Use of the Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score for Prediction of Intensive Care Unit Admission Due to Septic Shock after Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: A Multicenter Study.

PURPOSE: Recent studies have demonstrated that quick sequential organ failure assessment criteria may be more accurate than systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria to predict postoperative sepsis. In this study we evaluated the ability of these 2 criteria to predict septic shock after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective multicenter study in 320 patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy at a total of 8 institutions. The criteria for quick sequential organ failure assessment and systemic inflammatory response syndrome were collected 24 hours postoperatively. The study primary outcome was postoperative septic shock. Secondary outcomes included 30 and 90-day emergency department visits, and the hospital readmission rate. RESULTS: Three of the 320 patients (0.9%) met the criteria for postoperative septic shock. These 3 patients had positive criteria for quick sequential organ failure assessment and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Of the entire cohort 23 patients (7%) met quick sequential organ failure assessment criteria and 103 (32%) met systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria. Specificity for postoperative sepsis was significantly higher for quick sequential organ failure assessment than for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (93.3% vs 68.4%, McNemar test p <0.001). The positive predictive value was 13% for quick sequential organ failure assessment criteria and 2.9% for systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria. On multivariate logistic regression systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria significantly predicted an increased probability of the patient receiving a transfusion (ß = 1.234, p <0.001). Positive quick sequential organ failure assessment criteria significantly predicted an increased probability of an emergency department visit within 30 days (ß = 1.495, p <0.05), operative complications (ß = 1.811, p <0.001) and transfusions (p <0.001). The main limitation of the study is that it was retrospective. CONCLUSIONS: Quick sequential organ failure assessment criteria were superior to systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria to predict infectious complications after percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

Genome-wide analysis of HPV integration in human cancers reveals recurrent, focal genomic instability.

Genomic instability is a hallmark of human cancers, including the 5% caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Here we report a striking association between HPV integration and adjacent host genomic structural variation in human cancer cell lines and primary tumors. Whole-genome sequencing revealed HPV integrants flanking and bridging extensive host genomic amplifications and rearrangements, including deletions, inversions, and chromosomal translocations. We present a model of "looping" by which HPV integrant-mediated DNA replication and recombination may result in viral-host DNA concatemers, frequently disrupting genes involved in oncogenesis and amplifying HPV oncogenes E6 and E7. Our high-resolution results shed new light on a catastrophic process, distinct from chromothripsis and other mutational processes, by which HPV directly promotes genomic instability.

The prevalence and incidence of oral human papillomavirus infection among young men and women, aged 18-30 years.

BACKGROUND: Oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a cause of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, yet little is known about the epidemiology and natural history of infection. METHODS: At a baseline and 3-month follow-up visit, 1000 young adults aged 18 to 30 years provided an oral rinse sample and completed a survey assessing demographic and behavioral risk factors. The oral rinse sample was analyzed for 37 types of HPV by use of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. Factors associated with oral HPV detection were analyzed using univariate and bivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of oral HPV infection was 2.4% (95% CI: 1.4-3.4). Ever having consumed alcohol (OR, 0.2; 95% CI: 0.1-0.8), 5 or more lifetime open-mouth kissing (OR, 4.0; 95% CI: 1.1-14.8) or lifetime oral sex (OR, 4.0; 95% CI: 1.3-11.9) partners were associated with infection, controlling for lifetime vaginal sex partners. The incidence rate for oral HPV infection was 5.67 (95% CI: 3.12-8.16) per 1000 person-months. Incident infection was associated in univariate analysis with black race (OR, 4.7; 95% CI: 1.7-13.5) and having open-mouth kissed a new partner in the previous 3 months (OR, 2.6; 95% CI: 1.0-6.4). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides further evidence that oral sexual contact in the form of both oral-oral and oral-genital contact could play a role in the transmission of oral HPV.

Prevalence of oral HPV infection in the United States, 2009-2010.

CONTEXT: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the principal cause of a distinct form of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma that is increasing in incidence among men in the United States. However, little is known about the epidemiology of oral HPV infection. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of oral HPV infection in the United States. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A cross-sectional study was conducted as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2010, a statistically representative sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized US population. Men and women aged 14 to 69 years examined at mobile examination centers were eligible. Participants (N = 5579) provided a 30-second oral rinse and gargle with mouthwash. For detection of HPV types, DNA purified from oral exfoliated cells was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction and type-specific hybridization. Demographic and behavioral data were obtained by standardized interview. Statistical analyses used NHANES sample weights to provide weighted prevalence estimates for the US population. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of oral HPV infection. RESULTS: The prevalence of oral HPV infection among men and women aged 14 to 69 years was 6.9% (95% CI, 5.7%-8.3%) and of HPV type 16 was 1.0% (95% CI, 0.7%-1.3%). Oral HPV infection followed a bimodal pattern with respect to age, with peak prevalence among individuals aged 30 to 34 years (7.3%; 95% CI, 4.6%-11.4%) and 60 to 64 years (11.4%; 95% CI, 8.5%-15.1%). Men had a significantly higher prevalence than women for any oral HPV infection (10.1% [95% CI, 8.3%-12.3%] vs 3.6% [95% CI, 2.6%-5.0%], P < .001; unadjusted prevalence ratio [PR], 2.80 [95% CI, 2.02-3.88]). Infection was less common among those without vs those with a history of any type of sexual contact (0.9% [95% CI, 0.4%-1.8%] vs 7.5% [95% CI, 6.1%-9.1%], P < .001; PR, 8.69 [95% CI, 3.91-19.31]) and increased with number of sexual partners (P < .001 for trend) and cigarettes smoked per day (P < .001 for trend). Associations with age, sex, number of sexual partners, and current number of cigarettes smoked per day were independently associated with oral HPV infection in multivariable models. CONCLUSION: Among men and women aged 14 to 69 years in the United States, the overall prevalence of oral HPV infection was 6.9%, and the prevalence was higher among men than among women.

