Liver mitochondrial DNA damage and genetic variability of Cytochrome b - a key component of the respirasome - drive the severity of fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) into severe histological forms (steatohepatitis - NASH) is paralleled by the occurrence of complex molecular processes. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark feature of advanced disease. Mitochondrially encoded cytochrome B (cytochrome b, MT-CYB), a member of the oxidative phosphorylation system, is a key component of the respirasome supercomplex. Here, we hypothesized that NAFLD severity is associated with liver tissue cytochrome b mutations and damaged mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). METHODS: We included 252 liver specimens of NAFLD patients - in whom histological disease ranged from mild to severe - which were linked to clinical and biochemical information. Tissue molecular explorations included MT-CYB sequencing and analysis of differential mtDNA damage. Profiling of circulating Krebs cycle metabolites and global liver transcriptome was performed in a subsample of patients. Tissue levels of 4-hydroxynonenal - a product of lipid peroxidation and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative damage - were measured. RESULTS: Compared to simple steatosis, NASH is associated with a higher level of MT-CYB variance, 12.1 vs. 15.6 substitutions per 103  bp (P = 5.5e-10). The burden of variants was associated with increased levels of 2-hydroxyglutarate, branched-chain amino acids, and glutamate, and changes in the global liver transcriptome. Liver mtDNA damage was associated with advanced disease and inflammation. NAFLD severity was associated with increased tissue levels of DNA oxidative adducts and lipid peroxyl radicals. CONCLUSION: NASH is associated with genetic alterations of the liver cellular respirasome, including high cytochrome b variation and mtDNA damage, which may result in broad cellular effects.

Neutrophil CD64 expression, procalcitonin and presepsin are useful to differentiate infections from flares in SLE patients with SIRS.

Background/Objective Differentiating systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) activity from infections in febrile patients is difficult because of similar initial clinical presentation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of a number of biomarkers for differentiating infections from activity in SLE patients admitted with systemic inflammatory response (SIRS). Methods Patients with SLE and SIRS admitted to the emergency room were included in this study. Measurements of different markers including procalcitonin, neutrophil CD64 expression and presepsin, were performed. Infection was considered present when positive cultures and/or polymerase chain reaction were obtained. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for all biomarkers. Results Twenty-seven patients were admitted, 23 women (82.5%), mean age 33.2 years. An infectious disease was confirmed in 12 cases. Markers for SLE activity including anti-DNA titers by IIF ( p = 0.041) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( p = 0.009) were used for differentiating SLE flares from infection. On the contrary, increased procalcitonin ( p = 0.047), neutrophil CD64 expression by flow cytometry ( p = 0.037) and presepsin ( p = 0.037) levels were observed in infected SLE patients. Conclusions High neutrophil CD64 expression, presepsin and procalcitonin levels are useful to differentiate infections from activity in SLE patients. In most cases, a positive bioscore that includes these three markers demonstrate the presence of an infectious disease.

Septicemia due to Bacillus clausii after the use of probiotics. A complication to keep in mind. / Septicemia por Bacillus clausii posterior al uso de probióticos. Una complicación para tener presente.

Probiotics are live microorganisms that benefit the host in different clinical situations. Bacillus clausii is one of the most frequently used, but it is not without risk. To date, there are few reports of complications secondary to this agent in pediatric patients. OBJECTIVE: To describe the case of an infant who developed after treatment sepsis due to Bacillus clausii. CLINICAL CASE: A 4-month-old female infant of indigenous ethnicity, from a rural area in the interior of Panama, 3 hours away from the nearest health sub-center by canoe, and with protein-calorie malnutrition, presented with acute diarrhea and moderate-severe dehydration, receiving Enterogermina as part of the initial treatment. She was transferred to a tertiary hospital, where she arrived with impaired consciousness, respiratory distress, and signs of shock. The initial blood culture reported growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the gastrointestinal panel was positive for Clostridiodes difficile, and later serial blood cultures of peripheral blood and central venous catheter confirmed growth of Bacillus clausii. With a torpid evolution and resistance to multiple antibiotic schemes, she died due to multisystem organ failure twelve days after admission. CONCLUSIONS: The use of probiotics as concomitant treatment in patients with some degree of immunosuppression should be administered with caution, considering the presence of risk criteria for complications such as malnutrition or intestinal epithelial damage due to severe diarrhea since they predispose to the development of bacteremia and/or sepsis.

