Development and Publication of Clinical Practice Parameters, Reviews, and Meta-analyses: A Report From the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Presidential Task Force.

The Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists (SCA) is committed to improving the quality, safety, and value that cardiothoracic anesthesiologists bring to patient care. To fulfill this mission, the SCA supports the creation of peer-reviewed manuscripts that establish standards, produce guidelines, critically analyze the literature, interpret preexisting guidelines, and allow experts to engage in consensus opinion. The aim of this report, commissioned by the SCA President, is to summarize the distinctions among these publications and describe a novel SCA-supported framework that provides guidance to SCA members for the creation of these publications. The ultimate goal is that through a standardized and transparent process, the SCA will facilitate up-to-date education and implementation of best practices by cardiovascular and thoracic anesthesiologists to improve patient safety, quality of care, and outcomes.

The Year in Thoracic Anesthesia: Selected Highlights from 2022.

This article reviews research highlights in the field of thoracic anesthesia. The highlights of this year included new developments in the preoperative assessment and prehabilitation of patients requiring thoracic surgery, updates on the use of devices for one-lung ventilation (OLV) in adults and children, updates on the anesthetic and postoperative management of these patients, including protective OLV ventilation, the use of opioid-sparing techniques and regional anesthesia, and outcomes using enhanced recovery after surgery, as well as the use of expanding indications for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, specialized anesthetic techniques for airway surgery, and nonintubated video-assisted thoracic surgery.

The Year in Cardiothoracic Transplant Anesthesia: Selected Highlights From 2022 Part I: Lung Transplantation.

These highlights focus on the research in lung transplantation (LTX) that was published in 2022 and includes the assessment and optimization of candidates for LTX, donor optimization, the use of organs from donation after circulatory death, and outcomes when using marginal or novel donors; recipient factors affecting LTX, including age, disease, the use of extracorporeal life support; and special situations, such as coronavirus disease2019, pediatric LTX, and retransplantation. The remainder of the article focuses on the perioperative management of LTX, including the perioperative risk factors for acute renal failure (acute kidney injury); the incidence and management of phrenic nerve injury, delirium, and pain; and the postoperative management of hyperammonemia, early postoperative infections, and the use of donor-derived cell-free DNA to detect rejection.

Sternotomy Wound Infiltration With Liposomal Versus Plain Bupivacaine for Postoperative Analgesia After Elective Cardiac Surgery.

OBJECTIVES: Poor pain control after cardiac surgery can be associated with postoperative complications, longer recovery, and development of chronic pain. The authors hypothesized that adding liposomal bupivacaine (LB) to plain bupivacaine (PB) will provide better and long-lasting analgesia when used for wound infiltration in median sternotomy. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, and double-blinded clinical trial. SETTING: Single institution, tertiary care university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery through median sternotomy. INTERVENTIONS: A single surgeon performed wound infiltration of LB plus PB or PB into the sternotomy wound, chest, and mediastinal tube sites. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients were followed up for 72 hours for pain scores, opioid consumption, and adverse events. Sixty patients completed the study for analysis (LB group [n = 29], PB group [n = 31]). Patient characteristics, procedural variables, and pain scores measured at specific intervals from 4 hours until 72 hours postoperatively did not reveal any significant differences between the groups. Mixed-model regression showed that the trend of mean pain scores at movement in the LB group was significantly (p = 0.01) lower compared with the PB group. Opioid consumption over 72 hours was not significantly different between the 2 groups (oral morphine equivalents; median [interquartile range], 139 [73, 212] mg in LB v 105 [54, 188] mg in PB, p = 0.29). Recovery characteristics and adverse events were comparable. CONCLUSIONS: LB added to PB for sternotomy wound infiltration during elective cardiac surgery did not significantly improve the quality of postoperative analgesia.

