Age-related changes in hookworm infection, anaemia and iron deficiency in an area of high Necator americanus hookworm transmission in south-eastern Brazil.

Surprisingly few detailed age-stratified data exist on the epidemiology of hookworm and iron status, especially in Latin America. We present data from a cross-sectional survey examining 1332 individuals aged 0-86 years from a community in south-east Brazil for hookworm, anaemia and iron deficiency. Sixty-eight percent of individuals were infected with the human hookworm Necator americanus. The force of infection (lambda=0.354) was similar to estimates from other areas of high hookworm transmission. Individuals from poorer households had significantly higher prevalence and intensity of infection than individuals from better-off households. The prevalence of anaemia, iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anaemia was 11.8%, 12.7% and 4.3%, respectively. Anaemia was most prevalent among young children and the elderly. Univariate analysis showed that haemoglobin and serum ferritin were both significantly negatively associated with hookworm intensity among both school-aged children and adults. Multivariate analysis showed that, after controlling for socio-economic status, iron indicators were significantly associated with heavy hookworm infection. Our results indicate that, even in areas where there is a low overall prevalence of anaemia, hookworm can still have an important impact on host iron status, especially in school-aged children and the elderly.

Booster dose after 10 years is recommended following 17DD-YF primary vaccination.

A single vaccination of Yellow Fever vaccines is believed to confer life-long protection. In this study, results of vaccinees who received a single dose of 17DD-YF immunization followed over 10 y challenge this premise. YF-neutralizing antibodies, subsets of memory T and B cells as well as cytokine-producing lymphocytes were evaluated in groups of adults before (NVday0) and after (PVday30-45, PVyear1-4, PVyear5-9, PVyear10-11, PVyear12-13) 17DD-YF primary vaccination. YF-neutralizing antibodies decrease significantly from PVyear1-4 to PVyear12-13 as compared to PVday30-45, and the seropositivity rates (PRNT≥2.9Log10mIU/mL) become critical (lower than 90%) beyond PVyear5-9. YF-specific memory phenotypes (effector T-cells and classical B-cells) significantly increase at PVday30-45 as compared to naïve baseline. Moreover, these phenotypes tend to decrease at PVyear10-11 as compared to PVday30-45. Decreasing levels of TNF-α(+) and IFN-γ(+) produced by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells along with increasing levels of IL-10(+)CD4(+)T-cells were characteristic of anti-YF response over time. Systems biology profiling represented by hierarchic networks revealed that while the naïve baseline is characterized by independent micro-nets, primary vaccinees displayed an imbricate network with essential role of central and effector CD8(+) memory T-cell responses. Any putative limitations of this cross-sectional study will certainly be answered by the ongoing longitudinal population-based investigation. Overall, our data support the current Brazilian national immunization policy guidelines that recommend one booster dose 10 y after primary 17DD-YF vaccination.

Comparative clinical and ultrasound study of egg-negative and egg-positive individuals from Schistosoma mansoni low morbidity endemic areas, and hospitalized patients with hepatosplenic disease.

Two hundred and twenty three subjects from a Schistosoma mansoni low morbidity endemic area and nine hospitalized hepatosplenic patients were submitted to stool test and clinical examination and abdomen ultrasound assessments. According to stool examination and ultrasound results, they were grouped as follows: G1 -- 63 Schistosoma mansoni egg-negative individuals; G2 -- 141 egg-positive patients and without evidence of periportal fibrosis; G3 -- 19 egg-positive patients with periportal echogenicity (3-6 mm); and G4 -- 9 hepatosplenic patients with periportal echogenicity (> 6 mm). Hepatomegaly detected by physical examination of the abdomen evaluated in the midclavicular line was verified in G1, G2 and G3, respectively, in 11.1, 12.1 and 26.3%. In G1, G2 and G3, periportal thickening occurred only in schistosomal patients (8.5%). Mild pathological alterations in patients that cannot yet be detected by clinical examination were detectable in the liver by ultrasound and can be due to fibrosis. The degree of mild periportal fibrosis was diminished in 57.9% of patients 12 months after treatment of schistosomiasis with oxamniquine. At ultrasonography, the mean liver left lobe measurement of G3 was larger than that of G1, and that of G4 larger than that of G1 and G2. The mean size of the spleen of G4 was significantly larger than that of the other three groups, and that of G3 larger than that of G1 and G2.

