RESUMO
Over the last decades, technological developments in the field of radiology have resulted in a widespread use of imaging for personalising medicine in oncology, including patients with a sarcoma. New scanner hardware, imaging protocols, image reconstruction algorithms, radiotracers, and contrast media, enabled the assessment of the physical and biological properties of tumours associated with response to treatment. In this context, medical imaging has the potential to select sarcoma patients who do not benefit from (neo-)adjuvant treatment and facilitate treatment adaptation. Due to the biological heterogeneity in sarcomas, the challenge at hand is to acquire a practicable set of imaging features for specific sarcoma subtypes, allowing response assessment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of available clinical data on imaging-based response monitoring in sarcoma patients and future research directions. Eventually, it is expected that imaging-based response monitoring will help to achieve successful modification of (neo)adjuvant treatments and improve clinical care for these patients.
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Imagem Multimodal , Planejamento de Assistência ao Paciente , Medicina de Precisão , Sarcoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Sarcoma/terapia , Biomarcadores , Proliferação de Células , Fibroblastos/patologia , Glucose/metabolismo , Humanos , Hipóxia/patologia , Terapia Neoadjuvante , Metástase Neoplásica , Sarcoma/irrigação sanguínea , Sarcoma/patologiaRESUMO
Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of malignancies with mesenchymal lineage differentiation. The discovery of neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) gene fusions as tissue-agnostic oncogenic drivers has led to new personalized therapies for a subset of patients with sarcoma in the form of tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) inhibitors. NTRK gene rearrangements and fusion transcripts can be detected with different molecular pathology techniques, while TRK protein expression can be demonstrated with immunohistochemistry. The rarity and diagnostic complexity of NTRK gene fusions raise a number of questions and challenges for clinicians. To address these challenges, the World Sarcoma Network convened two meetings of expert adult oncologists and pathologists and subsequently developed this article to provide practical guidance on the management of patients with sarcoma harboring NTRK gene fusions. We propose a diagnostic strategy that considers disease stage and histologic and molecular subtypes to facilitate routine testing for TRK expression and subsequent testing for NTRK gene fusions.
Assuntos
Sarcoma , Tropomiosina , Adulto , Fusão Gênica , Humanos , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/genética , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases , Receptor trkA/genética , Sarcoma/diagnóstico , Sarcoma/tratamento farmacológico , Sarcoma/genéticaAssuntos
Neoplasias Gastrointestinais , Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal , Sarcoma , Seguimentos , Neoplasias Gastrointestinais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Gastrointestinais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Gastrointestinais/terapia , Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal/diagnóstico , Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal/epidemiologia , Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal/terapia , Humanos , Sarcoma/terapiaAssuntos
Neoplasias Ósseas , Osteossarcoma , Sarcoma , Neoplasias Ósseas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Ósseas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Ósseas/terapia , Seguimentos , Humanos , Osteossarcoma/diagnóstico , Osteossarcoma/epidemiologia , Osteossarcoma/terapia , Sarcoma/diagnóstico , Sarcoma/epidemiologia , Sarcoma/terapiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Chordomas are rare malignant bone tumors arising in the axial skeleton, with an incidence of 0.3-0.88 per million inhabitants. We studied the annual incidence rate and centralization of treatment for chordoma in the Netherlands. METHODS: We retrieved pathology excerpts from the PALGA nationwide Dutch Pathology Registry between 1991 and 2019 for patients with a chordoma to calculate incidence rates. From pathology reports we extracted patient age at diagnosis, sex, year of diagnosis, localization of primary tumor, histologic chordoma subtype (conventional including chondroid, poorly differentiated or dedifferentiated), center of diagnosis (bone tumor referral center (BTC) or other hospital), and partial identification of the BTCs. RESULTS: A total of 420 individual chordoma patients were identified in the given time period. The incidence of chordoma increased from 0.593 per million inhabitants between 1991-1995 to 1.111 from 2015-2019 (P = 0.001). Median age at diagnosis was 63 years (range 1-95), 252 patients (60%) were male. The proportion of samples analyzed in a BTC either primarily or secondary, as a consultation, revision or referral, increased significantly from 29.3% to 84.4% (P < 0.001). Most primary and secondary samples were analyzed at the Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC, 54.4% and 57% respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows an increase in the standardized incidence of pathology proven chordoma in the Netherlands. We observed an increase in samples being analysed in the specialized BTCs as well, which is in line with current guidelines and will hopefully lead to more accurate diagnoses and optimal treatment plans for chordoma patients in specialized treatment centers.