Reduced Monocyte and Neutrophil Infiltration and Activation by P-Selectin/CD62P Inhibition Enhances Thrombus Resolution in Mice.

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism is a major health problem. After thrombus formation, its resolution is essential to re-establish blood flow, which is crucially mediated by infiltrating neutrophils and monocytes in concert with activated platelets and endothelial cells. Thus, we aimed to modulate leukocyte function during thrombus resolution post-thrombus formation by blocking P-selectin/CD62P-mediated cell interactions. METHODS: Thrombosis was induced by inferior vena cava stenosis through ligation in mice. After 1 day, a P-selectin-blocking antibody or isotype control was administered and thrombus composition and resolution were analyzed. RESULTS: Localizing neutrophils and macrophages in thrombotic lesions of wild-type mice revealed that these cells enter the thrombus and vessel wall from the caudal end. Neutrophils were predominantly present 1 day and monocytes/macrophages 3 days after vessel ligation. Blocking P-selectin reduced circulating platelet-neutrophil and platelet-Ly6Chigh monocyte aggregates near the thrombus, and diminished neutrophils and Ly6Chigh macrophages in the cranial thrombus part compared with isotype-treated controls. Depletion of neutrophils 1 day after thrombus initiation did not phenocopy P-selectin inhibition but led to larger thrombi compared with untreated controls. In vitro, P-selectin enhanced human leukocyte function as P-selectin-coated beads increased reactive oxygen species production by neutrophils and tissue factor expression of classical monocytes. Accordingly, P-selectin inhibition reduced oxidative burst in the thrombus and tissue factor expression in the adjacent vessel wall. Moreover, blocking P-selectin reduced thrombus density determined by scanning electron microscopy and increased urokinase-type plasminogen activator levels in the thrombus, which accelerated caudal fibrin degradation from day 3 to day 14. This accelerated thrombus resolution as thrombus volume declined more rapidly after blocking P-selectin. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of P-selectin-dependent activation of monocytes and neutrophils accelerates venous thrombosis resolution due to reduced infiltration and activation of innate immune cells at the site of thrombus formation, which prevents early thrombus stabilization and facilitates fibrinolysis.

Monocyte subsets in breast cancer patients under treatment with aromatase inhibitor and mucin-1 cancer vaccine.

BACKGROUND: Monocytes comprise subsets of classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes with distinct anti- or pro-tumor effects in breast cancer (BC). They are modulated by estrogen, and can contribute to BC control by endocrine therapy in preclinical models. METHODS: To elucidate whether changes in monocyte subsets are associated with treatment and response, we investigated peripheral blood samples of 73 postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor (ER) positive BC, who received aromatase inhibitor therapy with or without the mucin-1 vaccine tecemotide in the ABCSG34 trial. Blood was retrieved at baseline, midterm and end of therapy, and was analyzed for the distribution and ER expression of monocyte subsets by flow cytometry. RESULTS: When 40 healthy, age-matched women were compared with BC patients before treatment start, ER levels of monocytes did not differ, yet patients presented with a higher frequency of classical and fewer non-classical monocytes. Endocrine therapy triggered a significant increase in ER levels in all monocyte subsets, without affecting subset distribution. Vaccination had no overall impact on subset frequency and ER expression. Yet, a shift from intermediate to classical monocytes during therapy correlated with changes in plasma cytokines and chemokines and was significantly associated with low residual cancer burden in vaccinated patients. Without tecemotide, baseline ER levels in classical monocytes were significantly higher in women with good response to endocrine therapy. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified classical monocytes to be associated with ER positive BC and with patient response to neoadjuvant endocrine treatment and cancer vaccination.

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Cardiovascular and Aortic Disease: A Narrative Review on Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targeting.

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), composed of DNA, histones, and antimicrobial proteins, are released by neutrophils in response to pathogens but are also recognized for their involvement in a range of pathological processes, including autoimmune diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. This review explores the intricate roles of NETs in different cardiovascular conditions such as thrombosis, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, COVID-19, and particularly in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms. We elucidate the mechanisms underlying NET formation and function, provide a foundational understanding of their biological significance, and highlight the contribution of NETs to inflammation, thrombosis, and tissue remodeling in vascular disease. Therapeutic strategies for preventing NET release are compared with approaches targeting components of formed NETs in cardiovascular disease. Current limitations and potential avenues for clinical translation of anti-NET treatments are discussed.