Mathematical modelling of in situ and in vitro efflux of ciprofloxacin and grepafloxacin.

The efflux process due to p-glycoprotein-like mechanisms of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and grepafloxacin (GRX) has been studied "in situ" in rats and "in vitro" in Caco-2 cells. The results were modelled by a curve fitting procedure which allowed the characterization of the passive (Pd) and carrier mediated parameters (Vm and Km) from the raw data without initial velocities estimation. CIP absorption in rat was characterized as a passive diffusion at the assayed concentrations. Although the involvement of an efflux transporter cannot be ruled out, its relevance in the transport of the fluoroquinolone is negligible. In GRX absorption, an efflux process is implicated and it is detected in both absorption models. GRX permeability depends on the intestinal segment, reflecting the previously reported different expression level of the efflux transporters along the gut in rat. A first attempt to correlate the "in vitro" and the "in situ" data has been done. The mathematical model has been constructed using very simplistic assumptions and it will require further refinement but, nevertheless, the results are promising and demonstrate that a good modelling approach helps to identify the system critical parameters and how the system behaviour change when the parameters are modified as it happens when we move from the "in vitro" to the "in situ" level. Predicted versus experimental permeability values show a good correlation, demonstrating that the relevance of the secretion process "in situ" in rat can be predicted from the "in vitro" cell results.

[Autoimmune pancreatitis. An infrequent or underdiagnosed entity? Pathological, clinical and immunological characteristics]. / Pancreatitis autoinmune. 'Una entidad poco frecuente o infradiagnosticada? Características anatomopatológicas, clínicas e inmunológicas.

In the last few years, reports of pancreatic inflammatory diseases caused by immunological mechanisms and with good response to steroid treatment have increased. Although this entity has been known by a number of names, at present the most widely accepted is that of autoimmune chronic pancreatitis (ACP). The present report describes the clinical, immunological, morphological, functional and pathological characteristics of two patients recently studied at our unit and discusses currently used diagnostic tests. The two patients had a complete response to steroid therapy. In our opinion, ACP is probably underdiagnosed in Spain. The availability of morphological, pathological and serological diagnostic tools developed in recent years will help to precisely determine the epidemiology of this process. Thus, quantification of serum levels of anti-carbonic anhydrase II and IgG4 has greatly contributed to the diagnosis of ACP. These tests should be performed in patients with a possible diagnosis of ACP, those suffering from diabetes mellitus type I with impairment of exocrine function, and those with alcoholic pancreatitis and a poor response to alcohol elimination. Once we are able to diagnose and determine the real prevalence of ACP in our setting, the most appropriate therapy and prognosis of this disease can be established.

Mendelian randomisation suggests no beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption on the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND: Previous epidemiological studies suggest that patients diagnosed with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) who drink light to moderate amounts of alcohol (up to ~30 g per day) have less severe histological lesions compared with nondrinkers. However, while the cross-sectional nature of current evidence precludes assessment of causality, cumulative lifetime-exposure of moderate alcohol consumption on histological outcomes has never been evaluated. AIM: To overcome these limitations, a Mendelian randomisation study was performed using a validated genetic variant (rs1229984 A;G) in the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1B) gene as a proxy of long-term alcohol exposure. METHODS: We first assessed whether the instrumental variant (rs1229984) was associated with the amount of alcohol consumption in our cohort. We further explored the association between the variant and histological outcomes; a sample of 466 individuals, including 266 patients with NAFLD confirmed by liver biopsy, was studied. RESULTS: We found that carriers of the A-allele consumed significantly lower amounts of alcohol compared with noncarriers (2.3 ± 5.3 vs. 8.18 ± 21 g per day, mean ± s.d., P = 0.03). The analysis of association with the disease severity showed that carriers of the A-allele had lower degree of histological steatosis (1.76 ± 0.83 vs. 2.19 ± 0.78, P = 0.03) and lower scores of lobular inflammation (0.54 ± 0.65 vs. 0.95 ± 0.92, P = 0.02) and NAFLD-Activity Score (2.9 ± 1.4 vs. 3.7 ± 1.4, P = 0.015) compared with noncarriers. CONCLUSION: Mendelian randomisation analysis suggests no beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption on NAFLD disease severity.