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Ósseas , Cordoma , Humanos , Masculino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Incidência , Cordoma/epidemiologia , Cordoma/terapia , Cordoma/patologia , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Ósseas/patologia , Sistema de RegistrosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chondrosarcomas are malignant cartilage-forming tumours of bone. Because of their resistance to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, currently no treatment strategies exist for unresectable and metastatic chondrosarcoma. Previously, PI3K/AKT/GSK3ß and Src kinase pathways were shown to be activated in chondrosarcoma cell lines. Our aim was to investigate the role of these kinases in chemoresistance and migration in chondrosarcoma in relation to TP53 mutation status. METHODS: We used five conventional and three dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma cell lines and investigated the effect of PI3K/AKT/GSK3ß pathway inhibition (enzastaurin) and Src pathway inhibition (dasatinib) in chemoresistance using WST assay and live cell imaging with AnnexinV staining. Immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing 157 cartilaginous tumours was performed for Src family members. Migration assays were performed with the RTCA xCelligence System. RESULTS: Src inhibition was found to overcome chemoresistance, to induce apoptosis and to inhibit migration. Cell lines with TP53 mutations responded better to combination therapy than wild-type cell lines (P=0.002). Tissue microarray immunohistochemistry confirmed active Src (pSrc) signalling, with Fyn being most abundantly expressed (76.1%). CONCLUSION: These results strongly indicate Src family kinases, in particular Fyn, as a potential target for the treatment of inoperable and metastatic chondrosarcomas, and to sensitise for doxorubicin especially in the presence of TP53 mutations.
Assuntos
Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Condrossarcoma/tratamento farmacológico , Doxorrubicina/uso terapêutico , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Tiazóis/farmacologia , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias Ósseas/tratamento farmacológico , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Dasatinibe , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Feminino , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/metabolismo , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta , Células HeLa , Humanos , Indóis/farmacologia , Células MCF-7 , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fyn/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto Jovem , Quinases da Família src/antagonistas & inibidores , Quinases da Família src/metabolismoAssuntos
Neoplasias Ósseas/terapia , Oncologia/normas , Osteossarcoma/terapia , Participação do Paciente , Adulto , Assistência ao Convalescente/métodos , Assistência ao Convalescente/normas , Fatores Etários , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/normas , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Biópsia , Neoplasias Ósseas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Ósseas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Ósseas/patologia , Osso e Ossos/diagnóstico por imagem , Osso e Ossos/patologia , Osso e Ossos/cirurgia , Criança , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , Incidência , Assistência de Longa Duração/métodos , Assistência de Longa Duração/normas , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Oncologia/métodos , Terapia Neoadjuvante/métodos , Terapia Neoadjuvante/normas , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Procedimentos Ortopédicos/métodos , Procedimentos Ortopédicos/normas , Osteossarcoma/diagnóstico , Osteossarcoma/epidemiologia , Osteossarcoma/patologia , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada , Cintilografia , Radioterapia Adjuvante/métodos , Radioterapia Adjuvante/normas , Grupos de Autoajuda/normas , Sociedades Médicas/normas , Sobrevivência , Resultado do TratamentoAssuntos
