynthetic pathway, production, and applications.

Algae play a significant role in the global carbon cycle by utilizing photosynthesis to efficiently convert solar energy and atmospheric carbon dioxide into various chemical compounds, notably carbohydrates, pigments, lipids, and released oxygen, making them a unique sustainable cellular factory. Algae mostly consist of carbohydrates, which include a broad variety of structures that contribute to their distinct physical and chemical properties such as degree of polymerization, side chain, branching, degree of sulfation, hydrogen bond etc., these features play a crucial role in regulating many biological activity, nutritional and pharmaceutical properties. Algal carbohydrates have not received enough attention in spite of their distinctive structural traits linked to certain biological and physicochemical properties. Nevertheless, it is anticipated that there will be a significant increase in the near future due to increasing demand, sustainable source, biofuel generation and their bioactivity. This is facilitated by the abundance of easily accessible information on the structural data and distinctive characteristics of these biopolymers. This review delves into the different types of saccharides such as agar, alginate, fucoidan, carrageenan, ulvan, EPS and glucans synthesized by various macroalgal and microalgal systems, which include intracellular, extracellular and cell wall saccharides. Their structure, biosynthetic pathway, sources, production strategies and their applications in various field such as nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, food and feed, cosmetics, and bioenergy are also elaborately discussed. Algal polysaccharide has huge a scope for exploitation in future due to their application in food and pharmaceutical industry and it can become a huge source of capital and income.

Engineering strategies and applications of cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides: A review on past achievements and recent perspectives.

Cyanobacteria are ideally suited for developing sustainable biological products but are underdeveloped due to a lack of genetic tools. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) is one of the essential bioproducts with widespread industrial applications. Despite their unique structural characteristics associated with distinct biological and physicochemical aspects, EPS from cyanobacteria has been underexplored. However, it is expected to accelerate in the near future due to the utilization of low-cost cyanobacterial platforms and readily available information on the structural data and specific features of these biopolymers. In recent years, cyanobacterial EPSs have attracted growing scientific attention due to their simple renewability, rheological characteristics, massive production, and potential uses in several biotechnology domains. This review focuses on the most recent research on potential new EPS producers and their distinct compositions responsible for novel biological activities. Additionally, nutritional and process parameters discovered recently for enhancing EPS production and engineering strategies applied currently to control the biosynthetic pathway for enhanced EPS production are critically highlighted. The process intensification of previously developed EPS extraction and purification processes from cyanobacterial biomass is also extensively explained. Furthermore, the newly reported biotechnological applications of cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides are also discussed.

Astaxanthin from microalgae: A review on structure, biosynthesis, production strategies and application.

Astaxanthin is a red-colored secondary metabolite with excellent antioxidant properties, typically finds application as foods, feed, cosmetics, nutraceuticals, and medications. Astaxanthin is usually produced synthetically using chemicals and costs less as compared to the natural astaxanthin obtained from fish, shrimps, and microorganisms. Over the decades, astaxanthin has been naturally synthesized from Haematococcus pluvialis in commercial scales and remains exceptional, attributed to its higher bioactive properties as compared to synthetic astaxanthin. However, the production cost of algal astaxanthin is still high due to several bottlenecks prevailing in the upstream and downstream processes. To that end, the present study intends to review the recent trends and advancements in astaxanthin production from microalgae. The structure of astaxanthin, sources, production strategies of microalgal astaxanthin, and factors influencing the synthesis of microalgal astaxanthin were discussed while detailing the pathway involved in astaxanthin biosynthesis. The study also discusses the relevant downstream process used in commercial scales and details the applications of astaxanthin in various health related issues.

Recent advances in cellulose-based sustainable materials for wastewater treatment: An overview.