Radiation therapy for cancer is potentially associated with reduced growth of concomitant abdominal aortic aneurysm.

PURPOSE: Co-prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and cancer poses a unique challenge in medical care since both diseases and their respective therapies might interact. Recently, reduced AAA growth rates were observed in cancer patients that received radiation therapy (RT). The purpose of this study was to perform a fine-grained analysis of the effects of RT on AAA growth with respect to direct (infield) and out-of-field (outfield) radiation exposure, and radiation dose-dependency. METHODS: A retrospective single-center analysis identified patients with AAA, cancer, and RT. Clinical data, radiation plans, and aneurysm diameters were analyzed. The total dose of radiation to each aneurysm was computed. AAA growth under infield and outfield exposure was compared to patients with AAA and cancer that did not receive RT (no-RT control) and to an external noncancer AAA reference cohort. RESULTS: Between 2003 and 2020, a total of 38 AAA patients who had received well-documented RT for their malignancy were identified. AAA growth was considerably reduced for infield patients (n = 18) compared to outfield patients (n = 20), albeit not significantly (0.8 ± 1.0 vs. 1.3 ± 1.6 mm/year, p = 0.28). Overall, annual AAA growth in RT patients was lower compared to no-RT control patients (1.1 ± 1.5 vs. 1.8 ± 2.2 mm/year, p = 0.06) and significantly reduced compared to the reference cohort (1.1 ± 1.5 vs. 2.7 ± 2.1 mm/year, p < 0.001). The pattern of AAA growth reduction due to RT was corroborated in linear regression analyses correcting for initial AAA diameter. A further investigation with respect to dose-dependency of radiation effects on AAA growth, however, revealed no apparent association. CONCLUSION: In this study, both infield and outfield radiation exposure were associated with reduced AAA growth. This finding warrants further investigation, both in a larger scale clinical cohort and on a molecular level.

Interleukin-4 receptor alpha signaling regulates monocyte homeostasis.

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and its receptors (IL-4R) promote the proliferation and polarization of macrophages. However, it is unknown if IL-4R also influences monocyte homeostasis and if steady state IL-4 levels are sufficient to affect monocytes. Employing full IL-4 receptor alpha knockout mice (IL-4Rα-/- ) and mice with a myeloid-specific deletion of IL-4Rα (IL-4Rαf/f LysMcre ), we show that IL-4 acts as a homeostatic factor regulating circulating monocyte numbers. In the absence of IL-4Rα, murine monocytes in blood were reduced by 50% without altering monocytopoiesis in the bone marrow. This reduction was accompanied by a decrease in monocyte-derived inflammatory cytokines in the plasma. RNA sequencing analysis and immunohistochemical staining of splenic monocytes revealed changes in mRNA and protein levels of anti-apoptotic factors including BIRC6 in IL-4Rα-/- knockout animals. Furthermore, assessment of monocyte lifespan in vivo measuring BrdU+ cells revealed that the lifespan of circulating monocytes was reduced by 55% in IL-4Rα-/- mice, whereas subcutaneously applied IL-4 prolonged it by 75%. Treatment of human monocytes with IL-4 reduced the amount of dying monocytes in vitro. Furthermore, IL-4 stimulation reduced the phosphorylation of proteins involved in the apoptosis pathway, including the phosphorylation of the NFκBp65 protein. In a cohort of human patients, serum IL-4 levels were significantly associated with monocyte counts. In a sterile peritonitis model, reduced monocyte counts resulted in an attenuated recruitment of monocytes upon inflammatory stimulation in IL-4Rαf/f LysMcre mice without changes in overall migratory function. Thus, we identified a homeostatic role of IL-4Rα in regulating the lifespan of monocytes in vivo.

The prognostic impact of vascular calcification on abdominal aortic aneurysm progression.