Promoting patient followup treatment with intra-detrusor onabotulinumtoxinA for overactive bladder.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to characterize patient-related factors that promote followup of repeat onabotulinumtoxinA treatments for overactive bladder via a mixed-methods approach. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted for patients who received intra-detrusor injection of onabotulinumtoxinA at our institution from 2011-2018, who were then surveyed to evaluate their experience, knowledge, and perceptions regarding onabotulinumtoxinA treatment and followup. Patients who received one onabotulinumtoxinA treatment and patients who underwent multiple treatments were compared to assess followup rates following initial treatment, group characteristics, patient comfort, and patient knowledge of needed retreatment. RESULTS: A total of 29.3% of patients received a single treatment and 70.7% of patients received multiple treatments. There was no difference in clinical, demographic, or intake variables between groups. Patients receiving multiple treatments reported having their first procedure in the operating room and reported greater improvement in symptoms and procedure comfort. This group was also more likely to understand that repeat treatments are necessary than those undergoing one treatment. CONCLUSIONS: No research to date has systematically explored patient-reported factors that promote retreatment of onabotulinumtoxinA for overactive bladder. This novel, mixed-methods approach indicates that patient comfort and patient knowledge were the strongest predictors of previous retreatment and anticipated retreatment, suggesting concrete avenues for improved periprocedural patient counselling and education.

Differential binding patterns to host cells associated with particles of several human alphapapillomavirus types.

The focus of this research was to compare the binding profiles of human papillomavirus (HPV) 11, 16, 18 and 45 virus-like particles (VLPs) to HaCaT cells and to the extracellular matrix (ECM) secreted by these cells. All four HPV types tested bind to a component(s) of the ECM. HPV11 VLP binding is blocked when the ECM is pretreated with an anti-laminin 5 (LN5) polyclonal antibody. A series of treatments utilizing heparins and heparinase revealed that HPV18 VLPs are dependent on heparan sulfates (HS) for binding to cells and ECM. HPV16 and HPV45 VLPs are dependent on HS for binding to HaCaT cells and dependent on both HS and LN5 for binding to ECM. These studies emphasize the need to study the binding characteristics of different HPV types before applying universal binding principles to all papillomaviruses.

Binding and neutralization characteristics of a panel of monoclonal antibodies to human papillomavirus 58.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) 58 is a high-risk HPV type associated with progression to invasive genital carcinomas. We developed six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against HPV58 L1 virus-like particles that bind conformational epitopes on HPV58. The hybridoma cell lines were adapted to serum- and animal component-free conditions and the mAb supernatants were affinity-purified. The six mAbs neutralized HPV58 pseudoviruses (PsVs) and 'quasivirions' with different capacities. The mAbs differed in their ability to prevent PsV58 attachment to HaCaT cells, to the extracellular matrix (ECM) deposited by HaCaT cells, to heparin and to purified human laminin 5, a protein in the ECM. These mAbs provide a unique set of tools to study the binding properties of a previously untested, high-risk HPV type and the opportunity to compare these characteristics with the binding of other HPV types.

Human papillomavirus insertions identify the PIM family of serine/threonine kinases as targetable driver genes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) insertions in cancer genomes have been linked to various forms of focal genomic instability and altered expression of neighboring genes. Here we tested the hypothesis that investigation of HPV insertions in a head and neck cancer squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell line would identify targetable driver genes contributing to oncogenesis of other HNSCC. In the cell line UPCI:SCC090 HPV16 integration amplified the PIM1 serine/threonine kinase gene ~16-fold, thereby increasing transcript and protein levels. We used genetic and pharmacological approaches to inhibit PIM kinases in this and other HNSCC cell lines. Knockdown of PIM1 transcripts by transfected short hairpin RNAs reduced UPCI:SCC090 viability. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of PIM1 caused cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibition of PIM family kinases decreased growth of UPCI:SCC090 and additional HNSCC cell lines in vitro and a xenograft UPCI:SCC090 model in vivo. Based on established interactions between intracellular signaling pathways and relatively high levels of gene expression in almost all HNSCC, we also evaluated combinations of PIM kinase and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors. Dual inhibition of these pathways resulted in supra-additive cell death. These data support clinical testing of PIM inhibitors alone or in combination in HNSCC.