Water pollution presents a significant challenge, impacting ecosystems and human health. The necessity for solutions to address water pollution arises from the critical need to preserve and protect the quality of water resources. Effective solutions are crucial to safeguarding ecosystems, human health, and ensuring sustainable access to clean water for current and future generations. Generally, cellulose and its derivatives are considered potential substrates for wastewater treatment. The various cellulose processing methods including acid, alkali, organic & inorganic components treatment, chemical treatment and spinning methods are highlighted. Additionally, we reviewed effective use of the cellulose derivatives (CD), including cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nano-fibrils (CNFs), CNPs, and bacterial nano-cellulose (BNC) on waste water (WW) treatment. The various cellulose processing methods, including spinning, mechanical, chemical, and biological approaches are also highlighted. Additionally, cellulose-based materials, including adsorbents, membranes and hydrogels are critically discussed. The review also highlighted the mechanism of adsorption, kinetics, thermodynamics, and sorption isotherm studies of adsorbents. The review concluded that the cellulose-derived materials are effective substrates for removing heavy metals, dyes, pathogenic microorganisms, and other pollutants from WW. Similarly, cellulose based materials are used for flocculants and water filtration membranes. Cellulose composites are widely used in the separation of oil and water emulsions as well as in removing dyes from wastewater. Cellulose's natural hydrophilicity makes it easier for it to interact with water molecules, making it appropriate for use in water treatment processes. Furthermore, the materials derived from cellulose have wider application in WW treatment due to their inexhaustible sources, low energy consumption, cost-effectiveness, sustainability, and renewable nature.

Rapid and sensitive approaches for detecting food fraud: A review on prospects and challenges.

Precise and reliable analytical techniques are required to guarantee food quality in light of the expanding concerns regarding food safety and quality. Because traditional procedures are expensive and time-consuming, quick food control techniques are required to ensure product quality. Various analytical techniques are used to identify and detect food fraud, including spectroscopy, chromatography, DNA barcoding, and inotrope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Due to its quick findings, simplicity of use, high throughput, affordability, and non-destructive evaluations of numerous food matrices, NI spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging are financially preferred in the food business. The applicability of this technology has increased with the development of chemometric techniques and near-infrared spectroscopy-based instruments. The current research also discusses the use of several multivariate analytical techniques in identifying food fraud, such as principal component analysis, partial least squares, cluster analysis, multivariate curve resolutions, and artificial intelligence.

Comprehensive review on recent trends and perspectives of natural exo-polysaccharides: Pioneering nano-biotechnological tools.

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs), originating from various microbes, and mushrooms, excel in their conventional role in bioremediation to showcase diverse applications emphasizing nanobiotechnology including nano-drug carriers, nano-excipients, medication and/or cell encapsulation, gene delivery, tissue engineering, diagnostics, and associated treatments. Acknowledged for contributions to adsorption, nutrition, and biomedicine, EPSs are emerging as appealing alternatives to traditional polymers, for biodegradability and biocompatibility. This article shifts away from the conventional utility to delve deeply into the expansive landscape of EPS applications, particularly highlighting their integration into cutting-edge nanobiotechnological methods. Exploring EPS synthesis, extraction, composition, and properties, the discussion emphasizes their structural diversity with molecular weight and heteropolymer compositions. Their role as raw materials for value-added products takes center stage, with critical insights into recent applications in nanobiotechnology. The multifaceted potential, biological relevance, and commercial applicability of EPSs in contemporary research and industry align with the nanotechnological advancements coupled with biotechnological nano-cleansing agents are highlighted. EPS-based nanostructures for biological applications have a bright future ahead of them. Providing crucial information for present and future practices, this review sheds light on how eco-friendly EPSs derived from microbial biomass of terrestrial and aquatic environments can be used to better understand contemporary nanobiotechnology for the benefit of society.

Recent advances in artificial intelligence towards the sustainable future of agri-food industry.