Oncologia/normas , Participação do Paciente , Sarcoma/terapia , Adulto , Assistência ao Convalescente/métodos , Assistência ao Convalescente/normas , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/normas , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Biópsia , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , Incidência , Metástase Linfática/diagnóstico por imagem , Metástase Linfática/patologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/normas , Oncologia/métodos , Terapia Neoadjuvante/métodos , Terapia Neoadjuvante/normas , Gradação de Tumores , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Radioterapia Adjuvante/métodos , Radioterapia Adjuvante/normas , Sarcoma/diagnóstico , Sarcoma/epidemiologia , Sarcoma/patologia , Grupos de Autoajuda/normas , Sociedades Médicas/normas , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios/métodos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios/normas , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/normas , Resultado do TratamentoAssuntos
Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal/terapia , Oncologia/normas , Participação do Paciente , Adulto , Assistência ao Convalescente/métodos , Assistência ao Convalescente/normas , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/normas , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Quimioterapia Adjuvante/métodos , Quimioterapia Adjuvante/normas , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos do Sistema Digestório/métodos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos do Sistema Digestório/normas , Endossonografia , Europa (Continente) , Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal/diagnóstico , Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal/epidemiologia , Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal/patologia , Humanos , Biópsia Guiada por Imagem/métodos , Biópsia Guiada por Imagem/normas , Incidência , Intestinos/diagnóstico por imagem , Intestinos/patologia , Intestinos/cirurgia , Laparoscopia/métodos , Laparoscopia/normas , Margens de Excisão , Oncologia/métodos , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Grupos de Autoajuda/normas , Sociedades Médicas/normas , Estômago/diagnóstico por imagem , Estômago/patologia , Estômago/cirurgia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chondrosarcomas are malignant cartilage-forming tumors notorious for their resistance to conventional chemo- and radiotherapy. Postulated explanations describe the inaccessibility due to abundant hyaline cartilaginous matrix, presence of multidrug resistance (MDR) pumps, and expression of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family members. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied the sensitivity of chondrosarcoma cell lines (SW1353, CH2879, JJ012, OUMS27) and two primary cultures for doxorubicin and cisplatin. We examined the role of extracellular matrix using three-dimensional (3D) pellet models and MDR pump activity using fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. The role of BCL-2 family members was investigated using the BH3 mimetic ABT-737. RESULTS: Chondrosarcoma cells showed highest resistance to cisplatin. 3D cell pellets, morphologically strongly resembling chondrosarcoma in vivo, confirmed nuclear incorporation of doxorubicin. MDR pump activity was heterogeneous among cultures. Chondrosarcoma cells responded to ABT-737 and combination with doxorubicin led to complete loss of cell viability and apoptosis with cytochrome C release. CONCLUSIONS: Despite MDR pump activity and abundance of hyaline cartilaginous matrix, doxorubicin is able to accumulate in the cell nuclei. By repairing the apoptotic machinery, we were able to sensitize chondrosarcoma cells to doxorubicin and cisplatin, indicating an important role for BCL-2 family members in chemoresistance and a promising new treatment strategy for inoperable chondrosarcoma.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Cisplatino/farmacologia , Doxorrubicina/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Proteína bcl-X/metabolismo , Subfamília B de Transportador de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP , Membro 1 da Subfamília B de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/metabolismo , Membro 2 da Subfamília G de Transportadores de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP , Transportadores de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos/metabolismo , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos de Bifenilo/farmacologia , Técnicas de Cultura de Células , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Forma Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Condrossarcoma , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Doxorrubicina/metabolismo , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Expressão Gênica , Células HL-60 , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Proteínas Associadas à Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos/metabolismo , Proteína de Sequência 1 de Leucemia de Células Mieloides , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Nitrofenóis/farmacologia , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/genética , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Proteína bcl-X/genéticaRESUMO
