Comparative biochemical profiles, production and reproduction status of the post-partum dairy cows with and without purulent vaginal discharge.

Purulent vaginal discharge (PVD) is a prevalent uterine disease of dairy cows during the puerperium that affects the milk production and affects the profitability of farms. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the biochemical profile, the body condition score, the milk production of cows with PVD and the effects PVD on reproductive performance. A total of 338 Holstein dairy cows aged from 3 to 5 years, from three commercial dairy farms, from Brazil, were used. Blood samples were collected within 25 ± 3 days post-partum from Holstein dairy cows without PVD (control cows, n = 242) and cows with PVD (n = 96), based on scoring of the vaginal discharge. The body condition score and milk production were recorded on the day of sampling. The biochemical profile encompassed albumin, urea, gamma-glutamyl transferase, calcium, fibrinogen and cholesterol concentrations. The number of services per pregnancy was lower (p < 0.01), and the number of days until first insemination and the median time to pregnancy were higher in cows with PVD (p < 0.01) when compared with control cows. Milk production and body condition score were lower (p < 0.01) in cows with PVD than in control group. Cows with PVD had lower (p < 0.05) serum albumin, urea, calcium and cholesterol concentrations, and higher serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity and fibrinogen concentration than cows without PVD. Our results show that cows with PVD have changes in the biochemical profile and negative effects on production and reproduction performance.

The dynamics of individual whey protein concentrations in cows' mammary secretions during the colostral and early lactation periods.

The bovine whey consists of more than 200 different types of proteins, of which ß-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, serum albumin, immunoglobulins and lactoferrin predominate. However, their concentrations are not stable due to the existence of protein dynamics during a transition from colostrum secretion to mature milk. To evaluate the dynamics of whey proteins of Jersey cows during a colostral phase and first month of lactation and an influence of the number of lactations, 268 milk samples from 135 Jersey cows were selected through a clinical evaluation. Whey was obtained by rennet coagulation of the mammary secretion. The concentration of total proteins was determined by the biuret method and their fractions were identified by 12% dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (12% SDS-PAGE). Maximum concentrations of all protein fractions were observed in the first 12 h of lactation, reducing over the course of the study. Modification of the protein predominance was also observed. The transition from colostrum secretion to milk occurred between 24 and 72 h postpartum. There was an influence of the number of lactations on the dynamics of whey proteins, indicating that multiparous cows had better immunological and nutritional quality when compared to primiparous cows.

Haematological and biochemical profiles during the puerperium in dairy cows - Short communication.

The main aim of the current study was to assess the prevalence of anaemia in Holstein dairy cows during the puerperium, and the haematological and biochemical profile of dairy cows with and without anaemia. The study was conducted in seven dairy herds in São Paulo State, Brazil. The evaluated sample comprised a total of 336 Holstein cows. Blood samples were collected at postpartum day 25 ± 3. Haematological analysis included white blood cell, red blood cell and platelet count, haematocrit value, haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. The biochemical profile encompassed cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids, ß-hydroxybutyrate, albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, calcium and total bilirubin concentrations. The prevalence of anaemia was 16.3% in all herds, and this was not affected by clinical diseases, milk production, parity and body score condition. Moreover, anaemic cows had lower red blood cell count, haematocrit, haemoglobin, serum cholesterol and calcium concentrations and higher white blood cell and platelet counts, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, red cell distribution width, non-esterified fatty acids, ß-hydroxybutyrate, fibrinogen and globulin concentrations when compared with non-anaemic cows. The results indicate changes in energy balance and an inflammatory process in anaemic cows.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy can be an effective adjuvant for surgical wound healing in cattle.

