Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 17 de 17
Filtrar
Mais filtros

Base de dados
Tipo de documento
Intervalo de ano de publicação
1.
Demography ; 55(2): 435-457, 2018 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29492799

RESUMO

In this study, we investigate the effect of early-life coresidence with paternal grandparents on male mortality risks in adulthood and older age in northeast China from 1789 to 1909. Despite growing interest in the influence of grandparents on child outcomes, few studies have examined the effect of coresidence with grandparents in early life on mortality in later life. We find that coresidence with paternal grandmothers in childhood is associated with higher mortality risks for males in adulthood. This may reflect the long-term effects of conflicts between mothers and their mothers-in-law. These results suggest that in extended families, patterns of coresidence in childhood may have long-term consequences for mortality, above and beyond the effects of common environmental and genetic factors, even when effects on childhood mortality are not readily apparent.


Assuntos
Características da Família/etnologia , Características da Família/história , Relação entre Gerações/etnologia , Mortalidade/história , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , China/epidemiologia , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Saúde do Homem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Alocação de Recursos/história , Adulto Jovem
2.
Am Sociol Rev ; 80(3): 574-602, 2015 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27041745

RESUMO

Patrilineality, the organization of kinship, inheritance, and other key social processes based on patrilineal male descent, has been a salient feature of social organization in China and many other societies for centuries. Because continuity or growth of the patrilineage was the central focus of reproductive strategies in such societies, we introduce the number of patrilineal male descendants generations later as a stratification outcome. By reconstructing and analyzing 20,000 patrilineages in two prospective, multi-generational population databases from 18th and 19th century China, we show that patrilineages founded by high status males had higher growth rates for the next 150 years. The elevated growth rate of these patrilineages was due more to their having a lower probability of extinction at each point in time than to surviving patrilineal male descendants having larger numbers of sons on average. As a result, patrilineal male descendants of high status males account for a disproportionately large share of the male population in later generations. In China and elsewhere, patrilineal kin network characteristics influence individuals' life chances; thus effects of a male founder's characteristics on patrilineage size many generations later represent an indirect channel of status transmission that has not been considered previously.

4.
Sci Total Environ ; 877: 162878, 2023 Jun 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36934937

RESUMO

Like the Dodo and Passenger Pigeon before it, the predatory marsupial Thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus), or 'Tasmanian tiger', has become an iconic symbol of anthropogenic extinction. The last captive animal died in 1936, but even today reports of the Thylacine's possible ongoing survival in remote regions of Tasmania are newsworthy and capture the public's imagination. Extirpated from mainland Australia in the mid-Holocene, the island of Tasmania became the species' final stronghold. Following European settlement in the 1800s, the Thylacine was relentlessly persecuted and pushed to the margins of its range, although many sightings were reported thereafter-even well beyond the 1930s. To gain a new depth of insight into the extinction of the Thylacine, we assembled an exhaustive database of 1237 observational records from Tasmania (from 1910 onwards), quantified their uncertainty, and charted the patterns these revealed. We also developed a new method to visualize the species' 20th-century spatio-temporal dynamics, to map potential post-bounty refugia and pinpoint the most-likely location of the final persisting subpopulation. A direct reading of the high-quality records (confirmed kills and captures, in combination with sightings by past Thylacine hunters and trappers, wildlife professionals and experienced bushmen) implies a most-likely extinction date within four decades following the last capture (i.e., 1940s to 1970s). However, uncertainty modelling of the entire sighting record, where each observation is assigned a probability and the whole dataset is then subject to a sensitivity analysis, suggests that extinction might have been as recent as the late 1980s to early 2000s, with a small chance of persistence in the remote south-western wilderness areas. Beyond the intrinsically fascinating problem of reconstructing the final fate of the Thylacine, the new spatio-temporal mapping of extirpation developed herein would also be useful for conservation prioritization and search efforts for other rare taxa of uncertain status.