Objective: Malignancy in giant cell tumor of bone (mGCTB) is categorized as primary (concomitantly with conventional GCTB) or secondary (after radiotherapy or other treatment). Denosumab therapy has been suggested to play a role in the etiology of secondary mGCTB. In this case series from a tertiary referral sarcoma center, we aimed to find distinctive features for malignant transformation in GCTB on different imaging modalities. Furthermore, we assessed the duration of denosumab treatment and lag time to the development of malignancy. Methods: From a histopathology database search, 6 patients were pathologically confirmed as having initial conventional GCTB and subsequently with secondary mGCTB. Results: At the time of mGCTB diagnosis, 2 cases were treated with denosumab only, 2 with denosumab and surgery, 1 with multiple curettages and radiotherapy, and 1 with surgery only. In the 4 denosumab treated patients, the mean lag time to malignant transformation was 7 months (range 2-11 months). Imaging findings suspicious of malignant transformation related to denosumab therapy are the absence of fibro-osseous matrix formation and absent neocortex formation on CT, and stable or even increased size of the soft tissue component. Conclusion: In 4 patients treated with denosumab, secondary mGCTB occurred within the first year after initiation of treatment. Radiotherapy-associated mGCTB has a longer lag time than denosumab-associated mGCTB. Close clinical and imaging follow-up during the first months of denosumab therapy is key, as mGCTB tends to have rapid aggressive behavior, similar to other high-grade sarcomas. Nonresponders should be (re) evaluated for their primary diagnosis of conventional GCTB.
RESUMO
Currently, all soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are irradiated by the same regimen, disregarding possible subtype-specific radiosensitivities. To gain further insight, cellular radiosensitivity was investigated in a panel of sarcoma cell lines. Fourteen sarcoma cell lines, derived from synovial sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, fibrosarcoma and liposarcoma origin, were submitted to clonogenic survival assays. Cells were irradiated with single doses from 1-8 Gy and surviving fraction (SF) was calculated from the resulting response data. Alpha/beta (α/ß) ratios were inferred from radiation-response curves using the linear-quadratic (LQ)-model. Cellular radiosensitivities varied largely in this panel, indicating a considerable degree of heterogeneity. Surviving fraction after 2 Gy (SF2) ranged from 0.27 to 0.76 with evidence of a particular radiosensitive phenotype in only few cell lines. D37% on the mean data was 3.4 Gy and the median SF2 was 0.52. The median α/ß was 4.9 Gy and in six cell lines the α/ß was below 4 Gy. A fairly homogeneous radiation response was observed in myxoid liposarcoma cell lines with SF2 between 0.64 and 0.67. Further comparing sarcomas of different origin, synovial sarcomas, as a group, showed the lowest SF2 values (mean 0.35) and was significantly more radiosensitive than myxoid liposarcomas and leiomyosarcomas (P = 0.0084 and 0.024, respectively). This study demonstrates a broad spectrum of radiosensitivities across STS cell lines and reveals subtype-specific radiation responses. The particular cellular radiosensitivity of synovial sarcoma cells supports consideration of the different sarcoma entities in clinical studies that aim to optimize sarcoma radiotherapy.
Assuntos
Tolerância a Radiação , Sarcoma/radioterapia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos da radiação , Humanos , Sarcoma/patologiaRESUMO
Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is an ultra-rare, translocated, vascular sarcoma. EHE clinical behavior is variable, ranging from that of a low-grade malignancy to that of a high-grade sarcoma and it is marked by a high propensity for systemic involvement. No active systemic agents are currently approved specifically for EHE, which is typically refractory to the antitumor drugs used in sarcomas. The degree of uncertainty in selecting the most appropriate therapy for EHE patients and the lack of guidelines on the clinical management of the disease make the adoption of new treatments inconsistent across the world, resulting in suboptimal outcomes for many EHE patients. To address the shortcoming, a global consensus meeting was organized in December 2020 under the umbrella of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) involving >80 experts from several disciplines from Europe, North America and Asia, together with a patient representative from the EHE Group, a global, disease-specific patient advocacy group, and Sarcoma Patient EuroNet (SPAEN). The meeting was aimed at defining, by consensus, evidence-based best practices for the optimal approach to primary and metastatic EHE. The consensus achieved during that meeting is the subject of the present publication.