OBJECTIVE: The maximal aortic diameter is currently the only clinically applied predictor of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) progression. It is known that the risk of rupture is associated with aneurysm size; hence, accurate monitoring of AAA expansion is crucial. Aneurysmal vessel wall calcification and its implication on AAA expansion are insufficiently explored. We evaluated the vascular calcification using longitudinal computed tomography angiographies (CTA) of patients with an AAA and its association with AAA growth. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 102 patients with an AAA with a total of 389 abdominal CTAs at 6-month intervals, treated and followed at the Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna. Digitally stored CTAs were reviewed for vascular calcification (volume and score) of the infrarenal aorta and common iliac arteries as well as for morphometric AAA analysis. In the prognostic setting, slow versus fast AAA progression was defined as a less than 2 mm or a 2-mm or greater increase in AAA diameter over 6 months. In addition, to analyze the association of vascular calcification and the AAA growth rate with longitudinal monitoring data, a specifically tailored log-linear mixed model was used. RESULTS: An inverse relation of increased abdominal vessel wall calcification and short-term AAA progression was detected. Compared with fast progressing AAA, the median calcification volume of the infrarenal aorta (1225.3 mm³ vs 519.8 mm³; P = .003), the median total calcification volume (2014.1 mm³ vs 1434.9 mm³; P = .008), and the median abdominal total customized Agatston calcium (cAC) score (1663.5 vs 718.4; P = .003) were significantly increased in slow progressing AAA. Importantly, a log-linear mixed model efficiently predicted AAA expansion based on current diameter and abdominal total cAC score (P = .042). CONCLUSIONS: We assessed the prognostic value of CTA-measured vascular calcification for AAA progression. Increased vascular calcification stabilizes the aortic aneurysmal wall and likely protects against progressive AAA expansion, resulting in a significant decrease of aneurysm growth over time. As a consequence, this may have implications for rupture risk, mortality, morbidity, and cost.

Growth prediction model for abdominal aortic aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: The most relevant determinant in scheduling monitoring intervals for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) is maximum diameter. The aim of the study was to develop a statistical model that takes into account specific characteristics of AAA growth distributions such as between-patient variability as well as within-patient variability across time, and allows probabilistic statements to be made regarding expected AAA growth. METHODS: CT angiography (CTA) data from patients monitored at 6-month intervals with maximum AAA diameters at baseline between 30 and 66 mm were used to develop the model. By extending the model of geometric Brownian motion with a log-normal random effect, a stochastic growth model was developed. An additional set of ultrasound-based growth data was used for external validation. RESULTS: The study data included 363 CTAs from 87 patients, and the external validation set comprised 390 patients. Internal and external cross-validation showed that the stochastic growth model allowed accurate description of the distribution of aneurysm growth. Median relative growth within 1 year was 4.1 (5-95 per cent quantile 0.5-13.3) per cent. Model calculations further resulted in relative 1-year growth of 7.0 (1.0-16.4) per cent for patients with previously observed rapid 1-year growth of 10 per cent, and 2.6 (0.3-8.3) per cent for those with previously observed slow growth of 1 per cent. The probability of exceeding a threshold of 55 mm was calculated to be 1.78 per cent at most when adhering to the current RESCAN guidelines for rescreening intervals. An online calculator based on the fitted model was made available. CONCLUSION: The stochastic growth model was found to provide a reliable tool for predicting AAA growth.