Assuntos
Extinção Biológica , Marsupiais , Animais , Austrália , Tasmânia , Animais Selvagens
5.
Front Neurosci ; 16: 824191, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35516803

RESUMO

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder and the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. Despite decades of research, there is still no cure for PD and the complicated intricacies of the pathology are still being worked out. Much of the research on PD has focused on neurons, since the disease is characterized by neurodegeneration. However, neuroglia has become recognized as key players in the health and disease of the central nervous system. This review provides a current perspective on the interactive roles that α-synuclein and neuroglial senescence have in PD. The self-amplifying and cyclical nature of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, α-synucleinopathy, neuroglial senescence, neuroglial chronic activation and neurodegeneration will be discussed. Finally, the compelling role that senolytics could play as a therapeutic avenue for PD is explored and encouraged.

6.
Chem Commun (Camb) ; 58(20): 3302-3305, 2022 Mar 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35175262

RESUMO

Ring-opening of furans at the equatorial methylene bridge positions of a calix[4]arene gives access to a range of new molecules (in good yield) that have widespread potential impact in supramolecular chemistry amongst other areas.

7.
IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph ; 28(10): 3441-3455, 2022 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33750691

RESUMO

The increased availability of quantitative historical datasets has provided new research opportunities for multiple disciplines in social science. In this article, we work closely with the constructors of a new dataset, CGED-Q (China Government Employee Database-Qing), that records the career trajectories of over 340,000 government officials in the Qing bureaucracy in China from 1760 to 1912. We use these data to study career mobility from a historical perspective and understand social mobility and inequality. However, existing statistical approaches are inadequate for analyzing career mobility in this historical dataset with its fine-grained attributes and long time span, since they are mostly hypothesis-driven and require substantial effort. We propose CareerLens, an interactive visual analytics system for assisting experts in exploring, understanding, and reasoning from historical career data. With CareerLens, experts examine mobility patterns in three levels-of-detail, namely, the macro-level providing a summary of overall mobility, the meso-level extracting latent group mobility patterns, and the micro-level revealing social relationships of individuals. We demonstrate the effectiveness and usability of CareerLens through two case studies and receive encouraging feedback from follow-up interviews with domain experts.


Assuntos
Mobilidade Ocupacional , Gráficos por Computador , Humanos
8.
Dalton Trans ; 50(27): 9648-9654, 2021 Jul 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34160497

RESUMO

The methylation of p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene in the distal 1,3-phenolic sites provides the ligand H2L = {p-tert-butylcalix[4](OMe)2(OH)2arene} that enables construction of heteroleptic mononuclear lanthanide complexes. The reaction of (N(nBu)4)(acac) (Hacac = acetylacetone), MIIICl3 and H2L under Schlenk conditions results in the formation of a family of (N(nBu)4)[MIIIL(acac)2] complexes where M = Y (1), Gd (2), Tb (3) and Dy (4). The metal ions are eight-coordinate in distorted square-antiprismatic coordination geometries, resulting in slow relaxation of the magnetisation for the Tb derivative.

9.
Hist Fam ; 15(4): 370-385, 2010 Oct 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21151712

RESUMO

We revisit the debate over deliberate control of reproduction in historical China through a reanalysis of data from the Qing (1644-911) Imperial Lineage that accounts for physiological or other differences between couples that affected their chances of having children. Even though studies of contemporary and historical European fertility suggest that failing to control for such differences may obscure evidence of parity-specific control, previous studies of historical Chinese fertility have not accounted for them. We show that in the Lineage, failure to account for such differences leads the association between number of children already born and the chances of having another birth to appear to be positive, but that once they are accounted for properly, the relationship is inverted. Based on this, we conclude that lineage members adjusted their reproductive behavior based on the number of children. We also show that the sex composition and survival of previous births affected reproductive behavior. We conclude by suggesting that one way forward in the ongoing debate over fertility control in historical China is through application of such methods to other datasets and comparison of results. We also suggest that progress in the debate over fertility in historical China has been impeded by confusion over the definition of fertility control, so that some behaviors are recognized as fertility control by some parties in the debate but not others.

