RESUMO
In mammals, passive immunity is transferred from mother to offspring by transplacental passage or by intestinal absorption. The rabbit receives antibodies exclusively across the placenta, whereas intestinal absorption is the principal source of antibodies for the new-born pig. In the rat, passive immunity is transferred by both pathways. The role of the jejunal absorptive cells was investigated in these three species, by the use of specific immune globulins as tracers of protein absorption. Rabbit anti-peroxidase and anti-ferritin antibodies were injected into the jejunum of newborn pigs, rats, and rabbits, and absorption was studied over the first 2 hr. The specific antibodies were detected in glutaraldehyde-fixed tissues after in vitro treatment with the antigens, and in sera by immunological methods. Intact antibodies are transferred into the circulation of the pig and the rat, but not into that of the rabbit. In the three species, the jejunal absorptive cells take up antibodies by endocytosis. In the pig, the antibodies are transported across the epithelium in vacuoles. In the rabbit, the endocytosis of antibodies triggers a lysosomal response and all absorbed antibodies are trapped in lysosomes. In the rat, both situations are found; there is no evidence of transfer of antibody fragments into the circulation.
Assuntos
Animais Recém-Nascidos/imunologia , Anticorpos , Imunidade Materno-Adquirida , Absorção Intestinal , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Animais , Transporte Biológico , Feminino , Complexo de Golgi/enzimologia , Histocitoquímica , Soros Imunes , Imunoeletroforese , Imunoglobulina M , Jejuno/citologia , Lisossomos/enzimologia , Troca Materno-Fetal , Microscopia Eletrônica , Pinocitose , Gravidez , Coelhos , Ratos , SuínosRESUMO
Parafollicular cells in mammalian thyroid glands are thought to be responsible for the secretion of calcitonin. In this study, calcitonin was localized in pig thyroid gland by an indirect immunocytochemical technique using rabbit antiserum directed against synthetic porcine calcitonin for the first step, and sheep Fab fragments prepared against rabbit Fab and coupled to cytochrome c for the second step. The antigenic determinants of calcitonin were present only in the parafollicular cells, whose secretory granules were heavily labeled. Labeling of the cytoplasmic matrix is thought to indicate a possible leakage of the polypeptide from the granules. A striking observation was the complete absence of labeling in the cisternae of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and of the Golgi apparatus. It is concluded that the secretory granules of parafollicular cells contain calcitonin; the mechanism of synthesis of this peptide is not clearly understood.
Assuntos
Anticorpos/análise , Calcitonina/análise , Citocromos/análise , Epitopos/análise , Glândula Tireoide/análise , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Citoplasma/análise , Grânulos Citoplasmáticos/análise , Retículo Endoplasmático , Imunofluorescência , Complexo de Golgi , Histocitoquímica , Técnicas Histológicas , Soros Imunes , Métodos , Microscopia Eletrônica , Coelhos , Ovinos , Suínos , Glândula Tireoide/citologia , Glândula Tireoide/imunologiaRESUMO
The efficiency of small enzyme-labeled tracers for the demonstration of intracellular antigen was investigated in tissues fixed with picric acid-formaldehyde. The influence of fixation on the immunological activity was tested in vitro by radial immunodiffusion. The experimental model consisted of newborn pig jejunum after absorption of ferritin from the intestinal lumen. Ferritin was located after 1 hr in vacuoles scattered in the cytoplasm of the absorptive cells and represented an easily recognizable intracellular antigen. After immunohistochemical treatments with antiferritin preparations, the distribution of labeling enzyme reaction product was examined by morphometry. The ratio of the labeled volume to the total volume of vacuoles containing ferritin indicated the degree of specific labeling of the antigen. In both direct and indirect methods, the degree of labeling was low when enzyme-labeled immunoglobulin G was the tracer. With antigen binding fragments (Fab), the labeling was significantly increased. In the indirect method, the degree of labeling was influenced by the first-step reagents. Onlywhen the serum titer was optimum was a high degree of labeling obtained. With antigen binding fragments or papain-digested serum the effect of the titer was negligible and maximum labeling was achieved. In both methods, with peroxidase as the labeling enzyme, a diffuse nonspecific deposition of reaction product was observed. This could be avoided by using cytochrome c instead.
