The environmental performance of different pork production scenarios: a life cycle assessment study.

In order to evaluate the environmental performance generated by a "semi-technified" pig farm, as well as the comparison of different pig production scenarios, pig feed and animal production subsystems were evaluated considering both: (a) origin of feed ingredients and (b) variations in pig weight. Life cycle assessment methodology was used to evaluate the environmental performance, establishing 1 market pig as the functional unit (FU). Three ingredient origin distances (400, 950, and 1800 km) and three slaughter weights (110, 100, and 90 kg) were considered for the simulation analysis and comparison. The feed production subsystem was the main generator of environmental impacts, mainly caused by the cultivation of sorghum and the production of fat. The origin of the inputs represented the main increase in environmental impact for the feed production subsystem, mainly in the Fossil Depletion category, with a fivefold increase by acquiring inputs from 900 km and a ninefold increase at a distance of 1800 km. Producing lighter pigs resulted in the best environmental alternative, given the resultant 11% reduction in environmental impact.

Epidemic model on a network: Analysis and applications to COVID-19.

We analyze an epidemic model on a network consisting of susceptible-infected-recovered equations at the nodes coupled by diffusion using a graph Laplacian. We introduce an epidemic criterion and examine different isolation strategies: we prove that it is most effective to isolate a node of highest degree. The model is also useful to evaluate deconfinement scenarios and prevent a so-called second wave. The model has few parameters enabling fitting to the data and the essential ingredient of importation of infected; these features are particularly important for the current COVID-19 epidemic.

Comparison of a 2D iPad application and 3D body scanner to air displacement plethysmography for measurement of body fat percentage.

BACKGROUND: Novel and innovative imaging methods that rapidly estimate body fat percentage (%BF) are publicly available, yet little is known about their accuracy. The present study evaluated the test-retest reliability of a two-dimensional iPad (Apple, Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA) application (2D APP) and a three-dimensional body scanner (3D SCAN) for estimating %BF and compared both imaging methods with air displacement plethysmography (Bod Pod; Cosmed USA, Inc., Concord, CA, USA). METHODS: Seventy-nine adults (37 female, 42 male) varying widely in age [mean (SD), range] [32.9 (12.4), 18-65 years] and body mass index [25.0 (4.9), 18.2-41.8 kg m-2 ] were measured with the Bod Pod and twice with the 3D SCAN and the 2D APP in a repeated-measures design. RESULTS: Test-retest reliability was excellent for both the 2D APP (intraclass correlation = 0.993) and the 3D SCAN (intraclass correlation = 0.993) with the SEM <1% BF for both methods. Although the three methods were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.857-0.923), the mean %BF estimations were significantly different (P = 0.001). The 2D APP [19.9 (8.2)%BF] underestimated the Bod Pod value [21.9 (9.4)%BF] and the 3D SCAN [24.0 (6.8)%BF] overestimated. Additionally, the SE of estimate and total error exceeded 4% BF for both 2D APP and 3D SCAN, and both methods tended to overestimate lean participants and underestimate fat participants. CONCLUSIONS: Although highly reliable, neither the 2D APP, nor the 3D SCAN provided valid estimates of %BFBod Pod .

Economic and financial viability of small-scale dairy systems in central Mexico: economic scenario 2010-2018.

A simulation Monte Carlo model was used to assess the economic and financial viability of 130 small-scale dairy farms in central Mexico, through a Representative Small-Scale Dairy Farm. Net yields were calculated for a 9-year planning horizon by means of simulated values for the distribution of input and product prices taking 2010 as base year and considering four scenarios which were compared against the scenario of actual production. The other scenarios were (1) total hiring in of needed labour; (2) external purchase of 100 % of inputs and (3) withdrawal of subsidies to production. A stochastic modelling approach was followed to determine the scenario with the highest economic and financial viability. Results show a viable economic and financial situation for the real production scenario, as well as the scenarios for total hiring of labour and of withdrawal of subsidies, but the scenario when 100 % of feed inputs for the herd are bought-in was not viable.