Obesity, metabolic profile, and inhibition failure: Young women under scrutiny.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity, as well as evidence about this pathology as a risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia in the elderly, is increasing worldwide. Executive functions have been found to be compromised in most studies, although the specific results are dissimilar. Obese young women constitute an interesting study and intervention group, having been found to be unaffected by age and hormonal negative effects on cognition and considering that their health problems affect not only themselves but their families and offspring. The objective of the present study was to compare the executive performance of obese young women with that of a healthy control group. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was done among premenopausal women from a public hospital in Buenos Aires. The sample comprised 113 participants (32 healthy controls and 81 obese women), who were evaluated for depressive and anxiety symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and executive functioning (Trail-Making Test B, Stroop Color and Word Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and verbal fluency test). Statistical analysis was done by using the SPSS version 20.0 software. RESULTS: Among executive functions, a significant difference was found between groups in inhibition (p<0.01). No correlation was found between psychopathologic measures and Stroop Test Interference results. We found slight correlations between Stroop Test Interference results, waist circumference, fat mass and HDL-cholesterol. In obese group, there was a negative slightly correlation between this cognitive test and 2h post-load glucose level. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition was decreased in our obese young women group, and glucose/lipid metabolism may be involved in this association. The cognitive impairment is comparable with that described in addictive conditions. Our conclusions support the concept of multidisciplinary management of obese patients from the time of diagnosis. Detecting and understanding cognitive dysfunction in this population is essential to providing appropriate treatment.

A comparison of the effects of D-003 and policosanol (5 and 10 mg/day) in patients with type II hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, double-blinded study.

The main goal of hypercholesterolemia management for coronary prevention is to reduce serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. D-003 is a mixture of high molecular weight aliphatic acids purified from sugarcane wax, while policosanol is a cholesterol-lowering drug purified from the same source, consisting in a mixture of higher aliphatic alcohols. No previous comparative study of both drugs in humans has been reported. This randomized, double-blind study compares the efficacy and tolerability of D-003 and policosanol (5 and 10 mg/day) in patients with type II hypercholesterolemia. After a baseline period, 100 patients were randomized to D-003 or policosanol both at 5 mg/day and 10 mg/day, for 8 weeks. D-003 and policosanol 5 mg/day reduced (p < 0.0001) LDL-C by 26.9% and 20.9%, respectively. These reductions increased with 10 mg/day (35.1% for D-003, 25.1% for policosanol. The reductions of LDL-C achieved with D-003 5 mg/day and 10 mg/day were greater (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively) than with policosanol. The frequency of patients treated with D-003 (5 mg/day) reaching LDL-C reductions > or = 15% (22/25, 88%) was greater (p < 0.01) than with policosanol (5 mg/day) (19/25, 76%), and the same was true for D-003 10 mg/day (25/25, 100%) and policosanol (22/25, 88%; p < 0.01). D-003 and policosanol (5 mg/day) also lowered (p < 0.001) total cholesterol (TC) (16.2% and 13.5%, respectively), and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) by 15.3% (D-003) and 6.7% (policosanol). At 10 mg/day, D-003 and policosanol reduced (p < 0.001) TC (21.3% and 16.0%, respectively), while HDL-C was increased by 17.3% and 9.8%, respectively, D-003 being more effective than policosanol. Treatments did not affect triglycerides. Both drugs were well tolerated, with D-003 tolerated as well as policosanol. Three patients discontinued the study, none due to adverse events (AEs). Seven patients (three from the D-003 group and four from the policosanol group) experienced mild AEs. In conclusion, D-003 (5 and 10 mg/day) administered to patients with type II hypercholesterolemia was more effective than policosanol in lowering LDL-C and TC, and in increasing HDL-C. D-003 could be useful for treating type II hypercholesterolemia, but this subject deserves further clinical research.

Effects of D-003, a mixture of very long chain fatty acids purified from sugar cane wax, at 5 and 10 mg/day on platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers.