BACKGROUND: Rumenostomy is a useful procedure commonly performed in cattle for medical treatment of domestic ruminants with forestomach diseases. Methylene blue (MB)-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) has been broadly investigated to treat infected wounds. AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of MB-mediated APDT (MB-APDT) combined with chlorhexidine and zinc oxide ointment on wound healing process after rumenostomy. METHODS: Fourteen Nelore bulls were subjected to rumenostomy procedure. Animals were randomly divided into MB-APDT (MB associated with a red diode laser performed immediately after surgery and repeated on days 3, 5, 7 and 10) and control groups. Daily care included topical cleaning with chlorhexidine 2% followed by topical zinc oxide ointment. Animals were followed-up until the 28th day. RESULTS: Wounds presented a better post-surgical profile in MB-APDT group when it was compared with the control group. In MB-APDT group, it was also possible to observe less pain on palpation of wounds borders, less edema and inflammatory exudate. Additionally, animals from MB-APDT group were faster discharged from the cattle care facility. CONCLUSION: Our results support the use of MB-APDT for the post-surgical management of rumenostomy. This pilot study ratifies the use of APDT in cattle and also suggests that it could be performed for other surgical procedures as a complementary approach or an alternative for topical administration of antibiotics.

Influence of peripartum on the erythrogram of Holstein dairy cows.

BACKGROUND: Peripartum is a challenging phase for the health of cows. OBJECTIVES: This study analysed the haematological profile of Holstein cows during peripartum. METHOD: Blood samples were collected on days 18, 12, 8, 5 and 2 before calving, at parturition, and on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 30, 45 and 60 postpartum. Analyses of red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and RBC distribution width were performed; body condition score (BCS) and milk yield were evaluated. RESULTS: Red blood cell (the highest value was 6.10 × 1012/L at parturition and the lowest recorded value was 5.03 × 1012/L 21 days after parturition), haemoglobin and haematocrit (the highest values were 10.48 g/dL and 33.47% at parturition, respectively and the lowest values were 8.28 g/dL and 26.13% on day 30 after parturition, respectively); BCS (the highest and the lowest values were 3.50 points and 2.73 points on days 18 before parturition and 45 after parturition, respectively) and milk production (the lowest and the highest values were 21.48 L and 27.02 L on days 7 and 45 after parturition, respectively) were significantly different (p 0.05) during the peripartum period. Of the total cows (n = 48), 41.7% had RBC, haemoglobin and haematocrit below the reference intervals during at least one collection point during the postpartum period. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that dairy cows included in this investigation suffered alterations in select haematological variables during the postpartum period.

Biochemical profile in dairy cows with artificial induction of lactation / Perfil bioquímico de vacas leiteiras submetidas a indução artificial de lactação

The objective of this study was to determine the biochemical profile of dairy cows with induced lactation. For comparison, another group of normally calved cows was used as control. Lactation was induced in multiparous Holstein cows (n=10) with two norgestomet implants (3mg each implant) on day 1. The testing continued with intramuscular norgestomet (3mg/animal) on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15. On days 1, 9, 16 to 18 and then every 14 days, bSTr (500mg/animal) was added. On day 16, the intravaginal implant was removed and intramuscular prostaglandin F2α (0.530mg/animal) and intramuscular estradiol benzoate (5mg/animal) were added. On days 16 to 18 dexamethasone (10mg/animal) was added, and from days 18 to 20 intramuscular metoclopramide (100mg/animal) was added. Milking began on day 19 of the induction. Blood was collected for a biochemical profile after 21 days in milk. It was found that urea and triglyceride concentrations were significantly higher in the induced cows (P<0.05). Therefore, it was concluded that the animals that had lactation induced did not present disorders related to the biochemical profile indicating that the hepatic function, renal function and lipidogram of the animals were not affected by the use of the drugs to induce lactation.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o perfil bioquímico de vacas leiteiras com submetidas a indução de lactação. Para comparação, outro grupo de vacas que apresentaram parto normal foi usado como controle. A lactação foi induzida em vacas Holandesas (n=10) utilizando dois implantes de norgestomet (3mg cada implante) no dia 1. O protocolo continuou com a aplicação de norgestomet intramuscular (3mg / animal) nos dias 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 e 15. Nos dias 1, 9, 16 a 18 e depois a cada 14 dias, foi adicionado bSTr (500mg / animal). No dia 16, o implante intravaginal foi removido e adicionou-se prostaglandina F2a intramuscular (0,530 mg / animal) e benzoato de estradiol intramuscular (5mg / animal). Nos dias 16 a 18 foi adicionada dexametasona (10mg / animal) e dos dias 18 a 20 foi adicionada metoclopramida intramuscular (100 mg / animal). A ordenha começou no dia 19 da indução. O sangue foi coletado para mensuração do perfil bioquímico após 21 em leite. Verificou-se que as concentrações de ureia e triglicérides foram significativamente maiores nas vacas induzidas (P<0,05). Portanto, concluiu-se que os animais que tiveram a lactação induzida não apresentaram distúrbios relacionados ao perfil bioquímico, indicando que a função hepática, a função renal e o lipidograma dos animais não foram afetados pelo uso das drogas para induzir a lactação.(AU)