Extensive emphysematous pyelonephritis in a renal allograft: case report and review of literature.

Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is an acute, severe necrotizing infection of the renal parenchyma and perirenal tissue, which results in the presence of gas within the renal parenchyma, collecting system, or perinephric tissue. EPN of renal allograft is rare, with only 23 cases reported in Western literature. Here, we report a patient treated successfully with surgery. We also review the literature, focusing on old and new suggested classification systems for EPN.

Evaluating the effects of preoperative treatment with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors in holmium laser enucleation of the prostate.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Patients treated with HoLEP are frequently treated with previous treatments, including 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs). We investigated the impact of pretreatment with 5-ARIs on perioperative and immediate postoperative parameters in patients treated with HoLEP. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study was performed using a prospectively collected database including all patients treated with HoLEP at our center between January 2017 and January 2023. The resected tissue weight, enucleation and morcellation efficiency (enucleation weight/time and morcellation weight/ time), postoperative complications, hospital stay and hemoglobin drop have been analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 327 patients were included. Of these, 173 (52.9%) were treated with 5-ARIs. No differences were found among the perioperative parameters investigated to determine efficiency. No differences were observed in peri- or postoperative complications, hospital stay or hemoglobin drop. CONCLUSIONS: Therapy with 5-ARIs had no impact on the immediate postoperative outcomes of patients treated with HoLEP. In our cohort, we observed that the use of 5-ARIs did not affect surgical efficiency, enucleation or morcellation. Further multicenter studies will be necessary to validate these findings.

Prostatic artery embolization treatment for patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia who are permanent urinary catheter users ineligible for de-obstructive surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Benign prostatic hyperplasia is considered the most frequent cause of lower urinary tract symptoms. Urinary catheterization is the emergency treatment for patients with urinary retention and surgery is indicated in patients refractory to medical treatment. There is a group of people with important comorbidities that make them ineligible for surgery. Prostatic arterial embolization (PAE) could be presented as a safe and effective alternative to achieve bladder emptying and spontaneous urination, thus avoiding permanent urinary catheterization in patients with significant comorbidities that represent a contraindication for surgery. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the efficacy of PAE in patients with permanent urinary catheterization who are ineligible for surgical treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study of 26 patients with permanent urinary catheter who underwent prostatic embolization. Demographic and clinical data (age, use of anticoagulation, prostate volume, length of hospital stay, unilateral or bilateral embolization), Charlson comorbidity index evaluation and Clavien-Dindo classification for procedural complications were reviewed. Successful removal of permanent urinary catheter was analyzed at one month after the procedure. RESULTS: A total of 26 patients were included in the review. The median age was 85 years with a median prostate volume of 90 mL. A Charlson comorbidity score above 7 was obtained in 88.5% of the subjects. Only one patient had one Clavien-Dindo III complication. Of the 26 subjects, 17 (65.4%) had spontaneous micturition and a postvoid residual lower than 100 mL at one month post procedure. Overall, catheter removal was achieved in 19 out of 26 subjects (73.1%). CONCLUSION: PAE is a safe and effective treatment for patients with permanent urinary catheterization who are ineligible for surgical treatment.

The complications of the HoLEP learning curve. A systematic review. / Análisis de las complicaciones en el aprendizaje del HoLEP: revisión sistemática.

BACKGROUND: Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) could have better outcomes with decreased complication rates if compared to traditional techniques (transurethral resection and open prostatectomy) for the surgical relief of bladder outlet obstruction. Despite this, its use has not been implemented in the urology community, probably due to the high complication rates of the HoLEP learning curve (HoLC). OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of the complication rates in HoLC and compare these with those of traditional techniques. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: a systematic literature search was performed in MedLine and Embase using the search terms «HoLEP¼ and «holmium laser enucleation¼. We identified 680 records and selected 15 studies following PRISMA criteria. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: 1705 cases in the learning curves of 59 surgeons were analyzed. Most of the studies do not report complications in a standardized way. Intraoperative complication rates are low and usually without long-term impact. Postoperative complication rates are limited and show improvement with practice. The complication rates in the HoLC are similar or lower to those reported by traditional techniques. CONCLUSION: Complication rates in HoLC are not higher than those reported by traditional techniques. HoLEP learning should not be delayed for fear of increasing complications or their severity.