Artificial intelligence has the potential to alter the agricultural and food processing industries, with significant ramifications for sustainability and global food security. The integration of artificial intelligence in agriculture has witnessed a significant uptick in recent years. Therefore, comprehensive understanding of these techniques is needed to broaden its application in agri-food supply chain. In this review, we explored cutting-edge artificial intelligence methodologies with a focus on machine learning, neural networks, and deep learning. The application of artificial intelligence in agri-food industry and their quality assurance throughout the production process is thoroughly discussed with an emphasis on the current scientific knowledge and future perspective. Artificial intelligence has played a significant role in transforming agri-food systems by enhancing efficiency, sustainability, and productivity. Many food industries are implementing the artificial intelligence in modelling, prediction, control tool, sensory evaluation, quality control, and tackling complicated challenges in food processing. Similarly, artificial intelligence applied in agriculture to improve the entire farming process, such as crop yield optimization, use of herbicides, weeds identification, and harvesting of fruits. In summary, the integration of artificial intelligence in agri-food systems offers the potential to address key challenges in agriculture, enhance sustainability, and contribute to global food security.

Artificial intelligence in healthcare: a mastery.

There is a vast development of artificial intelligence (AI) in recent years. Computational technology, digitized data collection and enormous advancement in this field have allowed AI applications to penetrate the core human area of specialization. In this review article, we describe current progress achieved in the AI field highlighting constraints on smooth development in the field of medical AI sector, with discussion of its implementation in healthcare from a commercial, regulatory and sociological standpoint. Utilizing sizable multidimensional biological datasets that contain individual heterogeneity in genomes, functionality and milieu, precision medicine strives to create and optimize approaches for diagnosis, treatment methods and assessment. With the arise of complexity and expansion of data in the health-care industry, AI can be applied more frequently. The main application categories include indications for diagnosis and therapy, patient involvement and commitment and administrative tasks. There has recently been a sharp rise in interest in medical AI applications due to developments in AI software and technology, particularly in deep learning algorithms and in artificial neural network (ANN). In this overview, we enlisted the major categories of issues that AI systems are ideally equipped to resolve followed by clinical diagnostic tasks. It also includes a discussion of the future potential of AI, particularly for risk prediction in complex diseases, and the difficulties, constraints and biases that must be meticulously addressed for the effective delivery of AI in the health-care sector.

Identification of Novel Protein Targets of Prodigiosin for Breast Cancer Using Inverse Virtual Screening Methods.

Prodigiosin (PG) is chemically formulated as 4-methoxy-5-[(5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2ylidene)methyl]-2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole and it is an apoptotic agent. Only a few protein targets for PG have been identified so far for regulating various diseases; nevertheless, finding more PG targets is crucial for novel drug discovery research. A bioinformatics method was applied in this work to find additional potential PG targets. Initially, a text mining analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between PG and a variety of metabolic processes. One hundred sixteen proteins from the KEGG pathway were selected for the docking study. Inverse virtual screening was performed by Discovery Studio software 4.1 using CHARMm-based docking tool. Twelve proteins are screened out of 116 because their CDOCKER interaction energy is larger than - 40.22 kcal/mol. The best docking score with PG was reported to be - 44.25 kcal/mol, - 44.99 kcal/mol, and - 40.91 kcal/mol for three novel proteins, such as human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER-2), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK), and S6 kinase protein (S6K) respectively. The interactions in the S6K/PG complex are predominantly hydrophobic; however, hydrogen bond interactions can be identified in the MEK/PG and HER-2/PG complexes. The root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) and key interaction score system (KISS) were further used to validate the docking approach. The docking approach employed in this work has a low RMSD value (2.44 Å) and a high KISS score (0.5), indicating that it is significant.

Preparation, characterization, and performance evaluation of composite films of polyvinyl alcohol/ cellulose nanofiber extracted from Imperata cylindrica.