Assuntos
Antígenos/análise , Ferritinas/análise , Corpos de Inclusão/análise , Aldeídos/farmacologia , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Anticorpos/análise , Anticorpos/isolamento & purificação , Citocromos/análise , Eletroforese Descontínua , Formaldeído , Histocitoquímica , Técnicas Histológicas , Cavalos , Soros Imunes , Imunodifusão , Imunoeletroforese , Imunoglobulina G/análise , Imunoglobulina G/isolamento & purificação , Injeções Intraperitoneais , Absorção Intestinal , Jejuno/citologia , Jejuno/imunologia , Métodos , Microscopia Eletrônica , Papaína , Peroxidases/análise , Picratos/farmacologia , Coelhos , Ratos , Ovinos , Suínos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The filamentous brain lesions that define Alzheimer disease (AD) consist of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Undulated pathological filaments--curly fibers or neuropil threads--also occur in the neuropil. Beta-amyloid precursor proteins are synthesized by many cells outside the central nervous system and recently, deposition of beta-amyloid-protein was reported to occur in non-neuronal tissues. In addition, increasing data claim the importance of chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of AD. These observations suggest that AD may be a widespread systemic disorder. Here we report that pathological argyrophilic filaments with histochemical properties of amyloid showing striking morphological similarity to curly fibers and/or tangles accumulate not only in ependymal layer and in epithelial cells of choroid plexus, but also in several other organs (e.g. liver, pancreas, ovary, testis, thyroid) in AD. The ependyma, choroid plexus, and various organs of 39 autopsy cases were analyzed. In search of curly fiber and tangle-like changes in organs other than brain, 395 blocks from 21 different tissues of 24 AD cases, 5 cases with discrete or moderate AD-type changes, and 10 control cases were investigated. We found in non-neuronal cells "curly fibers" or "tangles" immunoreactive with antibodies to P component, Tau-protein, ubiquitin, fibronectin, and Apolipoprotein-E, but lacking immunoreactivity with antibodies to neurofilament proteins. Ultrastructurally they consist of densely packed straight and paired helical filaments and closely resemble neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads. These observations indicate that the formation of "curly fibers" and "tangles" is not unique to the central nervous system. The results suggest that AD might be a systemic disorder or that similar fibrillary changes to tangles and curly fibers may also be associated with other amyloidosis than beta-amyloidosis. Further investigations are necessary to understand the pathogenetic interest of these fibrillary changes outside the CNS.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Fibras Nervosas/patologia , Emaranhados Neurofibrilares/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Humanos , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Microscopia Confocal , Microscopia Eletrônica , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fibras Nervosas/ultraestrutura , Especificidade de ÓrgãosRESUMO
Two simple, rapid, and reproducible techniques of pancreatic tissue preparation produced favorable results after just part of the gland was autotransplanted in totally pancreatectomized animals. It is probable that the short and less traumatic treatment in vitro was responsible for the sufficient yield of viable islets. Moreover, the results show convincingly that the complete separation of endocrine from exocrine pancreas is not mandatory to insure adequate endocrine secretion. The spleen, an organ of no vital importance having a rich blood supply and belonging to the portal circulation, was a very suitable experimental implantation site, which permitted thorough evaluation of the tissue preparation techniques. These favorable results were not conditioned by the splenic tissue itself, because similar results have been obtained in dogs when the tissues were implanted into the liver via the portal vein.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Transplante de Pâncreas , Pancreatectomia , Baço , Animais , Cães , Transplante AutólogoRESUMO
Eight ovarian carcinoids, 4 trabecular and 4 strumal have been studied immunohistochemically for polypeptide hormones; three of them were also examined with the electron microscope. Seven of eight cases were positive for at least one polypeptide hormone. The trabecular parts of the 4 cases of strumal carcinoid were positive for pancreatic polypeptide. As the vesicular regions of these 4 cases were positive for thyroglobulin and for pancreatic polypeptide, we suspect the existence of "hybrid" thyroid and neuroendocrine cells. The electron microscopic examination revealed: the cell in the insular carcinoid had no distinct polarization and contained electron-dense granules of varying shape; in the trabecular part of the strumal carcinoid the cells were polarized and contained round electron-dense granules.