D-003 is a mixture of high molecular weight aliphatic primary acids purified from sugar cane wax with antiplatelet and cholesterol-lowering effects. Previous studies showed that D-003 (10-20 mg/day) administered for a short time inhibits platelet aggregation, 14 days being the longest duration investigated. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of D-003 (5 and 10 mg/day) for 30 days on platelet aggregation in normocholesterolemic subjects. This report shows the effects of D-003 on platelet aggregation to arachidonic acid (AA) (1.5 mM), collagen (2 microg/ml) and adenosine 5'-diphosphate ADP (2 microM) assessed at baseline and at treatment completion. Fifty-four subjects were randomized to placebo or D-003 (5 or 10 mg/day) for 30 days. Platelet aggregation to AA, collagen and ADP were assessed. D-003 at the lowest dose (5 mg/day) significantly but modestly inhibited (p < 0.01) platelet aggregation to AA (5.0%) and (p < 0.01) to collagen (7.5%). D-003 at 10 mg/day inhibited (p < 0.001) platelet aggregation to AA and collagen (p < 0.01) by 20.3% and 14.7%, respectively. ADP-induced aggregation, however, was unchanged. D-003 at 10 mg/day, but not at 5 mg/day, lowered (p < 0.01) plasma fibrinogen. D-003 (5 and 10 mg/day) reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by 17.7% and 26.4%, respectively, and total cholesterol (TC) by 14.5% and 18.5%, while at 10 mg/day, but not at 5 mg/day, it increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) by 9.6%. Triglycerides, however, were unchanged with D-003. No disturbances in safety indicators were induced with D-003. One subject (D-003 5 mg/day) discontinued the study and four patients (three taking D-003 and one taking placebo) reported adverse effects (AE) (headache in two patients taking D-003 and one patient taking placebo, and polyphagia in one patient taking D-003). In conclusion, D-003 (5-10 mg/day) for 30 days inhibited platelet aggregation to AA and collagen but not to ADP Therefore, the antiplatelet effect was present with the longer treatment, even at a dose of 5 mg/day. The cholesterol-lowering effects of D-003 were consistent with those expected for such a short treatment. In addition, D-003 at 10 mg/day significantly lowered plasma fibrinogen. The treatment was well tolerated.

The effect of D-003 (10 mg/day) on biochemical parameters of bone remodelling in postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind study.

Biphosphonates, which are antiresorptive agents used to treat osteoporosis, inhibit the mevalonate pathway, preventing protein prenylation and inhibiting osteoclast activity. Statins decrease cholesterol biosynthesis by blocking the mevalonate pathway and have been reported to have beneficial effects on bone. D-003 is a mixture of high molecular weight acids purified from sugarcane wax that inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis before mevalonate production. D-003 prevents bone loss and resorption in rats with osteoporosis induced with ovariectomy or corticoids. Biochemical markers of bone turnover are used to monitor the short-term efficacy of antiosteoporotic therapy. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was undertaken to investigate the short-term effects of D-003 (10 mg/day) on biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density (BMD). After 4 weeks on a low-fat diet, 34 women were randomized to D-003 (10 mg/day) or placebo for 6 months. Pre- and post-treatment samples were analyzed for urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline (DPD)/creatinine (Cr), a marker of bone resorption, and serum bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), a marker of bone formation. The effects on lipid profile and safety indicators, as well as adverse events (AE), were investigated. D-003 (10 mg/day) lowered urinary excretion of tDPD/Cr versus baseline (20.6%) (p < 0.001) and placebo (33.7%) (p < 0.01), but did not modify serum BSAP. D-003 decreased low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (32.8%), total cholesterol (TC) (16.4%) and the TC/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio (34.7%), increased HDL-C (30.3%) (p < 0.001) and did not modify triglycerides. The effects on these variables were significant as early as 3 months after treatment initiation. D-003 was well tolerated. Three patients (one in the placebo group and two in the D-003 group) withdrew from the study. Two of these withdrawals were due to AE: abdominal pain (placebo) and heartburn (D-003). Five patients (four in the placebo group [22.2%] and one in the D-003 group [6.3%]) reported mild AE. In conclusion, D-003 (10 mg/day) reduced urinary excretion of tDPD/Cr, a bone resorption marker and did not change serum BSAP, a bone formation marker, while it lowered cholesterol in study patients. These preliminary results suggest that D-003 could be useful in treating postmenopausal women with low BMD. However, the potential value of D-003 in treating or preventing osteoporosis deserves further clinical investigation.

Effects of concurrent therapy with policosanol and omega-3 fatty acids on lipid profile and platelet aggregation in rabbits.