In recent years, production of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) from waste materials has achieved great interest owing to their renewable nature, biodegradability, high mechanical properties, economic value, and low density. Because Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a synthetic biopolymer with good water solubility and biocompatibility, the composite material formed of CNF and PVA, is a sustainable way of monetizing to address environmental and economic issues. In this work pure PVA, PVA/CNF0.5, PVA/CNF1.0, PVA/CNF1.5, and PVA/CNF2.0 nanocomposite films were produced using the solvent casting approach with the addition of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 wt% of CNF concentrations respectively. The strongest water absorption behaviour was found as 25.82% for pure PVA membrane, followed by PVA/CNF0.5 (20.71%), PVA/CNF1.0 (10.26%), PVA/CNF1.5 (9.63%), and PVA/CNF2.0 (4.35%). The water contact angle of 53.1°, 47.8°, 43.4°, 37.7°, and 32.3° was formed between water droplet and the solid-liquid interface of pure PVA, PVA/CNF0.5, PVA/CNF1.0, PVA/CNF1.5, PVA/CNF2.0 composite films respectively. The SEM image clearly shows that a network structure like a tree form at the PVA/CNF0.5 composite film, where the sizes and number of pores are apparent. XRD analysis suggested that unique peaks found at 2θ = 17.5°, 28.1°, 33.4°, and 38° for nanocomposites indicating new crystal plane generated upon cross-linking in presence of malic acid. The maximum loss rate temperature (Td,max) for PVA/CNF0.5, PVA/CNF1.0, PVA/CNF1.5 was determined by TG analysis to be around 273.4 °C. FTIR studies suggested that PVA/CNF0.5 composite film showed the highest peak at 1428 cm-1 as compared to other PVA/CNF composite films representing the presence of higher crystalline band in the composite film matrix. PVA/CNF0.5 composite film was found to have a surface porosity and mean pore size of 27.35% and 0.19 µm respectively, classifying it in the MF membrane category. The maximum tensile strength (TS) of 5.27 MPa was found for PVA/CNF0.5, followed by PVA/CNF1.0, PVA/CNF1.5, pure PVA, and PVA/CNF2.0. The maximum young's modulus (111 MPa) was found for PVA/CNF1.0, followed by PVA/CNF0.5, PVA/CNF2.0, PVA/CNF1.5, and pure PVA, which could be attributed to the cyclization of the molecular structures by cross-linking. PVA/CNF0.5 exhibits greater elongation at break (21.7) than the other polymers, indicating a material's ability to undergo significant deformation before failure. Performance evaluation of the PVA/CNF0.5 composite film showed that 46.3% and 92.8% yield were found in the retentate for 200 mg/L of BSA, and 5 × 107 CFU/mL respectively. However, more than 90% E. coli was retained by PVA/CNF0.5 composite film, therefore absolute rating of this membrane is 0.22 µm. The size of this composite film may be therefore considered in the range of MF.

Advanced oxidation process for the treatment of industrial wastewater: A review on strategies, mechanisms, bottlenecks and prospects.