Effect of Prophylactic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination on Oral HPV Infections Among Young Adults in the United States.

Purpose The incidence of human papilloma virus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal cancers has risen rapidly in recent decades among men in the United States. We investigated the US population-level effect of prophylactic HPV vaccination on the burden of oral HPV infection, the principal cause of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of men and women 18 to 33 years of age (N = 2,627) within the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011 to 2014, a representative sample of the US population. Oral HPV infection with vaccine types 16, 18, 6, or 11 was compared by HPV vaccination status, as measured by self-reported receipt of at least one dose of the HPV vaccine. Analyses accounted for the complex sampling design and were adjusted for age, sex, and race. Statistical significance was assessed using a quasi-score test. Results Between 2011 and 2014, 18.3% of the US population 18 to 33 years of age reported receipt of at least one dose of the HPV vaccine before the age of 26 years (29.2% in women and 6.9% in men; P < .001). The prevalence of oral HPV16/18/6/11 infections was significantly reduced in vaccinated versus unvaccinated individuals (0.11% v 1.61%; Padj = .008), corresponding to an estimated 88.2% (95% CI, 5.7% to 98.5%) reduction in prevalence after model adjustment for age, sex, and race. Notably, the prevalence of oral HPV16/18/6/11 infections was significantly reduced in vaccinated versus unvaccinated men (0.0% v 2.13%; Padj = .007). Accounting for vaccine uptake, the population-level effect of HPV vaccination on the burden of oral HPV16/18/6/11 infections was 17.0% overall, 25.0% in women, and 6.9% in men. Conclusion HPV vaccination was associated with reduction in vaccine-type oral HPV prevalence among young US adults. However, because of low vaccine uptake, the population-level effect was modest overall and particularly low in men.

NHANES 2009-2012 Findings: Association of Sexual Behaviors with Higher Prevalence of Oral Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus Infections in U.S. Men.

The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal cancers is higher and increasing more rapidly among men than women in the United States for unknown reasons. We compared the epidemiology of oral oncogenic HPV infection between men and women ages 14 to 69 years (N = 9,480) within the U.S. National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2009-2012. HPV presence was detected in oral DNA by PCR. Analyses were stratified by gender and used NHANES sample weights. Oral oncogenic HPV prevalence was higher among men than women (6.6% vs. 1.5%, P < 0.001), corresponding to 7.07 million men versus 1.54 million women with prevalent infection at any point in time during 2009-2012. Prevalence increased significantly with age, current smoking, and lifetime number of sexual partners for both genders (adjusted Ptrend < 0.02). However, men had more partners than women (mean = 18 vs. 7, P < 0.001). Although oncogenic HPV prevalence was similar for men and women with 0 to 1 lifetime partners, the male-female difference in prevalence significantly increased with number of lifetime partners (adjusted prevalence differences for none, 1, 2-5, 6-10, 11-20, and 20+ partners = 1.0%, 0.5%, 3.0%, 5.7%, 4.6%, and 9.3%, respectively). Importantly, the per-sexual partner increase in prevalence was significantly stronger among men than among women (adjusted synergy index = 3.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-9.7), and this increase plateaued at 25 lifetime partners among men versus 10 partners among women. Our data suggest that the higher burden of oral oncogenic HPV infections and HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers among men than women arises in part from higher number of lifetime sexual partners and stronger associations with sexual behaviors among men.

Automated high throughput DNA isolation for detection of human papillomavirus in oral rinse samples.

BACKGROUND: Oral HPV infection elevates risk of oropharyngeal cancer, but its natural history is unknown. Natural history studies necessitate validation of an automated, high-throughput method for HPV genomic DNA detection in oral rinse samples (ORS). OBJECTIVES: To compare agreement of oral HPV detection in ORS processed by a magnetic-bead based automated platform to a previous gold-standard, manual protein-precipitation method. Agreement was compared to that of repeat sampling and repeat HPV testing. STUDY DESIGN: HIV-infected individuals (n=100) provided two ORS collected 15 min apart. DNA was isolated from equal aliquots by either a protein-precipitation based (Puregene, Qiagen) or magnetic bead-based (QIAsymphony™ SP, Qiagen) method. HPV DNA was detected and type-specified by consensus primer PCR and reverse line blot hybridization. The kappa statistic was used to assess overall agreement (OA) and agreement on a positive test (Ps+). RESULTS: The DNA purification methods had very high agreement for categorizing an individual as HPV infected (OA=0.95; Ps+=0.94) as well as for detection of HPV type-specific infection (OA=0.99; Ps+=0.88) in ORS. Agreement for detection of HPV type-specific infection was greater than that observed with repeat oral rinse sampling (OA=0.99, Ps+=0.76) but comparable to inter-assay agreement (OA=1.00, Ps+=0.90). CONCLUSIONS: HPV detection in ORS processed with a magnetic-bead based automated platform will facilitate large natural history studies of oral HPV infection necessary to evaluate the potential use of oral HPV detection in oral cancer screening.