Radiation and Chemotherapy are Associated with Altered Aortic Aneurysm Growth in Patients with Cancer: Impact of Synchronous Cancer and Aortic Aneurysm.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the associations between malignancy, therapeutic regimens, and aorto-iliac aneurysm (i.e., abdominal aortic aneurysm [AAA]) growth rates. METHODS: A retrospective single centre analysis identified patients with an AAA plus cancer. Patients who had two or more computed tomography angiograms over six months or more and additional malignancy were included. Clinical data and aneurysm diameters were analysed. AAA growth under cancer therapy (chemotherapy or radiation) was compared with a non-cancer AAA control cohort and to meta-analysis data. Statistics included t tests and a linear regression model with correction for initial aortic diameter and type of treatment. RESULTS: From 2003 to 2020, 217 patients (median age 70 years; 92% male) with 246 aneurysms (58.8% AAA) and 238 malignancies were identified. Prostate (26.7%) and lung (15.7%) cancer were most frequently seen. One hundred and fifty-seven patients (72.3%) received chemotherapy, 105 patients (48.4%) radiation, and 79 (36.4%) both. Annual AAA growth (mean ± standard deviation) was not statistically significantly different for cancer and non-cancer patients (2.0 ± 2.3 vs. 2.8 ± 2.1 mm/year; p = .20). However, subgroup analyses revealed that radiation was associated with a statistically significantly reduced mean aneurysm growth rate compared with cancer patients without radiation (1.1 ± 1.3 vs. 1.6 ± 2.1 mm/year; p = .046) and to the non-cancer control cohort (1.7 ± 1.9 vs. 2.8 ± 2.1 mm/year; p = .007). Administration of antimetabolites resulted in statistically significantly increased AAA growth (+ 0.9 mm/year; p = .011), while topoisomerase inhibitors (- 0.8 mm/year; p = .17) and anti-androgens (- 0.5 mm/year; p = .27) showed a possible trend for reduced growth. Similar observations were noted for iliac aneurysms (n = 85). Additionally, the effects persisted for chemotherapy combinations (2.6 ± 1.4 substances/patient). CONCLUSION: Patients with cancer and concomitant aortic aneurysms may require intensified monitoring when undergoing specific therapies, such as antimetabolite treatment, as they may experience an increased aneurysm growth rate. Radiation may be associated with reduced aneurysm growth.

TLR2 2029C/T and TLR3 1377C/T and -7C/A Polymorphisms Are Associated with the Occurrence of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.

TLRs are a family of signaling sensors that play a crucial role in the host immune response and are involved in the modulation of inflammatory processes. To study their contribution to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation and development, we determined the frequency of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and investigated the association between polymorphisms and the risk of AAA incidence. A total of 104 patients with AAAs and 112 healthy, unrelated volunteers were screened for the presence of TLR2 (2029C/T and 2258G/A), TLR3 (1377C/T, 1234C/T, and -7C/A), TLR4 (896A/G, 1196C/T, and 3266G/A), and TLR9 (-1237T/C, -1486T/C, 1174G/A, and 2848C/T) SNPs by using PCR-RFLP analysis. The heterozygous genotype of the TLR2 2029C/T SNP was more common in patients with AAA than in healthy subjects (p < 0.0001) and was associated with at least an 8-fold increased risk of AAA incidence (p < 0.001). The wild-type genotype of the TLR3 -7C/A SNP was associated with a 3-fold increased risk of hypertension (p = 0.026). The heterozygous TLR3 genotype 1377C/T and -7C/A SNPs were less common in patients with AAA than in healthy subjects (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0004, respectively) and were associated with a decreased risk of AAA occurrence (p < 0.001 and p = 0.0012, respectively). No relation to AAA risk was found for TLR4 SNPs. Heterozygous genotypes of the TLR2 2029C/T and TLR3 1377C/T and -7C/A SNPs may serve as genetic biomarkers of AAA incidence.

Soluble ST2 as a Potential Biomarker for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms-A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study.

The maximal aortic diameter is the only clinically applied predictor of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) progression and indicator for surgical repair. Circulating biomarkers resulting from AAA pathogenesis are attractive candidates for the diagnosis and prognosis of aneurysmal disease. Due to the reported role of interleukin 33 in AAA development, we investigated the corresponding circulating receptor molecules of soluble suppression of tumorigenesis 2 (sST2) in AAA patients regarding their marker potential in diagnosis and prognosis. We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study in a diagnostic setting, measuring the circulating serum sST2 protein levels of 47 AAA patients under surveillance, matched with 25 peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients and 25 healthy controls. In a prognostic setting, we analyzed the longitudinal monitoring data of 50 monitored AAA patients. Slow versus fast AAA progression was defined as a <2 or ≥2 mm increase in AAA diameter over 6 months and a <4 or ≥4 mm increase over 12 months. Additionally, the association of circulating serum sST2 and AAA growth was investigated using a specifically tailored log-linear mixed model. Serum sST2 concentrations were significantly increased in AAA patients compared with healthy individuals: the median of AAA patient cohort was 112.72 ng/mL (p = 0.025) and that of AAA patient cohort 2 was 14.32 ng/mL (p = 0.039) versus healthy controls (8.82 ng/mL). Likewise, PAD patients showed significantly elevated sST2 protein levels compared with healthy controls (the median was 12.10 ng/mL; p = 0.048) but similar concentrations to AAA patients. Additionally, sST2 protein levels were found to be unsuited to identifying fast AAA progression over short-term periods of 6 or 12 months, which was confirmed by a log-linear mixed model. In conclusion, the significantly elevated protein levels of sST2 detected in patients with vascular disease may be useful in the early diagnosis of AAA but cannot distinguish between AAA and PAD or predict AAA progression.