Due to its complex and, often, highly contaminated nature, treating industrial wastewater poses a significant environmental problem. Many of the persistent pollutants found in industrial effluents cannot be effectively removed by conventional treatment procedures. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have emerged as a promising solution, offering versatile and effective means of pollutant removal and mineralization. This comprehensive review explores the application of various AOP strategies in industrial wastewater treatment, focusing on their mechanisms and effectiveness. Ozonation (O3): Ozonation, leveraging ozone (O3), represents a well-established AOP for industrial waste water treatment. Ozone's formidable oxidative potential enables the breakdown of a broad spectrum of organic and inorganic contaminants. This paper provides an in-depth examination of ozone reactions, practical applications, and considerations involved in implementing ozonation. UV/Hydrogen Peroxide (UV/H2O2): The combination of ultraviolet (UV) light and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has gained prominence as an AOP due to its ability to generate hydroxyl radicals (ȮH), highly efficient in pollutant degradation. The review explores factors influencing the efficiency of UV/H2O2 processes, including H2O2 dosage and UV radiation intensity. Fenton and Photo-Fenton Processes: Fenton's reagent and Photo-Fenton processes employ iron ions and hydrogen peroxide to generate hydroxyl radicals for pollutant oxidation. The paper delves into the mechanisms, catalyst selection, and the role of photoactivation in enhancing degradation rates within the context of industrial wastewater treatment. Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOPs): EAOPs encompass a range of techniques, such as electro-Fenton and anodic oxidation, which employ electrode reactions to produce ȮH radicals. This review explores the electrochemical principles, electrode materials, and operational parameters critical for optimizing EAOPs in industrial wastewater treatment. TiO2 Photocatalysis (UV/TiO2): Titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis, driven by UV light, is examined for its potential in industrial wastewater treatment. The review investigates TiO2 catalyst properties, reaction mechanisms, and the influence of parameters like catalyst loading and UV intensity on pollutant removal. Sonolysis (Ultrasonic Irradiation): High-frequency ultrasound-induced sonolysis represents a unique AOP, generating ȮH radicals during the formation and collapse of cavitation bubbles. This paper delves into the physics of cavitation, sonolytic reactions, and optimization strategies for industrial wastewater treatment. This review offers a critical assessment of the applicability, advantages, and limitations of these AOP strategies in addressing the diverse challenges posed by industrial wastewater. It emphasizes the importance of selecting AOPs tailored to the specific characteristics of industrial effluents and outlines potential directions for future research and practical implementation. The integrated use of these AOPs, when appropriately adapted, holds the potential to achieve sustainable and efficient treatment of industrial wastewater, contributing significantly to environmental preservation and regulatory compliance.

Downstream Process Development for Extraction of Prodigiosin: Statistical Optimization, Kinetics, and Biochemical Characterization.

Prodigiosin is natural red colourant derived from Serratia marcescens. However, the high cost of prodigiosin restricts its use in food and pharmaceutical industries, which can be addressed with the design of a suitable extraction procedure. Therefore, the present study aims to use Taguchi methodology to optimize various process parameters during ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to get a higher prodigiosin extraction yield. The most significant contribution comes from the solid-to-liquid ratio (36.66%), followed by sonication of duty cycle (34.82%), medium pH (15.7%), and acoustic intensity (12.82%). The Taguchi technique predicts the highest optimal yield using the solid-liquid ratio (0.3 g/mL), duty cycle sonication (75%), acoustic intensity (12.5 w/cm2), and medium pH (3) as parameters. When the extraction conditions were optimized, the yield of prodigiosin increased by 4166.89 mg/L. In the future, the above extraction conditions determined using Taguchi approach will be applied for large-scale extraction of prodigiosin. Finally, a second-order kinetic model is used to suit the batch extraction investigation and the second-order rate constant (k) has a value of 4 × 10-5 L/mg/min. In the future, the rate constant, which is reported for the first time, will be used to create a batch extractor for commercial extraction of prodigiosin. Prodigiosin has also been shown to have substantial antioxidant and scavenging properties, which increase in a dose-dependent way with prodigiosin concentration. Because of its antioxidant and scavenging properties, prodigiosin can be used as food additives or pharmaceutical ingredients in industries.

Exploration of binding mechanism of triclosan towards cancer markers using molecular docking and molecular dynamics.