BACKGROUND: Policosanol is a mixture of high-molecular-weight aliphatic primary alcohols isolated from sugarcane wax with cholesterol-lowering and antiplatelet effects. Omega-3 fatty acids (FA) from fish oil can protect against coronary disease. An antiarrhythmic mechanism is emerging as the most convincing explanation for omega-3 FA cardiovascular protection, but triglyceride (TG)-lowering effects and inhibition of platelet function could play a role. In view of the effects of policosanol and omega-3 FA on lipid profile and platelet function, potential benefits of combined therapy were expected. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether combined therapy with policosanol and omega-3 FA would offer some benefit, compared with policosanol or omega-3 FA alone, on serum lipid profile and platelet aggregation in rabbits. METHODS: Male rabbits were randomly distributed in four groups (n = 9 per group). A control group received vehicle, one group was treated with policosanol 5 mg/kg and one with omega-3 FA (eicosapentaenoic acid; EPA [47.0%], docosahexaenoic acid; DHEA [41%]) 250 mg/kg, and the fourth received policosanol 5 mg/kg + omega-3 FA 250 mg/kg. Treatments were orally administered for 60 days. Bodyweight, food consumption and animal behaviour were performed at baseline and study completion. RESULTS: Policosanol significantly lowered low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) [42.7%; p < 0.01] and total cholesterol (TC) [29.4%; p < 0.05], increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) [15.4%; p < 0.05], but left TG levels unchanged. Omega-3 FA significantly lowered TG (47.1%; p < 0.05), but left TC, LDL-C and HDL-C unchanged. Combined therapy decreased LDL-C (38.7%; p < 0.05). Changes in TC, LDL-C and HDL-C obtained with combined therapy were greater (p < 0.05) than those with omega-3 FA, but similar to those with policosanol, whereas the opposite applied to TG reduction. No significant changes in lipid profile were observed in the control group. Policosanol and omega-3 FA significantly (p < 0.05) but moderately inhibited platelet aggregation induced with arachidonic acid (13.3% and 12.4%, respectively); combined therapy achieved greater inhibition (23.9%; p < 0.05). All groups showed similar food consumption and bodyweight gain. No toxic signs were observed in any animal. CONCLUSIONS: Concurrent therapy with policosanol 5 m/kg and omega-3 FA 250 mg/kg lowered LDL-C, TC and TG and increased HDL-C. All treatments inhibited platelet aggregation, but better effects were observed with policosanol + omega-3 FA compared with either treatment alone. Combined therapy was well tolerated. These results suggest that treatment with policosanol + omega-3 FA could be useful for regulating lipid profile and inhibiting platelet aggregation, but conclusive demonstration of such effects requires further experimental and clinical studies.

Effects of addition of policosanol to omega-3 fatty acid therapy on the lipid profile of patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia.

BACKGROUND: Policosanol is a mixture of higher aliphatic primary alcohols purified from sugar-cane wax. The mixture has cholesterol-lowering efficacy, its specific effects being to reduce serum total (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and to increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The effects of policosanol on triglycerides (TG) are modest and inconsistent. Omega-3 fatty acids (FA) from fish oil protect against coronary disease, mainly through antiarrhythmic and antiplatelet effects. Omega-3 FA also have lipid-modifying effects, mostly relating to TG reduction. Thus, potential benefits could be expected from combined therapy with omega-3 FA and policosanol. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether combined therapy with omega-3 FA + policosanol offers benefits compared with omega-3 FA + placebo with respect to the lipid profile of patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia. METHODS: This randomised, double-blind study was conducted in 90 patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia. After 5 weeks on a cholesterol-lowering diet, patients were randomised to omega-3 FA + placebo, omega-3 FA + policosanol 5 mg/day or omega-3 FA + policosanol 10 mg/day for 8 weeks. Omega-3 FA was supplied as 1g capsules (two per day); placebo and policosanol were provided in tablet form. Physical signs and laboratory markers were assessed at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks on therapy. Drug compliance and adverse experiences (AEs) were assessed at weeks 4 and 8. The primary efficacy variable was LDL-C reduction; other lipid profile markers were secondary variables. RESULTS: After 8 weeks, omega-3 FA + policosanol 5 and 10 mg/day, but not omega-3 FA + placebo, significantly reduced LDL-C by 21.1% and 24.4%, respectively (both p < 0.0001). Omega-3 FA + policosanol 5 mg/day also significantly lowered TC (12.7%; p < 0.01) and TG (13.6%; p < 0.05), and significantly increased HDL-C (+14.4%; p < 0.001). Omega-3 FA + policosanol 10 mg/day significantly decreased TC (15.3%; p < 0.001) and TG (14.7%; p < 0.01), and significantly increased HDL-C (+15.5%; p < 0.0001). Omega-3 FA + placebo significantly reduced TG (14.2%; p < 0.05) but had no significant effect on other lipid profile variables. The proportion of randomised patients in the omega-3 FA + policosanol 5 or 10 mg/day groups that achieved LDL-C targets or reductions 15% was significantly greater than in the omega-3 FA + placebo group (p < 0.001). Combined therapy with omega-3 FA + policosanol 5 or 10 mg/day resulted in significantly greater changes in LDL-C, TC and HDL-C than treatment with omega-3 FA + placebo, but did not modify the TG response compared with the omega-3 FA + placebo group. Four patients (two in the omega-3 FA + placebo group and two in the omega-3 FA + policosanol 10 mg/day group) withdrew from the study; none of these withdrawals was due to AEs. Two patients reported mild AEs, namely nausea/headache (one in the omega-3 FA + placebo group) and heartburn (one in the omega-3 FA + policosanol 5 mg/day group). CONCLUSIONS: Policosanol 5 or 10 mg/day administered concomitantly with omega-3 FA 1 g/day improved LDL-C, TC and HDL-C, maintained the reduction in TG attributable to omega-3 FA monotherapy, and was well tolerated. Treatment with omega-3 FA + policosanol could be useful for regulating lipid profile in patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia, but further studies involving larger sample sizes are needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn.