Circulating metabolites as a concept beyond tumor biology determining disease recurrence after resection of colorectal liver metastasis.

BACKGROUND: Micro-metastatic growth is considered the main source of early cancer recurrence. Nutritional and microenvironmental components are increasingly recognized to play a significant role in the liver. We explored the predictive potential of preoperative plasma metabolites for postoperative disease recurrence in colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRCLM) patients. METHODS: All included patients (n = 71) had undergone R0 liver resection for colorectal cancer liver metastasis in the years between 2012 and 2018. Preoperative blood samples were collected and assessed for 180 metabolites using a preconfigured mass-spectrometry kit (Biocrates Absolute IDQ p180 kit). Postoperative disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were prospectively recorded. Patients that recurred within 6 months after surgery were defined as "high-risk" and, subsequently, a three-metabolite model was created which can assess DFS in our collective. RESULTS: Multiple lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPCs) and phosphatidylcholines (PCs) significantly predicted disease recurrence within 6 months (strongest: PC aa C36:1 AUC = 0.83, p = 0.003, PC ae C34:0 AUC = 0.83, p = 0.004 and lysoPC a C18:1 AUC = 0.8, p = 0.006). High-risk patients had a median DFS of 183 days versus 522 days in low-risk population (p = 0.016, HR = 1.98 95% CI 1.16-4.35) with a 6 months recurrence rate of 47.6% versus 4.7%, outperforming routine predictors of oncological outcome. CONCLUSION: Circulating metabolites identified CRCLM patients at highest risk for 6 months disease recurrence after surgery. Our data also suggests that circulating metabolites might play a significant pathophysiological role in micro-metastatic growth and concomitant early tumor recurrences after liver resection. However, the clinical applicability and performance of this proposed metabolomic concept needs to be independently validated in future studies.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm and virus infection: A potential causative role for cytomegalovirus infection?

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a multifactorial disease with a variety of genetic and environmental risk factors, but the exact mechanism of AAA formation and progression is still not well understood. The present study investigated the frequency of cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and papillomavirus types 6 and 11 (HPV6 and HPV11), their impact on clinical manifestations of cardiovascular diseases, and their possible association with inflammation in patients with AAA and healthy volunteers. Genotyping of CMV UL75, EBV LMP-1, and HPV6, and HPV11 E6 was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), while the viral DNA loads were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Cytokine levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The CMV UL75 was detected more frequently in the blood of patients with AAA than in the blood of healthy volunteers (32.7% vs. 6.3%, p < .0001). Neither EBV LMP-1 nor HPV6 E6 was found in blood and aortic wall biopsies, while the HPV11 E6 was detected in 36.4% of AAA walls. The CMV infection in patients with AAA was associated with an increased risk of hypertension and coronary artery disease (OR, 9.057; 95% CI, 1.141-71.862; p = .037; and OR, 2.575; 95% CI, 1.002-6.615; p = .049, respectively). Additionally, CMV-infected patients with AAA had higher tumor necrosis factor-α levels compared with noninfected subjects (p = .017). Our findings suggest that CMV infection can stimulate local inflammation in the aorta but is not a direct cause of most abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Neutrophil subpopulations and their activation potential in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome and healthy individuals.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with APS are at increased risk of thromboembolism. Neutrophils have been shown to play a role in inducing thrombosis. We aimed to investigate differences in neutrophil subpopulations, their potential of activation and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation comparing high and low-density neutrophils (HDNs/LDNs) as well as subpopulations in patients with APS and controls to gain deeper insight into their potential role in thrombotic manifestations in patients with APS. METHODS: HDNs and LDNs of 20 patients with APS and 20 healthy donors were isolated by density gradient centrifugation and stimulated. Neutrophil subpopulations, their activation and NET release were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: LDNs of both groups showed higher baseline activation, lower response to stimulation (regulation of activation markers CD11b/CD66b), but higher NET formation compared with HDNs. In patients with APS, the absolute number of LDNs was higher compared with controls. HDNs of APS patients showed higher spontaneous activation [%CD11b high: median (interquartile range): 2.78% (0.58-10.24) vs 0.56% (0.19-1.37)] and response to stimulation with ionomycin compared with HDNs of healthy donors [%CD11b high: 98.20 (61.08-99.13) vs 35.50% (13.50-93.85)], whereas no difference was found in LDNs. NET formation was increased in patients' HDNs upon stimulation. CONCLUSION: HDNs and LDNs act differently, unstimulated and upon various stimulations in both healthy controls and APS patients. Differences in HDNs and LDNs between patients with APS and healthy controls indicate that neutrophils may enhance the risk of thrombosis in these patients and could thus be a target for prevention of thrombosis in APS.

Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Degradation by Differently Polarized Macrophage Subsets.

OBJECTIVE: Macrophages are immune cells, capable to remodel the extracellular matrix, which can harbor extracellular DNA incorporated into neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). To study the breakdown of NETs we studied the capability of macrophage subsets to degrade these structures in vitro and in vivo in a murine thrombosis model. Furthermore, we analyzed human abdominal aortic aneurysm samples in support of our in vitro and in vivo results. Approach and Results: Macrophages were seeded onto blood clots or isolated NETs and polarized. All macrophages were capable to degrade NETs. For initial breakdown, macrophages relied on extracellular deoxyribonucleases. Proinflammatory polarization enhanced NET degradation. The boost in degradation was because of increased macropinocytosis, as inhibition by imipramine diminished their NET breakdown. Inhibition of macropinocytosis in a murine thrombosis model led to increased NET burden and reduced thrombus resolution in vivo. When analyzing abdominal aortic aneurysm samples, macrophage density furthermore corresponded negatively with the amount of local NETs in the intraluminal thrombi as well as in the vessel wall, as increased macrophage density was associated with a reduction in NET burden. CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence that macrophages degrade NETs by extracellular predigestion and subsequent uptake. Furthermore, we show that proinflammatory macrophages increase NET degradation through enhanced macropinocytosis, priming them for NET engulfment. Based on our findings, that inhibition of macropinocytosis in mice corresponded to increased NET amounts in thrombi and that local macrophage density in human abdominal aortic aneurysm is negatively associated with surrounding NETs, we hypothesize, that macrophages are able to degrade NETs in vivo.

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease.

Neutrophils are primary effector cells of innate immunity and fight infection by phagocytosis and degranulation. Activated neutrophils also release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in response to a variety of stimuli. These NETs are net-like complexes composed of cell-free DNA, histones and neutrophil granule proteins. Besides the evolutionarily conserved mechanism to capture and eliminate pathogens, NETs are also associated with pathophysiological processes of various diseases. Here, we elucidate the mechanisms of NET formation and their different implications in disease. We focused on autoinflammatory and cardiovascular disorders as the leading cause of death. Neutrophil extracellular traps are not only present in various cardiovascular diseases but play an essential role in atherosclerotic plaque formation, arterial and venous thrombosis, as well as in the development and progression of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Furthermore, NETosis can be considered as a source of autoantigens and maintains an inflammatory milieu promoting autoimmune diseases. Indeed, there is further need for research into the balance between NET induction, inhibition, and degradation in order to pharmacologically target NETs and their compounds without impairing the patient's immune defense. This review may be of interest to both basic scientists and clinicians to stimulate translational research and innovative clinical approaches.

Predicting Postoperative Liver Dysfunction Based on Blood-Derived MicroRNA Signatures.