10.
BMJ Open ; 8(11): e026433, 2018 11 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30478129

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Significant evidence in the literature supports case management (CM) as an effective intervention to improve care for patients with complex healthcare needs. However, there is still little evidence about the facilitators and barriers to CM implementation in primary care setting. The three specific objectives of this study are to: (1) identify the facilitators and barriers of CM implementation in primary care clinics across Canada; (2) explain and understand the relationships between the actors, contextual factors, mechanisms and outcomes of the CM intervention; (3) identify the next steps towards CM spread in primary care across Canada. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will conduct a multiple-case embedded mixed methods study. CM will be implemented in 10 primary care clinics in five Canadian provinces. Three different units of analysis will be embedded to obtain an in-depth understanding of each case: the healthcare system (macro level), the CM intervention in the clinics (meso level) and the individual/patient (micro level). For each objective, the following strategy will be performed: (1) an implementation analysis, (2) a realist evaluation and (3) consensus building among stakeholders using the Technique for Research of Information by Animation of a Group of Experts method. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study, which received ethics approval, will provide innovative knowledge about facilitators and barriers to implementation of CM in different primary care jurisdictions and will explain how and why different mechanisms operate in different contexts to generate different outcomes among frequent users. Consensual and prioritised statements about next steps for spread of CM in primary care from the perspectives of all stakeholders will be provided. Our results will offer context-sensitive explanations that can better inform local practices and policies and contribute to improve the health of patients with complex healthcare needs who frequently use healthcare services. Ultimately, this will increase the performance of healthcare systems and specifically mitigate ineffective use and costs.


Assuntos
Administração de Caso/organização & administração , Doença Crônica/terapia , Atenção Primária à Saúde/organização & administração , Canadá , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Humanos , Atenção Primária à Saúde/economia , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde/métodos
11.
Annu Rev Sociol ; 43(1): 75-99, 2017 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34135542

RESUMO

Despite long-standing recognition of the importance of family background in shaping life outcomes, only recently have empirical studies in demography, stratification, and other areas begun to consider the influence of kin other than parents. These new studies reflect the increasing availability of genealogical microdata that provide information about ancestors and kin over three or more generations. These data sets, including family genealogies, linked vital registration records, population registers, longitudinal surveys, and other sources, are valuable resources for social research on family, population, and stratification in a multigenerational perspective. This article reviews relevant recent studies, introduces and presents examples of the most important sources of genealogical microdata, identifies key methodological issues in the construction and analysis of genealogical data, and suggests directions for future research.

12.
BMJ Open ; 7(9): e017701, 2017 Sep 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28871027

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: A common reason for frequent use of healthcare services is the complex healthcare needs of individuals suffering from multiple chronic conditions, especially in combination with mental health comorbidities and/or social vulnerability. Frequent users (FUs) of healthcare services are more at risk for disability, loss of quality of life and mortality. Case management (CM) is a promising intervention to improve care integration for FU and to reduce healthcare costs. This review aims to develop a middle-range theory explaining how CM in primary care improves outcomes among FU with chronic conditions, for what types of FU and in what circumstances. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A realist synthesis (RS) will be conducted between March 2017 and March 2018 to explore the causal mechanisms that underlie CM and how contextual factors influence the link between these causal mechanisms and outcomes. According to RS methodology, five steps will be followed: (1) focusing the scope of the RS; (2) searching for the evidence; (3) appraising the quality of evidence; (4) extracting the data; and (5) synthesising the evidence. Patterns in context-mechanism-outcomes (CMOs) configurations will be identified, within and across identified studies. Analysis of CMO configurations will help confirm, refute, modify or add to the components of our initial rough theory and ultimately produce a refined theory explaining how and why CM interventions in primary care works, in which contexts and for which FU with chronic conditions. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Research ethics is not required for this review, but publication guidelines on RS will be followed. Based on the review findings, we will develop and disseminate messages tailored to various relevant stakeholder groups. These messages will allow the development of material that provides guidance on the design and the implementation of CM in health organisations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Prospero CRD42017057753.