Análisis de genotoxicidad en eritrocitos de tortugas (Phrynops hilarii) de sitios antropizados y naturales de Entre Ríos, Argentina / Analysis of genotoxicity in erithrocytes of turtles (Phrynops hilarii) from anthropized and natural sites of Entre Ríos, Argentina

El test de micronúcleos (MN) es un biomarcador de genotoxicidad no destructivo que permite detectar daño cromosómico y otras alteraciones nucleares (AN). Phrynops hilarii es un quelonio de agua dulce que habita regiones del centro-norte de Argentina. El objetivo principal fue determinar la presencia de MN y otras AN en eritrocitos de poblaciones naturales de P. hilarii comparando sus frecuencias entre tres sitios, dos antropizados y uno de control (ciudades de Diamante y Paraná) de Entre Ríos, Argentina, durante el periodo 2015-2016. Dieciocho individuos (seis por sitio de muestreo) fueron evaluados en los sitios: 1- PD: Parque Nacional Pre-Delta (control), 2- AG: Salto Ander Egg (agroecosistema) y 3- SU: Caleta Club Náutico (sistema urbano). Se extrajo sangre de la vena femoral. Las muestras se tiñeron con el método May Grünwald-Giemsa y se observaron bajo un microscopio con el objetivo de inmersión. Las frecuencias de micronúcleos (FMN) y alteraciones nucleares (FAN) se determinaron cada 1000 eritrocitos observados. Se encontró diferencia significativa (p<0,05) entre el sitio PD y los otros sitios (AG y SU), tanto para FMN (p=0,0021) como para FAN (p=0,0011). Los valores de las frecuencias más altos correspondieron al sitio AG (FMN: 3,33±0,62; FAN: 4,67±0,56). Finalmente, el biomonitoreo con P. hilarii fue útil, por lo que podría considerarse como especie bioindicadora para evaluar la calidad de los ambientes de Argentina.

The micronucleus test (MN) is a biomarker of non-destructive genotoxicity that allows chromosomal damage and other nuclear alterations (NA) to be detected. Phrynops hilarii is a freshwater chelonium that inhabits regions of central-northern Argentina. The main objective was to determine the presence of MN and other NA in erythrocytes of natural populations of P. hilarii comparing their frequencies between three sites, two anthropized and one of control (cities of Diamante and Paraná) of Entre Ríos, Argentina, during the period 2015-2016. Eighteen individuals (six per sampling site) were evaluated at the sites: 1- PD: Pre-Delta National Park (control), 2- AG: Salto Ander Egg (agroecosystem) and 3- SU: Caleta Club Náutico (urban system). Blood was obtained from the femoral vein. The samples were stained with the May Grünwald-Giemsa method and observed under a microscope with an immersion objective. Micronucleus (MNF) and nuclear alterations (NAF) frequencies were determined every 1000 erythrocytes observed. A significant difference (p<0.05) was found between the PD site and the other sites (AG and SU), both for MNF (p=0.0021) and for NAF (p=0.0011). The highest frequency values corresponded to the AG site (MNF: 3.33 ± 0.62; NAF: 4.67 ± 0.56). Finally, biomonitoring with P. hilarii was useful, so it could be considered as a bioindicator species to assess the quality of Argentina's environments.