Assuntos
Tumor Carcinoide/ultraestrutura , Neoplasias Ovarianas/ultraestrutura , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Tumor Carcinoide/química , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Microscopia Eletrônica , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Ovarianas/químicaAssuntos
Transplante de Pâncreas , Pancreatectomia , Animais , Glicemia/análise , Cães , Feminino , Masculino , Baço/cirurgia , Transplante HomólogoAssuntos
Hipolipoproteinemias/genética , Deficiência da Lecitina Colesterol Aciltransferase/genética , Adulto , Anemia Hemolítica/complicações , Opacidade da Córnea/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Rim/patologia , Deficiência da Lecitina Colesterol Aciltransferase/sangue , Deficiência da Lecitina Colesterol Aciltransferase/complicações , Lipídeos/sangue , Proteinúria/complicaçõesRESUMO
The ultrastructure of the microvasculature in human colorectal adenomas and carcinomas was studied, and compared with that of normal tissue. Blood vessels in adenomas were generally of normal structure, whereas carcinoma vessels displayed a variety of structural alterations. Endothelial proliferation was frequently observed in all the eleven carcinomas examined, which confirms the reports of new vessel formation in experimental malignant tumors. The presence of fenestrations in obviously abnormal endothelium was tentatively attributed to hypoxia, vascular regression or immaturity of the cells, in spite of the fact that normal capillaries in colonic mucosa are fenestrated. Some vessels showed multilayered basement membranes, various types of activated cells containing numerous lysosomal granules, and thickened perivascular tissue. These features may be a vascular response to repeated damage or a manifestation of vascular remodelling. Dilated thin-walled vessels, which were usually found at the periphery of carcinomas, were identified as venules. Small vessels located between the closely apposed carcinoma tubules were not obviously abnormal. They were nevertheless considered to be tumor-induced vessels which had undergone differentiation. The differences in vascular morphology between adenomas and carcinomas were considered to be due to their different growth patterns, growth rates and degrees of maturity.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Colo/ultraestrutura , Adenocarcinoma/irrigação sanguínea , Adenocarcinoma/ultraestrutura , Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso/irrigação sanguínea , Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso/ultraestrutura , Adenoma/irrigação sanguínea , Adenoma/ultraestrutura , Capilares/ultraestrutura , Neoplasias do Colo/irrigação sanguínea , Endotélio/ultraestrutura , Humanos , Microscopia Eletrônica , Neoplasias Retais/irrigação sanguínea , Neoplasias Retais/ultraestruturaRESUMO
In mongrel dogs, the horizontal part of the pancreas was infiltrated with collagenase, cut in pieces, incubated with collagenase, rinsed twice by centrifugation or sedimentation, and implanted into the spleen of the same animal. The operations were terminated by the removal of the rest of the pancreas. Of 26 operated dogs, one died because of a duodenal perforation, five developed severe hyperglycaemia without remission, and 20 were long-term normoglycaemic survivors followed for up to 10 weeks. These 20 animals became spontaneously normoglycaemic in the course of the first 10 postoperative days. Later, during glucose loading tests, the pattern of blood sugar values was the same in the transplanted animals as in those of a group of non-operated dogs, but the insulin release, although immediate, attained half the control values. The plasma insulin in the splenic vein was more than seven times higher than in the peripheral circulation. Splenectomies performed in seven animals were followed by severe hyperglycaemia and death. Light and electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of the intact endocrine and exocrine pancreatic tissues in the spleens of all animals investigated. It is concluded that laborious separations of endocrine from exocrine tissue are not mandatory for ulterior endocrine function, and that in an animal larger than rodents it is possible to obtain a diabetes-preventing function after the transplantation of only a part of the gland.
Assuntos
Glicemia , Transplante de Pâncreas , Pancreatectomia , Baço/cirurgia , Animais , Glicemia/análise , Cães , Feminino , Insulina/sangue , Masculino , Colagenase Microbiana , Baço/ultraestrutura , Esplenectomia , Preservação de Tecido , Transplante AutólogoRESUMO
Twenty-six patients with idiopathic hematuria, i.e. with normal intravenous pyelography, without arterial hypertension, renal failure or significant proteinuria, underwent renal biopsy in our institution between 1973 and 1981. Segmental proliferative endocapillary glomerulonephritis was diagnosed in 13 cases; in the other 13 patients the renal tissue was either normal (6) or presented only minor lesions of the mesangium (5) or interstitial tissue (2). Twenty-two patients underwent a follow-up examination after a mean of 51 months (range 12-120). The hematuria had disappeared in half of them and no patients had developed hypertension or renal failure. These results suggest that in cases of idiopathic hematuria renal biopsy is not indicated for prognostic or therapeutic reasons, though in some cases it may avoid repeated and potentially dangerous investigations.