Assuntos
Hemangioendotelioma Epitelioide , Sarcoma , Adulto , Criança , Consenso , Hemangioendotelioma Epitelioide/diagnóstico , Hemangioendotelioma Epitelioide/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Oncologia , Defesa do Paciente , Sarcoma/diagnóstico , Sarcoma/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Osteofibrous dysplasia-like adamantinoma (OFD-AD) and classic adamantinoma (AD) are rare, neoplastic diseases with only limited data supporting current treatment protocols. We believe that our retrospective multicenter cohort study is the largest analysis of patients with adamantinoma to date. The primary purpose of this study was to describe the disease characteristics and evaluate the oncological outcomes. The secondary purpose was to identify risk factors for local recurrence after surgical treatment and propose treatment guidelines. METHODS: Three hundred and eighteen confirmed cases of OFD-AD and AD for which primary treatment was carried out between 1985 and 2015 were submitted by 22 tertiary bone tumor centers. Proposed clinical risk factors for local recurrence such as size, type, and margins were analyzed using univariable and multivariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 318 cases, 128 were OFD-AD and 190 were AD. The mean age at diagnosis was 17 years (median, 14.5 years) for OFD-AD and 32 years (median, 28 years) for AD; 53% of the patients were female. The mean tumor size in the OFD-AD and AD groups combined was 7.8 cm, measured histologically. Sixteen percent of the patients sustained a pathological fracture prior to treatment. Local recurrence was recorded in 22% of the OFD-AD cases and 24% of the AD cases. None of the recurrences in the OFD-AD group progressed to AD. Metastatic disease was found in 18% of the AD cases and fatal disease, in 11% of the AD cases. No metastatic or fatal disease was reported in the OFD-AD group. Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that uncontaminated resection margins (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.164, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.092 to 0.290, p < 0.001), pathological fracture (HR = 1.968, 95% CI = 1.076 to 3.600, p = 0.028), and sex (female versus male: HR = 0.535, 95% CI = 0.300 to 0.952, p = 0.033) impacted the risk of local recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: OFD-AD and AD are parts of a disease spectrum but should be regarded as different entities. Our results support reclassification of OFD-AD into the intermediate locally aggressive category, based on the local recurrence rate of 22% and absence of metastases. In our study, metastatic disease was restricted to the AD group (an 18% rate). We advocate wide resection with uncontaminated margins including bone and involved periosteum for both OFD-AD and AD. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Assuntos
Adamantinoma/cirurgia , Doenças do Desenvolvimento Ósseo/cirurgia , Neoplasias Ósseas/cirurgia , Adamantinoma/patologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Doenças do Desenvolvimento Ósseo/patologia , Neoplasias Ósseas/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Prognóstico , Fatores de Risco , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
AIM: Myxoid tumours of soft tissue are characterized by their so-called 'myxoid' extracellular matrix. The aim was to investigate the composition and possible function of this matrix which is poorly understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using Alcian Blue staining with and without pretreatment with hyaluronidase and application of the critical electrolyte concentration method followed by densitometry, the glycosaminoglycan composition of three different myxoid tumours was studied. The composition of glycosaminoglycans varied with tumour type and grade, despite their general characterization as myxoid tumours. Intramuscular myxoma contained similar amounts of the various glycosaminoglycans as grade I myxofibrosarcoma; grade III myxofibrosarcoma contained less hyaluronic acid and more heparan sulphate, whereas extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma contained predominantly chondroitin-4 and -6 sulphates. Western blot identified albumin as a major protein in tumour lysates, and its presence in the extracellular matrix and cytoplasm of the majority of tumours was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry; production of albumin by the tumour cells was confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSIONS: The extracellular matrix of myxoid tumours of soft tissue has a heterogeneous composition consisting of, amongst others, glycosaminoglycans and albumin, which appear to play an active role in their morphogenesis.