There is an urgent need for an easily assessable preoperative test to predict postoperative liver function recovery and thereby determine the optimal time point of liver resection, specifically as current markers are often expensive, time consuming, and invasive. Emerging evidence suggests that microRNA (miRNA) signatures represent potent diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment-response biomarkers for several diseases. Using next-generation sequencing as an unbiased systematic approach, 554 miRNAs were detected in preoperative plasma of 21 patients suffering from postoperative liver dysfunction (LD) after liver resection and 27 matched controls. Subsequently, we identified a miRNA signature-consisting of miRNAs 151a-5p, 192-5p, and 122-5p-that highly correlated with patients developing postoperative LD after liver resection. The predictive potential for postoperative LD was subsequently confirmed using real-time PCR in an independent validation cohort of 98 patients. Ultimately, a regression model of the two miRNA ratios 151a-5p to 192-5p and 122-5p to 151a-5p was found to reliably predict postoperative LD, severe morbidity, prolonged intensive care unit and hospital stays, and even mortality before an operation with a remarkable accuracy, thereby outperforming established markers of postoperative LD. Ultimately, we documented that miRNA ratios closely followed liver function recovery after partial hepatectomy. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate the clinical utility of an miRNA-based biomarker to support the selection of patients undergoing partial hepatectomy. The dynamical changes during liver function recovery indicate a possible role in individualized patient treatment. Thereby, our data might help to tailor surgical strategies to the specific risk profile of patients.

Perioperative von Willebrand factor dynamics are associated with liver regeneration and predict outcome after liver resection.

von Willebrand Factor (vWF) was found to mediate platelet influx during the early phase of liver regeneration in mice. Furthermore, increased vWF-antigen (vWF-Ag) levels were shown to be predictive for outcome of patients with chronic liver disease. Accordingly, we aimed to assess the relevance of perioperative vWF-Ag dynamics in terms of liver regeneration and clinical outcome in patients undergoing liver resection (LR). Accordingly, we observed that vWF-Ag and its activity-estimated by ristocetin cofactor measurement-increased immediately after induction of liver regeneration and was associated with platelet accumulation within the liver. However, a significant vWF-Ag burst was only observed in patients with unaffected postoperative liver regeneration. E-selectin, as an established marker for endothelial cell activation, was found to correlate with vWF-Ag in the liver vein after induction of liver regeneration (R = 0.535, P = 0.022). Preoperative vWF-Ag levels significantly predicted postoperative liver dysfunction (LD; N = 95; area under the curve, 0.725; P = 0.009). Furthermore, a cutoff of vWF-Ag ≥182% was defined to identify patients with a higher risk for postoperative LD or morbidity. This was confirmed within an independent mulitcenter validation cohort (N = 133). Ultimately, multivariable analysis revealed that vWF-Ag was an independent predictor of postoperative LD and morbidity. CONCLUSION: Within this study, we were able to provide evidence that an initial vWF burst is required to allow for adequate platelet accumulation and concomitant liver regeneration post-LR and might be abolished as a consequence of intrahepatic endothelial cell dysfunction. We were further able to reveal and validate the potential of preoperative vWF-antigen levels to predict poor postoperative outcome in patients undergoing LR. Despite the pathophysiological relevance of our findings, vWF-Ag seems to be a valuable tool for preoperative risk assessment in patients undergoing LR. (Hepatology 2018;67:1516-1530).

Podoplanin expression in primary brain tumors induces platelet aggregation and increases risk of venous thromboembolism.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is common in patients with brain tumors, and underlying mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesized that podoplanin, a sialomucin-like glycoprotein, increases the risk of VTE in primary brain tumors via its ability to induce platelet aggregation. Immunohistochemical staining against podoplanin and intratumoral platelet aggregates was performed in brain tumor specimens of 213 patients (mostly high-grade gliomas [89%]) included in the Vienna Cancer and Thrombosis Study, a prospective observational cohort study of patients with newly diagnosed cancer or progressive disease aimed at identifying patients at risk of VTE. Platelet aggregation in response to primary human glioblastoma cells was investigated in vitro. During 2-year follow-up, 29 (13.6%) patients developed VTE. One-hundred fifty-one tumor specimens stained positive for podoplanin (33 high expression, 47 medium expression, 71 low expression). Patients with podoplanin-positive tumors had lower peripheral blood platelet counts (P < .001) and higher D-dimer levels (P < .001). Podoplanin staining intensity was associated with increasing levels of intravascular platelet aggregates in tumor specimens (P < .001). High podoplanin expression was associated with an increased risk of VTE (hazard ratio for high vs no podoplanin expression: 5.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.52-21.26; P =010), independent of age, sex, and tumor type. Podoplanin-positive primary glioblastoma cells induced aggregation of human platelets in vitro, which could be abrogated by an antipodoplanin antibody. In conclusion, high podoplanin expression in primary brain tumors induces platelet aggregation, correlates with hypercoagulability, and is associated with increased risk of VTE. Our data indicate novel insights into the pathogenesis of VTE in primary brain tumors.