Assuntos
Biópsia por Agulha , Hematúria/patologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Rim/ultraestrutura , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
In a 59-year-old female, concurrence of acute interstitial nephritis and uveitis was observed. While the clinical signs resolved after a few weeks, signs of renal tubular dysfunction persisted for 9 months, and creatinine clearance was still impaired (22 ml/min) more than 2 years after beginning of the symptoms. This is the 5th case of idiopathic interstitial nephritis with concomitant uveitis reported in adult patients. In contrast to the benign evolution observed in children, the renal function may remain impaired in adults.
Assuntos
Nefrite Intersticial/complicações , Uveíte/complicações , Creatinina/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nefrite Intersticial/patologia , Nefrite Intersticial/fisiopatologia , PrognósticoRESUMO
Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are found in the majority of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We report here the only documented case, out of a series of 38 patients, in which SLE was diagnosed in spite of the fact that we failed to demonstrate any type of autoantibodies. A 25-year-old black woman presented with 6 of the 11 criteria of the American Rheumatism Association for classification of SLE, between August 1984 and April 1985, i.e. malar rash, photosensitivity, arthritis, pleurisy and pericarditis, renal insufficiency and nephrotic syndrome, anemia and leukopenia. Renal biopsy revealed mesangial glomerulonephritis, tubulonephritis and many tubuloreticular inclusions in the capillary endothelium highly suggestive of SLE. Four ANA determinations were performed during the 8 months of observation which were all negative, as were all other antibodies (anti-nDNA, -Sm, -RPN, -Ro, -La). The outcome was very favourable under prednisone and cyclophosphamide. In the rare cases of ANA negative SLE (5-10%) photosensitive dermatitis is the prominent feature and renal or central nervous system involvement is less frequent. Those patients usually have other types of autoantibodies (especially anticytoplasmic) which was not the case in our patient. This indicates that the absence of autoantibodies does not rule out SLE.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antinucleares/análise , Autoanticorpos/análise , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/diagnóstico , Adulto , Ciclofosfamida/administração & dosagem , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Humanos , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/tratamento farmacológico , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/imunologia , Prednisona/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Out of 89 stone formers with idiopathic hypercalciuria, 51 remained hypercalciuric on a low calcium diet over 5 days: a renal leak of calcium could thus have been suspected in them. Dietary factors such as high sodium or high animal protein intake, and metabolic factors such as obesity with or without hyperinsulinemia, which all might account for the hypercalciuria of these patients, have been evaluated. This evaluation revealed conditions known to be associated with hypercalciuria in 37 of these 51 patients: 15 had hypercalciuria related to a high sodium intake, 7 had severe hyperuricosuria (greater than 1 g/24 h) reflecting a high animal protein intake, 20 were obese (greater than 120% of ideal weight) with (7 cases) or without (13 cases) concomitant high fasting plasma level of insulin (greater than 18 microU/ml). A careful retrospective analysis of the intravenous pyelograms disclosed medullary sponge kidneys in 8 cases which had remained undiagnosed so far. One of them was studied histologically. Only 14 out of 51 patients had an otherwise unexplained hypercalciuria on a low calcium diet. It is concluded that dietary causes appear to play a key role in 'idiopathic' hypercalciuria, that the incidence of a primary renal leak of calcium among idiopathic stone formers is much smaller than initially thought, and that this condition can hide unrecognized medullary sponge kidneys.
Assuntos
Cálcio/urina , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Cálculos Renais/complicações , Rim em Esponja Medular/complicações , Humanos , Cálculos Renais/urina , Masculino , Rim em Esponja Medular/diagnóstico por imagem , Rim em Esponja Medular/patologia , Hormônio Paratireóideo/sangue , Radiografia , Sódio na Dieta/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Two groups of mongrel dogs underwent intrasplenic autotransplantation of pancreatic tissues prepared from the head and tail of the organ. In the first group (12), the operation was terminated by the removal of the rest of the gland. In the second group (8), total pancreatectomy was done 6-8 months after autotransplantation. The first group of dogs became spontaneously normoglycemic after ten days of moderate hyperglycemia; their insulinemia increased significantly during a glucose loading test. The second group of dogs never became normoglycemic but remained vivacious; insulin level in their splenic vein increased moderately only after glucose injection. Microscopically, exo- and endocrine pancreatic tissues were seen in the spleens of the first group of dogs; in the spleens of the second group of dogs, only a few degenerating B cells were observed. These results suggest that the temporary hyperglycemia following autotransplantation of pancreatic tissues is a functional demand: it is necessary for ultimate survival and function of transplanted B cells.