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Matriz Extracelular/patologia , Mixoma/patologia , Neoplasias de Tecidos Moles/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Albuminas/química , Albuminas/genética , Azul Alciano/química , Western Blotting , Corantes/química , Matriz Extracelular/química , Feminino , Glicosaminoglicanos/química , Glicosaminoglicanos/classificação , Humanos , Hibridização In Situ , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mixoma/química , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Estudos Retrospectivos , Neoplasias de Tecidos Moles/química , Análise Serial de TecidosRESUMO
Symptomatic gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are infrequent with an incidence of 12.7 per million inhabitants in the western population. We studied whether the incidence of GIST has further increased between 2003 and 2012 and assessed the frequency of mutations, risk groups, histological subtypes and immunohistochemistry results. From PALGA, the nationwide Dutch Pathology Registry, pathology excerpts from all patients with a GIST or GIST-like tumour between 2003 and 2012 were retrieved to calculate incidence rates. Full pathology reports were retrieved of resections in 2011 and 2012 to study the frequency of mutations, risk groups, histological subtypes and immunohistochemistry results. The incidence of GIST increased to 17.7 per million inhabitants in 2012 with a median age of 67 years. Mutational analysis was performed in 33.9% of patients with a resection between 2011 and 2012 (KIT mutation 67.5%, PDGFRA 16.3%, wild-type 11.4%). The percentage of high risk patients in the different risk classifications varied from 19.9% to 38.0% depending on the used classification. Only 35.9% of patients had diagnosis or revision of pathology diagnosis within three months in a designated GIST referral centre. No increase in proportion of central pathology reviews was found. Proportion of patients with mutational analysis increased over the years. The registered incidence of GIST, 17.7 per million inhabitants in 2012 in the Netherlands, is still rising. Despite incorporation in the ESMO GIST guidelines since 2008 for mutational testing and since 2010 for central review of pathology, both are performed in a minority of patients.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais , Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal/epidemiologia , Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal/patologia , Mutação , Encaminhamento e Consulta/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Feminino , Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal/genética , Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Sistema de Registros , Medição de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Chondrosarcomas are malignant cartilage-forming bone tumors, which are intrinsically resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy, leaving surgical removal as the only curative treatment option. Therefore, our aim was to identify genes involved in chondrosarcoma cell survival that could serve as a target for therapy. siRNA screening for 51 apoptosis-related genes in JJ012 chondrosarcoma cells identified BIRC5, encoding survivin, as essential for chondrosarcoma survival. Using immunohistochemistry, nuclear as well as cytoplasmic survivin expression was analyzed in 207 chondrosarcomas of different subtypes. Nuclear survivin has been implicated in cell-cycle regulation while cytoplasmic localization is important for its anti-apoptotic function. RT-PCR was performed to determine expression of the most common survivin isoforms. Sensitivity to YM155, a survivin inhibitor currently in phase I/II clinical trial for other tumors, was examined in 10 chondrosarcoma cell lines using viability assay, apoptosis assay and cell-cycle analysis. Survivin expression was found in all chondrosarcoma patient samples. Higher expression of nuclear and cytoplasmic survivin was observed with increasing histological grade in central chondrosarcomas. Inhibition of survivin using YM155 showed that especially TP53 mutant cell lines were sensitive, but no caspase 3/7 or PARP cleavage was observed. Rather, YM155 treatment resulted in a block in S phase in two out of three chondrosarcoma cell lines, indicating that survivin is more involved in cell-cycle regulation than in apoptosis. Thus, survivin is important for chondrosarcoma survival and chondrosarcoma patients might benefit from survivin inhibition using YM155, for which TP53 mutational status can serve as a predictive biomarker.