Assuntos
Administração de Caso/normas , Doença Crônica/economia , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Doença Crônica/terapia , Humanos , Atenção Primária à Saúde/organização & administração , Qualidade de Vida , Projetos de Pesquisa
13.
Hist Fam ; 15(4): 386-412, 2010 Oct 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21127716
14.
Chin J Sociol ; 1(4): 515-539, 2015 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26989495

RESUMO

In the past, many people were 'unfree' in the sense that their movement was restricted, and out-migration without permission was regarded and recorded as 'escape.' Even though such escape was common in the past, historical studies mostly neglect this form of migration. This paper examines escape in historical East Asia, focusing on the influence of household context and individual characteristics on the chances of escape, taking advantage of large-scale individual panel datasets from three adjacent unfree populations from northeast China, southeast Korea and northeast Japan in the 18th and 19th century. We not only find similar temporal, spatial, and age patterns of escape, but also similar patterns of associations between chances of escape and household context. In particular, the presence of dependent children and elderly in the household makes individuals less likely to escape. Other patterns of association also highlight the importance of gender and social class. Despite significant differences in political, social, and community context across these three East Asian populations, our empirical comparisons suggest important commonalities in terms of motivation driven by shared understandings of obligation to others.

15.
Demography ; 52(3): 1061-88, 2015 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26001625

RESUMO

Comparison and comparability lie at the heart of any comparative social science. Still, precise comparison is virtually impossible without using similar methods and similar data. In recent decades, social demographers, historians, and economic historians have compiled and made available a large number of micro-level data sets of historical populations for North America and Europe. Studies using these data have already made important contributions to many academic disciplines. In a similar spirit, we introduce five new micro-level historical panel data sets from East Asia, including the China Multi-Generational Panel Dataset-Liaoning (CMGPD-LN) 1749-1909, the China Multi-Generational Panel Dataset-Shuangcheng (CMGPD-SC) 1866-1913, the Japanese Ninbetsu-Aratame-Cho Population Register Database-Shimomoriya and Niita (NAC-SN) 1716-1870, the Korea Multi-Generational Panel Dataset-Tansung (KMGPD-TS) 1678-1888, and the Colonial Taiwan Household Registration Database (CTHRD) 1906-1945. These data sets in total contain more than 3.7 million linked observations of 610,000 individuals and are the first such Asian data to be made available online or by application. We discuss the key features and historical institutions that originally collected these data; the subsequent processes by which the data were reconstructed into individual-level panels; their particular data limitations and strengths; and their potential for comparative social scientific research.


Assuntos
Bases de Dados como Assunto/estatística & dados numéricos , Demografia/estatística & dados numéricos , Ciências Sociais/estatística & dados numéricos , Ásia Oriental , Humanos , Dinâmica Populacional/estatística & dados numéricos
16.
Chin Sociol Rev ; 44(1): 71-103, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23596557

RESUMO

We demonstrate that in northeast China before the 20th century, kin groups played a important role in structuring patterns of inequality. There were substantial differences in the demographic behavior and social attainment of individuals according to kin group membership even after differences between villages and households were accounted for. There was also considerable continuity in the relative status of kin groups before the 20th century. More tentatively, there was continuity in the relative status of kin groups from the 19th century through the last half of the 20th century. Our results are based on quantitative analysis of demographic behavior and social attainment of families covered by contemporary survey data that we have linked to a database of historical household registers, the CMGPD-LN. The results confirm the need for studies of stratification to move beyond the current focus on parent-child associations in outcomes to examine the role played by larger kin networks in creating and sustaining patterns of inequality.

17.
Soc Sci Med ; 68(9): 1641-8, 2009 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19278765

RESUMO

We examine the effects on adult and old age mortality of childhood living arrangements and other aspects of family context in early life. We focus on features of family context that have already been shown to be associated with infant or child mortality in historical and developing country populations. We apply discrete-time event-history analysis to longitudinal, individual-level household register data for a rural population in northeast China from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Loss of a mother in childhood, a short preceding birth interval, and high maternal age were all associated with elevated mortality risks later in life. Such effects persist in a model with fixed effects that account for unobserved characteristics of the community and household. An important implication of these results is that in high-mortality populations, features of early-life family context that are associated with elevated infant and child mortality may also predict adverse mortality outcomes in adulthood.


Assuntos
Características da Família , Acontecimentos que Mudam a Vida , Mortalidade/história , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Intervalo entre Nascimentos , Criança , China/epidemiologia , Feminino , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Lactente , Modelos Logísticos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pais , Instituições Residenciais/história , Fatores de Risco , População Rural/história
SELEÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIAS
DETALHE DA PESQUISA