The molecule 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol is well-known as Triclosan (TCS), which is also a potential endocrine disrupting synthetic chemical. TCS exposure has been connected to the control of the human enoyl-acyl carrier protein-reductase (hER), which has been linked to a range of life threatening diseases. However, other than hER, the new protein targets for TCS that are responsible for a variety of cancers are yet unclear. The goal of this work is to investigate into the protein binding patterns of TCS and proteins from various cancer signaling pathways. Discovery Studio 4.1 was used to perform molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) on the protein-triclosan complex. The proteins were first screened using CHARMM-based docking with a CDOCKER energy greater than -21.40 kcal/mol. The CDOCKER energies of Fas-associated death domain (FADD), Receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1), F-κB-inducing kinase (NIK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), α-tubulin, and Actin were -20.68 kcal/mol, -26.88 kcal/mol, -23.43 kcal/mol, -22.21 kcal/mol, -20.40 kcal/mol, -21.10 kcal/mol, -20.98 kcal/mol, -24.67 kcal/mol, and -23.09 kcal/mol respectively. MD was performed on the screened proteins by standard dynamics cascade tool using CHARMM Force field. The MD results were accessed using the energy-time graph, root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), and root mean square fluctuations (RMSF). The 100 conformers of α-tubulin, NIK, FADD, and RIP1 were found to have a trend of increasing RMSD, whereas Bcl-2, ASK1, AIF, Actin, and JNK proteins had lower RMSD values. In compared to FADD, AIF, and JNK, the RMSF variations of the Bcl-2, ASK1, α-tubulin, Actin, NIK, and RIP1 residues were shown to be high. Similar patterns were seen in the energy variations, which range from 1000 kcal/mol to 2000 kcal/mol. RIP1 and Bcl-2 showed more variation in the sidechain RMSF in comparison to FADD, ASK1, AIF, Actin, α-tubulin, NIK and JNK. Thus, it can be postulated that AIF and JNK proteins of apoptosis signaling pathway are pivotal in the TCS mediated reactions.

Nitrate contamination in water resources, human health risks and its remediation through adsorption: a focused review.

The level of nitrate in water has been increasing considerably all around the world due to vast application of inorganic nitrogen fertiliser and animal manure. Because of nitrate's high solubility in water, human beings are getting exposed to it mainly through various routes including water, food etc. Various regulations have been set for nitrate (45-50 mgNO3-/L) in drinking water to protect health of the infants from the methemoglobinemia, birth defects, thyroid disease, risk of specific cancers, i.e. colorectal, breast and bladder cancer caused due to nitrate poisoning. Different methods like ion exchange, adsorption, biological denitrification etc. have the ability to eliminate the nitrate from the aqueous medium. However, adsorption process got preference over the other approaches because of its simple design and satisfactory results especially with surface modified adsorbents or with mineral-based adsorbents. Different types of adsorbents have been used for this purpose; however, adsorbents derived from the biomass wastes have great adsorption capacities for nitrate such as tea waste-based adsorbents (136.43 mg/g), carbon nanotube (142.86 mg/g), chitosan beads (104 mg/g) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide modified rice husk (278 mg/g). Therefore, a thorough literature survey has been carried out to formulate this review paper to understand various sources of nitrate pollution, route of exposure to the human beings, ill effects along with discussing the key developments as well as the new advancements reported in procuring low-cost efficient adsorbents for water purification.

Statistical optimization of process parameters for improvement of phycobiliproteins (PBPs) yield using ultrasound-assisted extraction and its kinetic study.