Surgical left atrial appendage occlusion with concomitant cardiac surgical procedures: exacerbating heart failure or preventing stroke.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The left atrial appendage (LAA) is a common source of thromboembolic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Current guidelines recommend consideration of surgical LAA occlusion concomitant with other cardiac surgical procedures based mostly on observational data and a few small trials. Recently published results of several large retrospective studies and one prospective trial are reviewed herein. RECENT FINDINGS: Large retrospective studies using quality and administrative databases show mixed results with regard to efficacy of surgical LAA occlusion in preventing stroke, although most showed stroke reduction in patients with a history of atrial fibrillation (AF). Safety concerns have been raised based on nonrandomized data suggesting increased complications. A recent large, multicenter international randomized study with 3-year follow-up demonstrated significant reduction in stroke following LAA occlusion with no differences in death or heart failure exacerbations. SUMMARY: Most patients with AF undergoing another cardiac surgical procedure should be considered for concomitant LAA occlusion as part of a heart team discussion. The choice of surgical closure technique is critical. There is insufficient data to recommend LAA occlusion as an alternative to anticoagulation.

Hyperbaric effects on cold stored whole blood following a military dive mission profile.

BACKGROUND: Whole blood (WB) is carried by special operations forces as part of a remote damage control resuscitation strategy. The effects of an underwater mission on the quality and coagulation profile of WB were simulated by exposure to hyperbaric pressures in a chamber. METHODS: WB units collected in CPDA-1 were exposed to three different combinations of hyperbaric pressure and duration of exposure: Group A 153.52 kPa (15.24 msw; 1.52 atm) for 4 h; n = 9, Group B 506.63 kPa (50.29 msw; 5.00 atm) for 1 h; n = 9, Group C 153.52 kPa (15.24 msw; 1.52 atm) for 1 h; n = 7. The following parameters were measured on each unit: prothrombin time/international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time, thromboelastography and concentration determinations of platelets, lactate, fibrinogen, and lactate dehydrogenase. Each sample underwent baseline, prepressurization, immediate postpressurization, and 6 h postpressurization laboratory testing. RESULTS: Six hours following hyperbaric exposure, the lactate concentration in group C was higher than prepressurization measurement and the platelet concentration in Group A was lower than prepressurization measurement. There were no changes in any of the other analyzed biochemical, coagulation and thromboelastogram parameters following exposure to hyperbaric stress. DISCUSSION: These data suggest that pressurization of WB up to 5 atm did not impact parameters tested. Changes observed in lactate and platelet count need further study, as well as complementary testing of red blood cell integrity. Further investigation of the hyperbaric extremes is necessary to determine if there is a damage inducing pressure to which WB should not be exposed.

The Year in Cardiothoracic Transplant Anesthesia: Selected Highlights From 2020 Part I - Lung Transplantation.

This special article focuses on the highlights in cardiothoracic transplantation literature in the year 2020. Part I encompasses the recent literature on lung transplantation, including the advances in preoperative assessment and optimization, donor management, including the use of ex-vivo lung perfusion, recipient management, including those who have been infected with coronavirus disease 2019, updates on the perioperative management, including the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and long-term outcomes.

Perioperative Transthoracic Echocardiography Practice By Cardiac Anesthesiologists-Report of a "Start-Up" Experience.

OBJECTIVE: In this paper, the authors report their experience of perioperative transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) practice and its impact on perioperative patient management. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SETTING: Single institution, tertiary university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 101 adult ASA II-V male and female patients >18 years old who were scheduled for or having surgery were included in this retrospective case series. INTERVENTIONS: All patients underwent a focused perioperative TTE exam performed by cardiac anesthesiologists with significant TTE experience, and further clinical management was based on echocardiography findings discussed with the anesthesia care team. MEASUREMENTS: Significant echocardiographic findings and changes in patient management were reported. Step-up management was a new intervention that was executed based on echocardiographic findings (volume infusion, inotropic therapy, cardiology consultation, and other interventions), and step-down management was avoidance of an unnecessary intervention based on echocardiographic findings (proceeding to surgery without cancellation, delay, cardiology consultation, and additional investigations/interventions). MAIN RESULTS: Fifty-three percent of TTEs were performed in the preoperative setting, 34% were intra-operative, and 13% were postoperative. No significant findings were detected in 38 patients, leading to step-down management in all of them. Among patients with positive findings, left ventricular dysfunction (12.8%), hypovolemia (10.8%), and right ventricular dysfunction (7.9%) were the most common. Step-up therapy included inotropic/vasopressor therapy (24.8%), intensive care admission after surgery for further management (13.8%), volume infusion (12.8%), and other interventions (additional monitoring, surgical delay, cardiology consultation, and modification of surgical technique). CONCLUSION: Perioperative focused TTE examination is useful in the diagnosis of new cardiac conditions for anesthesia management (intraoperative monitoring and hemodynamic therapy) and postoperative care (intensive care unit admissions). Perioperative TTE performed by anesthesiologists can also help avoid procedural delays and unnecessary consults.