Avaliação do quadro eritrocitário e da repercussão do estado anêmico no leucograma de caprinos com verminose gastrintestinal / Evaluation of the erythrocyte pattern and the repercussions of anemic status in white blood cells of goats with gastrointestinal helminthiasis

In order to characterize the anemia and its impact over the white blood cell count (WBC) due to gastrointestinal parasitism, cells blood count (CBC) of 96 adult Saanen goats were performed. Fifty-seven of these goats were anemic. The disease diagnosis was based on the characteristic signals of gastrointestinal parasitism (whitened conjunctival mucous, submandibular edema, loss of weight and bristling hair coat), confirmed by the presence of Trichostrongyloidea eggs in the stool test. The blood samples were collected from the jugular vein using an EDTA siliconized tubes with vacuum. Erythrocyte counts, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, blood indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC), total leukocyte counts, and differential leukocyte count were performed. The goats were divided into four groups based on the magnitude of packed cell volume decrease: (1) goats without anemia, (2) mild anemia, (3) moderate anemia, and (4) severe anemia. Normocytic and normochromic anemia were observed in animals with mild to moderate anemia, while in animals with severe anemia (decreased more than half of normal values of He, Ht, Hb) hypochromic and normocytic anemia was observed. The total number of leukocytes did not change, while the anemic state due to gastrointestinal parasitism determined neutrophilia without a left shift, monocytosis and lymphopenia absolute. It was observed a change of the pattern leukocyte count, which becoming mostly neutrophilic. This reversal was more pronounced as the anemic process became more intense.

Com o intuito de caracterizar a anemia decorrente da verminose gastrintestinal e avaliar as alterações no leucograma, foram realizadas hemogramas de 96 caprinos da raça Saanen adultos, sendo que 57 destes estavam anêmicos. O diagnóstico da enfermidade foi realizado pelos sintomas característicos da doença como mucosas conjuntival esbranquiçadas, edema submandibular, emagrecimento e pelame arrepiado, confirmados por exame de fezes no qual se detectou a presença de ovos da superfamília Trichostrongyloidea. As amostras de sangue foram colhidas por punção da veia jugular, utilizando-se o EDTA como anticoagulante. Realizaram-se as seguintes provas: contagem do numero de hemácias, determinação do volume globular, dosagem de hemoglobina, cálculo dos índices hematimétricos (VCM, HCM e CHCM), contagem do número total de leucócitos e a contagem diferencial de leucócitos, efetuada em esfregaços sanguíneos, corados pelo método de Rosenfeld. Os animais foram divididos em grupos, baseado na magnitude da diminuição do volume globular, (1) animais sem anemia, (2) anemia de grau leve, (3) anemia moderada e (4) anemia intensa. Nos processos anêmicos leves ou moderados a anemia era do tipo normocítico e normocrômico, enquanto nos animais com anemia intensa (diminuição maior que metade dos valores normais de He, Ht, Hb) observou-se anemia do tipo normocítico e hipocrômico. O estado anêmico decorrente da verminose gastrintestinal determinou normoleucocitemia, neutrofilia sem desvio a esquerda, monocitose e linfopenia absoluta. Observou-se inversão do padrão leucocitário, que passou de linfocitário para neutrofílico. Essa inversão acentuou-se à medida que a gravidade da anemia verminótica tornava-se mais intensa.