The present study is mainly concerned for the development of an optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) condition for phycobiliproteins (PBPs) from Oscillatoria sp. (BTA 170) using Taguchi methodology. Four process parameters viz. solid to liquid ratio, duty cycle, electrical acoustic intensity, and pH, for UAE were optimized using Taguchi methodology for enhanced PBPs extraction. The ratio of signal to noise (S/N) was used to compute the optimized condition required to attain a higher yield of PBPs, the average performance of individual parameter and corresponding interactive effects. The statistically significant parameters with their contribution were assessed using Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed that duty cycle contributed the maximum influence (30.81%) on phycocyanin (PC) extraction followed by a solid liquid ratio (28.62%), pH (22.46%) and electrical acoustic intensity (18.10%). The highest contribution on the extraction of phycoerythrin (PE) was found from pH (33.16%), followed by duty cycle (31.57%), solid to liquid ratio (22.83%) and electrical acoustic intensity (12.45%). For extraction of allophycocyanin (APC), the duty cycle, solid to liquid ratio, pH and electrical acoustic intensity contributed 29.47, 29.07, 29.03, and 12.43% respectively. Results obtained from Taguchi methodology indicated that enhanced PC (94.10%), PE (95.20%) and APC (90.54%) can be achieved with solid-liquid ratio (0.2 g/ml), electrical acoustic intensity (16.99 w/cm2), duty cycle (75%), and pH 7 than the yield of PBPs obtained under unoptimized condition. In the present study, higher yield of PC (38.99%), PE (20.84%), and APC (11.93%) were attained with UAE compared to yield obtained from homogenized Oscillatoria sp. BTA 170 using 0.05 M phosphate buffer. Batch extraction data of PBPs under UAE was fitted well with the second order model. The values of second-order rate constant (k) were computed as 6.66 × 10-4, 64.09 × 10-4 and 1.49 × 10-4 L/mg/min for extraction of PC, PE and APC respectively. The PBPs exhibited significant antioxidant property and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, which were increased with the enhancement of PBPs concentration.

Docking-based inverse virtual screening strategy for identification of novel protein targets for triclosan.

Triclosan (TCS) is chemically designated as 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol and is considered as endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC). The various diseases found due to exposure of TCS, have been linked with modulation of the human enoyl-acyl carrier protein-reductase (hER). However, the new protein targets for TCS other than hER, which are responsible for various diseases, are still unknown. In the present study, a bioinformatics approach was used to identify new possible targets for TCS. A text mining study was initially performed to understand the association of TCS in various biochemical processes. Discovery studio software 4.1 was used to carry out inverse virtual screening for 226 numbers of pathway proteins by docking study using CHARMm based docking tool, and twenty proteins were screened. CDOCKER energy values lower than -12.65 kcal/mol was considered for the screening of selected proteins. Three new proteins; Receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1), Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) from Apoptosis Signaling Pathway revealed best CDOCKER energy with triclosan which was -26.88, -23.34 and -22.96 kcal/mol respectively. The interaction of TCS with RIP1 and ASK1 were mostly hydrophobic; however, hydrogen bond type interaction was found in TCS/Bcl2 complex. Therefore, docking-based inverse virtual screening study suggests that TCS has other targets rather than hER, which can modulate various biochemical processes. The docking protocol was validated through evaluation of root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), key interaction score system (KISS) and the relationship between the docking energy and toxicity data available in ToxCast database. Low RMSD value (0.55 ˚A) and high KISS score (0.66) along with higher correlation (R2 = 0.9798) between docking affinity and toxicity indicated that docking protocol can be used to optimize the binding energetics.

Identification of markers at various stages of batch fermentation and improved production of xylanase using Aspergillus niger (KP874102.1).

Improved xylanase production was carried out through optimization of environmental stresses during spore preservation, seed cultivation and batch fermentation and identifies the markers at various stages. The maximum spore size (radius 6.5 µm) of Aspergillus niger was noticed after 28 days of spore preservation. During seed cultivation, the hypha formed alongside of germination tube (length 196.8 µm) was noticed only at pH-7 after 18 h of incubation at 28 °C. Therefore, pH-7 and 28 °C were considered as optimum during seed cultivation. In this stage, the final pH of the medium was found to be 6.2 which can be used as marker for completion of seed culture. The production media was optimized through Taguchi methodology. The maximum xylanase production was found to be 1575.93 U. The optimum concentration for media components was found to be xylan from beechwood of 3 g/l, potassium nitrate of 10 g/l, magnesium sulphate of 5 g/l, di-potassium hydrogen phosphate of 50 mM, calcium carbonate of 2 g/l, 1000× of trace element (1 ml) and sodium chloride of 5 g/l. It is evident that improved production of xylanase can be possible through optimization of environmental stresses during spore preservation, seed cultivation and batch fermentation and can be intensified through identification of markers at various stages of fermentation process.