The Year in Thoracic Anesthesia: Selected Highlights From 2020.

Selected highlights in thoracic anesthesia in 2020 include updates in the preoperative assessment and prehabilitation of patients undergoing thoracic surgery; updates in one-lung ventilation (OLV) pertaining to the devices used for OLV; the use of dexmedetomidine for lung protection during OLV and protective ventilation, recommendations for the care of thoracic surgical patients with coronavirus disease 2019; a review of recent meta-analyses comparing truncal blocks with paravertebral and thoracic epidural blocks; and a review of outcomes after initiating the enhanced recovery after surgery guidelines for lung and esophageal surgery.

The Year in Cardiothoracic Transplantation Anesthesia: Selected Highlights from 2019.

The highlights in cardiothoracic transplantation focus on the recent research pertaining to heart and lung transplantation, including expansion of the donor pool, the optimization of donors and recipients, the use of mechanical support, the perioperative and long-term outcomes in these patient populations, and the use of transthoracic echocardiography to diagnose rejection.

The Year in Thoracic Anesthesia: Selected Highlights from 2019.

THIS special article is the 4th in an annual series for the Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. The authors thank the editor-in-chief, Dr. Kaplan; the associate editor-in-chief, Dr. Augoustides; and the editorial board for the opportunity to expand this series, the research highlights of the year that specifically pertain to the specialty of thoracic anesthesia. The major themes selected for 2019 are outlined in this introduction, and each highlight is reviewed in detail in the main body of the article. The literature highlights in this specialty for 2019 include updates in the preoperative assessment and optimization of patients undergoing lung resection and esophagectomy, updates in one lung ventilation (OLV) and protective ventilation during OLV, a review of recent meta-analyses comparing truncal blocks with paravertebral catheters and the introduction of a new truncal block, meta-analyses comparing nonintubated video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) with those performed using endotracheal intubation, a review of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) recent composite score rating for pulmonary resection of lung cancer, and an update of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) guidelines for both lung and esophageal surgery.

Intrathecal Morphine Versus Nerve Blocks in an Enhanced Recovery Pathway for Pancreatic Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Intrathecal morphine (ITM) and peripheral nerve blocks are accepted techniques for analgesia after abdominal surgery, but their efficacy has not been evaluated in the context of an enhanced recovery pathway (ERP) in pancreatic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively compared postoperative analgesia (pain scores and opioid requirements) after open or robotic pancreatoduodenectomy or distal pancreatectomy among ERP patients receiving either ITM or transversus abdominis plane/quadratus lumborum (TAP/QL) nerve blocks. RESULTS: We identified 303 ERP patients who underwent pancreatectomy with either ITM (n = 251) or TAP/QL blocks (n = 52). Patient demographics and procedural variables were similar between groups. Few preoperative patient characteristics (preoperative stroke and pain medication intake) differed between the two groups. In an unmatched patient cohort, the median pain score on postoperative day (POD 0) zero was 4.5 (interquartile range [IQR] 2.3-5.8) in ITM patients compared with 5.7 (IQR, 3.4-6.9) in patients who received TAP/QL (P < 0.05). Median opioid consumption in intravenous morphine equivalents on POD 0 was 2.7 mg (IQR, 0-11.7) in ITM patients compared with 8.4 mg (IQR, 2.5-20.8) in TAP/QL patients (P < 0.001). After propensity matching for patient characteristics, pain scores and opioid consumption were significantly (P < 0.05) lower on POD 0 and POD 5 in patients who received ITM. The difference in quality of analgesia between ITM and TAP/QL was also maintained in the pancreaticoduodenectomy and distal pancreatectomy subgroups. Extubation in the operating room was achieved in a higher percentage of patients receiving ITM (92%) compared with those receiving TAP/QL (63%). The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: ITM was associated with reduced pain scores and opioid requirements compared with peripheral nerve blocks in an ERP for pancreatic surgery.