Bivalent role of intra-platelet serotonin in liver regeneration and tumor recurrence in humans.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Besides its critical role during liver regeneration, serotonin (5-HT) has been found to act as a mitogenic factor in several neoplastic entities. Accordingly, we aimed to evaluate whether intra-platelet 5-HT (IP5-HT) was associated with oncological outcome after liver resection and concomitantly evaluate its ability to serve as a therapeutic target to promote liver regeneration. METHODS: A total of 96 patients undergoing liver resection for malignant liver tumors were prospectively included. Optimized plasma and serum preparation were performed and IP5-HT levels were determined. Patients were followed up for postoperative liver dysfunction (LD), morbidity, disease free and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: We found increased preoperative IP5-HT levels in patients with disease recurrence at 6 and 12months (p=0.046, p=0.020, respectively). In clear contrast, patients suffering from postoperative morbidity, severe morbidity or LD had significantly reduced IP5-HT levels (p=0.011, p=0.035, p=0.003, respectively). Patients with high IP5-HT levels (>134ng/ml) suffered from an increased incidence of postoperative disease recurrence at 6 and 12months (p=0.045, p=0.006, respectively) but exhibited a reduction in morbidity, severe morbidity, and LD (p=0.006, p=0.008, p=0.005, respectively). We confirmed these results in our two largest subgroups, demonstrating that they were independent of tumor type. This bivalent effect of IP5-HT was also reflected in patients receiving selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment, who displayed a reduction in disease recurrence accompanied by an increase in postoperative morbidity. Yet, both early disease recurrence and morbidity worsened OS. CONCLUSION: Herein, we present first clinical evidence for IP5-HT being associated with early disease recurrence after liver resection in humans. Thus, pharmacological intervention at the level of platelets and platelet-derived 5-HT to promote liver regeneration should be considered with caution. A careful definition of indications and timing is needed to promote liver regeneration without inducing deleterious effects. LAY SUMMARY: Preoperative intra-platelet serotonin (IP5-HT) levels seem to substantially affect patient outcomes after liver resection for liver tumors. While there is a narrow window of IP5-HT levels where liver regeneration and tumor progression is balanced, excessively high IP5-HT levels (>134ng/ml IP5-HT) lead to an increased incidence of early tumor recurrence and excessively low IP5-HT levels (<73ng/ml IP5-HT) lead to a higher rate of morbidity. Ultimately, overall survival is negatively affected by both postoperative early disease recurrence and morbidity. ClinicalTrials.gov-Identifier: NCT01700231.

Expansion of BCR/ABL1+ cells requires PAK2 but not PAK1.

The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are key nodes in oncogenic signalling pathways controlling growth, survival, and motility of cancer cells. Their activity is increased in many human cancers and is associated with poor prognosis. To date, PAK deregulation has mainly been studied in solid tumours, where PAK1 and PAK4 are the main isoforms deregulated. We show that PAK1 and PAK2 are the critical isoforms in a BCR/ABL1+ haematopoietic malignancy. In suspension, leukaemic cells deficient for PAK1 and PAK2 undergo apoptosis, while the loss of either protein is well tolerated. Transfer of medium conditioned by shPAK2- but not shPAK1-expressing leukaemic cells interferes with endothelial cell growth. We found that leukaemic cells produce exosomes containing PAK2. Transfer of isolated exosomes supports endothelial cell proliferation. In parallel, we found that leukaemic cells explicitly require PAK2 to grow towards an extracellular matrix. PAK2-deficient cells fail to form colonies in methylcellulose and to induce lymphomas in vivo. PAK2 might therefore be the critical isoform in leukaemic cells by controlling tumour growth in a dual manner: vascularization via exosome-mediated transfer to endothelial cells and remodelling of the extracellular matrix. This finding suggests that the PAK2 isoform represents a promising target for the treatment of haematological diseases.