Generation and initial characterization of the prolactin-inducible protein (PIP) null mouse: accompanying global changes in gene expression in the submandibular gland.

The human prolactin-inducible protein/gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (hPIP/GCDFP-15) is a secretory glycoprotein found primarily in apocrine tissues including the breast and salivary glands. With largely unknown functions, PIP has been implicated in breast cancer and metastasis, host defense processes and T lymphocyte apoptosis. To begin to address PIP function in vivo, we generated the PIP null mouse (Pip-/-). Additionally, to determine the effect of the loss of PIP on gene expression and to gain insight into some of the molecular mechanisms underlying PIP function, microarray analysis of the submandibular gland was also undertaken. Pip-/- mice developed normally with no overt differences in behaviour or gross morphology and were fertile. However, histological examination of 3-month-old Pip-/- mice sometimes showed enlarged submandibular lymph nodes, lymphocytic aggregations within the prostate lobes, and enlarged medulla in the thymus. Functional analysis of gene expression revealed sets of multiple differentially expressed genes associated with cell death and survival, lipid metabolism, inflammation, immune disease, and cancer, as a consequence of mPIP abrogation. Taken together, these studies lend support to an immunomodulatory role for PIP in vivo and provide further insights into potentially novel signaling pathways and regulatory networks for PIP.

Urinary markers in the surveillance of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. A literature review. / Marcadores urinarios en la vigilancia del tumor vesical no músculo infiltrante. Revisión de la literatura.

BACKGROUND: The surveillance of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is usually performed by cystoscopy and cytology. Until today, no effective urinary biomarker has been used to reduce the morbidity and cost associated with these procedures. OBJECTIVE: To describe the performance of urinary biomarkers in the surveillance of NMIBC. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: on August 1, 2018, a bibliographic search was carried out in Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane Library, limited to the last 10 years, with the terms: bladder cancer, recurrence, detection and urine marker.973 registers were obtained, and 27 publications were selected following the PRISMA recommendations. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The negative predictive values (NPV) of several assays could reduce the number of cystoscopies in NMIBC surveillance. Six transcription-factor trials had an NPV rate greater than 90%, and one of them can be performed at the control point. Six transcription-factors evaluations describe anticipated diagnosis between 68% and 83% of their "false positives". Two transcription factors and one protein assays proved reduction between 23% and 35% of surveillance cystoscopies. Nowadays, cell-based assays are restricted to reflex test after doubtful cytologies. CONCLUSION: There are few studies analysing the improvement of the NMIBC surveillance protocols. Several transcription factor assays are more precise and allow anticipatory diagnosis. Currently, there are no comparative studies between alternative surveillance protocols and classic ones.

Predictive value of hypoxia in advanced head and neck cancer after treatment with hyperfractionated radio-chemotherapy and hypoxia modification.

PURPOSE: Hypoxia has predictive value in head and neck cancer (HNC). It has been well described, albeit in a small number of clinical Centres. The aim of this study was to describe our experience using the polarographic probe technique to assess the predictive value of tumour oxygenation in patients with advanced HNC treated with hyperfractionated radio-chemotherapy. Hypoxia modification was induced using percutaneous spinal cord stimulation (SCS). METHODS/PATIENTS: Male patients (n = 12; stage IVb n = 8; IVa n = 4; mean age 58: range 46-70 years) with advanced HNC were evaluated. Planned therapy was hyperfractionated-radiotherapy, oral tegafur (precursor of 5-fluorouracil) and hypoxia modification using SCS. Pre-treatment analyses included: haemoglobin levels and tumour oxygenation (using the Eppendorf polarographic probe device). Oxygenation was expressed as median-pO2 (in mmHg) and hypoxia as the percentage of pO2 values ≤5 mmHg (HP5) and ≤2.5 mmHg (HP2.5). RESULTS: Lower haemoglobin levels were directly correlated with median pO2 (p = 0.017) and inversely correlated with HP5 (p = 0.020) and more advanced stages (IVb vs. IVa; p = 0.028). Patients who subsequently developed systemic metastasis had tumours that were more hypoxic, with lower median pO2 (p = 0.036) and higher HP5 (p = 0.036). The subgroup of patients with HP2.5 above the median (the most hypoxic tumours) had lower loco-regional control (p = 0.027), cause-specific survival (p = 0.008), and overall survival (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Higher tumour hypoxia showed predictive value in HNC in our study, and was significantly associated with lower overall survival, cause-specific survival, and loco-regional control. Tumour hypoxia determination could be used to select patients who would most benefit by hypoxia modification during chemo-radiotherapy of HNC.