Extracorporeal Support During Bilateral Sequential Lung Transplantation in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension: Risk Factors and Outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To identify preoperative predictors of extracorporeal support in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) undergoing bilateral sequential lung transplantation (LTx), and to examine outcomes associated with the use of extracorporeal support. DESIGN: Retrospective, observational study. SETTING: Single organ transplantation and tertiary care university medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Adults with PH (preoperative mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP)≥25 mmHg) who underwent primary bilateral sequential LTx during 2007 to 2013. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of 262 patients with PH undergoing LTx, extracorporeal support was initiated intraoperatively in 149 (57%). Preoperative severe right ventricle (RV) dysfunction and moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) were associated with extracorporeal support. In the remaining 208 patients without those factors, increasing preoperative oxygen requirement (odds ratio [OR] 1.30 per 1 L/min, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.11-1.52, p = 0.001), presence of RV dilation (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.28-6.02, p = 0.010), and mPAP (OR 1.33 per 5-mmHg increase in mPAP, 95% CI 1.04-1.70, p = 0.021) were associated independently with extracorporeal support in the multivariable model. Analysis of 49 propensity-matched pairs showed longer intensive care unit (5 v 14 days, p = 0.006) and hospital stays (27 v 39 days, p = 0.016) and increased need for tracheostomy (16% v 41%, p = 0.017) in patients exposed to extracorporeal support but no differences in 30-day mortality, stroke, myocardial infarction, or dialysis. CONCLUSIONS: Severity of RV dysfunction, TR, RV dilatation, increasing oxygen requirement, and increasing mPAP showed significant associations with the need for extracorporeal support during LTX in patients with PH. Extracorporeal support was associated with increased length of stay and tracheostomy but not with mortality or other complications. © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Use of Perioperative Intravenous Lidocaine as Part of an Abdominal Surgery Enhanced Recovery Pathway Does Not Significantly Impact Postoperative Pain.

BACKGROUND: The utility of perioperative intravenous lidocaine in improving postoperative pain control remains unclear. We aimed to compare postoperative pain outcomes in ERP abdominal surgery patients who did vs did not receive intravenous lidocaine. We hypothesized that patients receiving lidocaine would have lower postoperative pain scores and consume fewer opioids. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery at a single institution via an ERP from 2017 to 2018. Patients who received lidocaine in the 6 months prior to a lidocaine shortage were compared to those who did not receive lidocaine for 6 months following the shortage. The primary outcome measures were pain scores as measured on the visual analogue scale and opioid consumption as measured by oral morphine equivalents (OME). RESULTS: We identified 1227 consecutive ERP abdominal surgery patients for inclusion (519 patients receiving lidocaine and 708 patients not receiving lidocaine). Demographics between the two cohorts were similar, with the following exceptions: more females, and more patients with a history of psychiatric diagnoses in the group that did not receive lidocaine. Adjusted, mixed linear models for both OME (P = .23) and pain scores (P = .51) found no difference between the lidocaine and no lidocaine groups. DISCUSSION: In our study of ERP abdominal surgery patients, perioperative intravenous lidocaine did not offer improvement in postoperative pain scores or OME consumed. We therefore do not recommend the use of intravenous lidocaine as part of an ERP multimodal pain management strategy in abdominal surgery patients.