Infection with Schistosoma mansoni correlates with altered immune responses to Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm.

Studies were performed on humoral and cellular immune responses of patients from areas in Brazil endemic for hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides, and either endemic or non-endemic for Schistosoma mansoni. Humoral and cellular responses were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation assays against larval hookworm antigens, A. lumbricoides egg antigens, and soluble egg antigens (SEA) or soluble whole adult antigenic preparation (SWAP) from S. mansoni. Patients from S. mansoni-endemic areas, who currently had only hookworm or Ascaris infections, expressed lower humoral and cellular responses to hookworm or Ascaris antigens, respectively, than did their counterparts from areas not endemic for S. mansoni. Individuals from S. mansoni endemic area, although without detectable S. mansoni infection, do mount humoral and cellular responses to SEA and SWAP. This group of individuals has been probably in contact with S. mansoni antigens, since the groups harboring A. lumbricoides or hookworm infections from non-S. mansoni endemic areas do not have detectable anti-S. mansoni responses. PBMC proliferative responses discriminated well between patients with active hookworm infections versus ascariasis, if they were from areas not endemic for S. mansoni.

Synergistic associations between hookworm and other helminth species in a rural community in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To identify possible synergistic associations of hookworm and other helminths. METHOD: Cross-sectional survey of all households within 10 km2 of Americaninhas, a rural community in Minas Gerais, Brazil. We determined the prevalence and intensity of single and multiple helminth species infection in an age-stratified sample of 1332 individuals from 335 households. RESULTS: Hookworm was the most prevalent helminth infection (68.2%), followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (48.8%) and Schistosoma mansoni (45.3%). Overall, 60.6% of individuals harboured mixed helminth infections. Multivariate analysis indicated significant positive associations for co-infection with hookworm and S. mansoni and for co-infection with hookworm and A. lumbricoides. Co-infections with hookworm and A. lumbricoides resulted in higher egg counts for both, suggesting a synergistic relationship between these species, although, we found important age differences in this relationship. However, the intensity of S. mansoni or A. lumbricoides co-infection did not differ from that of mono-infection. CONCLUSION: These results have implications for the epidemiology, immunology and control of multiple helminth infections. More research is needed to examine the rates of re-infection and immune responses after chemotherapy, and to what extent the effects of polyparasitism are altered by chemotherapy.

Comparative clinical and ultrasound study of egg-negative and egg-positive individuals from Schistosoma mansoni low morbidity endemic areas, and hospitalized patients with hepatosplenic disease

Duzentos e vinte e três indivíduos de área endêmica de baixa morbidade para esquistossomose e nove pacientes hospitalizados com a forma hepatoesplênica foram submetidos ao exame de fezes e clínico e à ultra-sonografia do abdômen. De acordo com os resultado dos exames de fezes e do ultra-som eles foram agrupados do seguinte modo: G1 - 63 indivíduos sem ovos de Schistosoma mansoni nas fezes; G2 - 141 indivíduos apresentando ovos de Schistosoma mansoni nas fezes, sem ecogenicidade periportal. G3 — 19 indivíduos com ovos de Schistosoma mansoni nas fezes e ecogenicidade periportal entre 3-6mm.; G4 — 9 pacientes hepatesplênicos com ecogenicidade periportal > 6mm. Pelo exame físico do abdômen, a hepatomegalia na linha hemiclavicular direita foi constatada em G1, G2 E G3, respectivamente, em 11,1, 12,1 e 26,3%. Nos grupos G1, G2 e G3, houve espessamento periportal somente em esquistossomáticos (8,5%). Alterações patológicas leves em pacientes, as quais não puderam ser detectadas pelo exame clínico, foram evidenciadas no fígado pelo ultra-som e podem ser devidas à fibrose. O grau de fibrose periportal leve foi diminuído em 57,9% dos pacientes 12 meses após tratamento da esquistossomose com oxamniquine. Na ultra-sonografia, a média da medida do lobo esquerdo do fígado dos indivíduos de G3 foi maior que a de G1 e, a de G4 maior que a de G1 e G2. O tamanho médio do baço de G4 foi significativamente maior que o dos outros grupos e o de G3 foi maior que o de G1 e G2.