Therapeutic enquiries about biological agents as a tool to identify safety aspects and patterns of use.

BACKGROUND: Biotechnological agents (BA) are increasingly being used in clinical practice. We aimed to determine, whether enquiries about them to a therapeutic consultation service have also become more frequent, and to describe the information requested in these consultations. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 14 104 therapeutic consultations collected in a computerised database between 2000 and 2014. Enquiries about BA (monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins or cytokine antagonists) were chosen. Information on the type of BA, underlying condition, type of enquiry and affiliation of the enquirer was retrieved and compared with data from consultations about other agents. RESULTS: During the study period, 365 enquiries about 30 different BA were received. Only 4% of them were received before 2004, while 48.8% were received after 2010. Rituximab, infliximab, adalimumab and etanercept were most frequently enquired about. Agent selection (n=184) and/or adverse effects (n=174) were the most frequent reasons for making an enquiry. Most enquiries about an agent selection were made about an off-label use (n=164), mainly for systemic autoimmune diseases (n=61). Over half of the enquiries about adverse effects were about their teratogenic potential (n=96). Enquiries about BA more often requested an opinion (87.7% vs 77.7%) were made by physicians (89.9% vs 76.9%), from a hospital (81.6% vs 44.5%) and regarded a specific patient (87.4% vs 74.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic consultations about BA are increasing. Most of them are related to uncertainties of health professionals regarding any new medicine: their off-label use, actual adverse effects or the teratogenic potential of the involved agents.

Short exposure to millimolar concentrations of ethanol induces apoptotic cell death in multicellular HepG2 spheroids.

PURPOSE: We have shown previously that 1 mM ethanol reduces cell proliferation and increases apoptosis in monolayers of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. However, in vivo liver tumors are usually three-dimensional and multicellular. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the effect of ethanol in multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) as a model system in vitro. METHODS: After the application of 1 mM ethanol for 24 h and 48 h, viable, apoptotic and necrotic cells within MCTS were stained with specific fluorescent dyes, and their amount and distribution within the MCTS were assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. To evaluate the effect on HepG2 cell migration and cell proliferation, the outgrowth potential after 1 week in culture was evaluated. RESULTS: As assessed by YO-PRO-1 staining, ethanol increased the number of apoptotic cells from 21.5 units (U) in control spheroids to 364 U and 482.2 U after 24 h and 48 h in ethanol-treated spheroids, respectively (P < 0.001). Merocyanine staining fluorescence increased from 10.7 U in the control to 122 U after 24 h and 293.2 U after 48 h (P < 0.001). Cell viability, as determined by staining with the acetoxymethyl ester of calcein, decreased from 578.5 U in the control to 236 U and 73.4 U after 24 h and 48 h of ethanol exposure respectively (P < 0.001). Necrosis showed an increase from 2 U in control to 24.9 after 24 h and 54 U after 48 h. MCTS treated with ethanol showed almost complete inhibition of outgrowth potential after 1 week in culture, compared to controls (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Small concentrations of ethanol (1 mM) induced apoptosis in HepG2 MCTS with a concomitant inhibition on outgrowth potential, accompanied with a low degree of necrosis. These findings suggest that low concentrations of ethanol may already be sufficient for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Cytotoxicity of millimolar concentrations of ethanol on HepG2 human tumor cell line compared to normal rat hepatocytes in vitro.

PURPOSE: The antiproliferative effect of high concentrations of ethanol (80-100 mmol) on liver carcinoma is well known. However, the high concentrations of ethanol affect both tumor cells and normal hepatocytes. The present study was designed to determine the effect of low ethanol concentrations (0-10 mmol) on cell proliferation and cell death (apoptosis and necrosis) in a human tumor cell line HepG2 and in normal rat hepatocytes. METHODS: Primary cultures of normal rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells cultures were used. Cells were incubated with increasing ethanol concentrations or without ethanol (control group) for 24 h and analyzed immediately (group I) or after an additional incubation time of 48 h without additional ethanol application (group II). Cell proliferation was determined by assessing 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. Apoptosis was assessed by means of DNA fragmentation and cysteine aspartate-specific protease (caspase-3) activity. Necrosis was analyzed by quantification of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release into culture medium. RESULTS: Twenty-four h exposure to 1 mmol ethanol inhibited cell proliferation in HepG2 cells by 75% (P < 0.05), while it remained unaltered in rat hepatocytes. The effect of ethanol persisted for another 48 h where cell proliferation was 5% of control in HepG2 cells and 70% of control in rat hepatocytes (P < 0.005). After 24 h incubation with 1 mmol ethanol 28% of HepG2 cells and 12% of rat hepatocytes showed DNA fragmentation as sign of apoptosis (P < 0.001). In group II 39% of HepG2 cells and 26% of rat hepatocytes were apoptotic (P < 0.001). Caspase-3 activation progressively increased after ethanol treatment in HepG2 cells and rat hepatocytes. The first significant difference was observed after 4 h (activity in HepG2 was 68% higher than in rat hepatocytes) and was maximum after 10 to 12 h where the activity in HepG2 was 180% of the activity in rat hepatocytes. Lactate dehydrogenase release into culture medium as an indicator of necrosis in HepG2 cells, increased from 0.5% in group I to 12% in group II, and from 0.1% to 8% in rat hepatocytes (P < 0.005). Increasing ethanol concentration to 10 mmol increased necrosis to 75% in HepG2 cells, and to 45% in rat hepatocytes (P < 0.05) whereas the effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: Small ethanol concentrations (equivalent to 1 mmol) inhibit cell proliferation and increase apoptosis more strongly in HepG2 cells than in normal rat hepatocytes. These findings suggest the use of 1 mmol ethanol as a treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma because this mainly affects tumor cells but not surrounding normal tissue.

Apoptosis induced in HepG2 cells by short exposure to millimolar concentrations of ethanol involves the Fas-receptor pathway.

PURPOSE: We previously found that ethanol-induced apoptosis is associated with an activation of caspase-3. However, the initial triggering of this process is yet unknown. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine whether the Fas-receptor pathway plays a role in the initiation by ethanol of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell apoptosis. METHODS: HepG2 cells were incubated with or without 1 mM ethanol for 24 h. Apoptosis was assessed by DNA fragmentation and caspase-8 activity. Selective inhibitors of caspase-8 and caspase-9 were used to analyze the role of both caspases on apoptosis. Soluble human Fas ligand (Fas-L) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A fluorescent dye was used to investigate the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane. A recombinant Fas fusion protein was used to inhibit the activation of Fas receptors. Human anti-Fas-L antibody was employed to neutralize Fas-L released from the cells. RESULTS: Caspase-8 activity increased significantly threefold (P < 0.005) after 12 h incubation of HepG2 cells with 1 mM ethanol whereas no change was observed in control cells. Incubation with caspase-8 inhibitor completely prevented apoptosis induced by ethanol (P < 0.001). In contrast, a caspase-9 inhibitor did not significantly reduce apoptosis. The permeability of the outer mitochondrial membrane was not altered. Neutralization of Fas-receptors by Fas fusion proteins completely attenuated ethanol-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells treated with ethanol. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that apoptosis induced by low concentrations of ethanol in human HepG2 cells is associated with Fas-receptor activation and subsequent caspase-8 activation. Triggering of apoptosis through Fas-receptors represents a mechanism of action different from that observed with high concentrations of ethanol.

Effects of doxorubicin, mitomycin C, and ethanol on Hep-G2 cells in vitro.

There are conflicting results for experiments aimed at determining whether anticancer drug therapy of human hepatocellular carcinoma prolongs the survival rate effectively. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of low concentrations of doxorubicin, mitomycin C, and ethanol on cell replication (cell number and proliferation), and cell apoptosis of cultured human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep-G2) cells. After 1 day of exposure doxorubicin inhibited cell replication initially by 72%, but a partial recovery of the cell number was observed. Mitomycin C inhibited to the same extent but without recovery. Ethanol reduced the cell number even further, the maximum inhibition (12 days after exposure) being 96.4%. After 3 days of exposure all three agents stopped cell replication at a level of 2%-4% of the control (P < 0.001). Cell apoptosis was activated most strikingly by mitomycin C (5 microg/ml) after 1 day of exposure and by ethanol (150 microl/ml) after 3 days of exposure. Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences, with ethanol being the most significant followed by mitomycin C doxorubicin, and the control (P < 0.01). Thus, a low dose of ethanol combined with an exposure time of up to 3 days appears to be an effective regimen to control growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro. The strong induction of apoptosis by ethanol might be of additional benefit for a local application in vivo.

Balloon dilatation of the prostate for treatment of benign hyperplasia.

Trasurethral balloon dilatation of the prostate is a safe and simple procedure. It can be performed on an outpatient basis using topical anesthesia and sedation. The morbidity is minimal. The short-term results are encouraging. Prospective randomized studies are needed to determine the role of transurethral dilatation in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Prostatic urethroplasty with balloon catheter as a nonsurgical alternative for benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Prostatic urethroplasty with a balloon catheter is an easy procedure to perform, but certain guidelines must be followed to avoid complications. This procedure will reduce the overall treatment cost of benign prostatic hyperplasia significantly. Preliminary results range from 70% to 85% symptomatic improvement or resolution of the prostatism symptoms. Its recurrence rate is still not known, but a small one is expected. Nevertheless, because of the noninvasiveness, low cost, and simplicity of the procedure, it potentially could be repeated, if necessary. This procedure is one that when it is done in combination with another specialist, in this case a urologist, the patient will benefit by the use of the expertise of both the urologist's knowledge of the disease of the urinary system and the interventional radiologist's skills with catheters and guide wires.

Alternative treatment of prostatic urethral obstruction secondary to benign prostatic hypertrophy. Non-surgical balloon catheter prostatic dilatation.

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) produces symptoms that currently can only be treated surgically either by open or endoscopic prostatectomy. We have undertaken animal (1) and human studies to determine if invasive radiologic techniques utilizing balloon catheters could be applied to the treatment of this common ailment. We report a series of twelve patients treated by retrograde transurethral balloon catheter prostatic dilatation. The procedure is performed using topical anesthesia with a specially designed balloon catheter (Medi-Tech, Inc.). The procedure is done on an outpatient basis and is completed within approximately 15 minutes. Relatively long-term results have resulted in persistent relief of symptoms. No complications have been encountered. We anticipate that balloon dilatation of the prostatic urethra will have a major impact on the treatment of BPH based on the promising preliminary results. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is associated with moderate morbidity and significant cost which can be reduced by the proposed procedure.

Angioplasty-induced pseudoaneurysm successfully treated with a Palmaz stent. A case report.

Pseudoaneurysm formation and vessel rupture are considered rare complications of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), and few reported cases exist in the literature. The true incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation is unknown, for follow-up angiography is not routinely performed unless symptoms recur or persist. Currently, the only intervention widely accepted for angioplasty-induced pseudoaneurysm involves surgical excision or repair. The authors describe a case of successfully treated pseudoaneurysm with a noncovered stent.