Effects of policosanol in patients with type II hypercholesterolemia and additional coronary risk factors.

INTRODUCTION: This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of policosanol, a new cholesterol-lowering drug, in patients with type II hypercholesterolemia and additional coronary risk factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: After 5 weeks of a standard step-1 lipid-lowering diet, 437 patients were randomized to receive, under double-blind conditions, 5 mg policosanol or placebo once a day with the evening meal for 12 weeks and 10 mg policosanol or placebo for the next 12 weeks. RESULTS: Both groups were similar at randomization. Policosanol (5 and 10 mg/day) significantly reduced (P < .001) serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (18.2% and 25.6%, respectively) and cholesterol (13.0% and 17.4%), and it significantly raised (P < .01) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (15.5% and 28.4%). Triglycerides remained unchanged after the first 12 weeks and lowered significantly (5.2%; P < .01) at study completion. Policosanol was safe and well tolerated, and no drug-related disturbances were observed. Two male patients who received placebo died during the study--one because of a myocardial infarction and the other because of a cardiac arrest that occurred during a surgical intervention. There were 11 serious adverse events (5.1%) in 10 patients who received placebo (4.6%), 7 of which were vascular, compared with no serious adverse events reported in patients receiving policosanol (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Subjects in the group treated with policosanol did not have serious adverse events during the 24-week study. This study shows that policosanol is effective, safe, and well tolerated in patients with hypercholesterolemia and concomitant coronary risk factors.

Effects of policosanol in older patients with type II hypercholesterolemia and high coronary risk.

BACKGROUND: The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of policosanol in older patients with type II hypercholesterolemia and more than one concomitant atherosclerotic risk factor. METHODS: After 6 weeks on a lipid-lowering diet, 179 patients randomly received a placebo or policosanol at doses of 5 followed by 10 mg per day for successive 12-week periods of each dose. Policosanol (5 and 10 mg/d) significantly (p < .001) reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; 16.9% and 24.4%, respectively) and total cholesterol (TC; 12.8% and 16.2%, respectively), while significantly (p < .01) increasing (p < .001) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) by 14.6% and 29.1%, respectively. RESULTS: Policosanol significantly decreased (p < .01) the ratios of LDL-C to HDL-C (29.1%) and TC to HDL-C (28%) at study completion, although triglycerides remained unchanged. Policosanol, but not the placebo, significantly improved (p .01) cardiovascular capacity, which was assessed using the Specific Activity Scale. No serious adverse experiences occurred in policosanol patients (p < .01), compared with seven adverse experiences (7.9%) reported by placebo patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that policosanol is effective, safe, and well tolerated in older hypercholesterolemic patients.

Leopard spot retinal pigmentation in infancy indicating a peroxisomal disorder.

BACKGROUND: Neonatal adrenoleucodystrophy (NALD) is a rare disorder resulting from abnormal peroxisomal biogenesis. Affected patients present in infancy with developmental delay, hypotonia, and seizures. Blindness and nystagmus are prominent features. The authors suggest a characteristic leopard spot pigmentary pattern in the peripheral retina to be diagnostic. METHODS: Three patients are reported with this presentation; the characteristic retinal appearance resulted in early diagnosis for one of these. CONCLUSION: Leopard spot retinopathy in an infant with hypotonia, seizures, developmental delay, with or without dysmorphic features and hearing impairment, is a clue to the diagnosis of NALD.

Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and absorption of flumequine in the rat.

The study demonstrates that the oral extent of bioavailability of flumequine in the rat, relative to the intravenous injection, is complete (0.94 +/- 0.04) and not significantly different from that found by the intraduodenal route (0.95 +/- 0.04). The rate of oral bioavailability, however, is slow (ka = 1.20 +/- 0.07 h-1; Tmax = 2.0 h), but enough to maintain plasma levels above the minimal inhibitory concentration of the most common pathogens for an extended period of time (about 10 h). The reason for the oral absorption slowness could be a slow gastric emptying, an adsorption to the gastric mucosae, a precipitation in the gastric medium or any other feature concerning the stomach as the intraduodenal administration is very quick (kid = 38.1 +/- 4.7 h-1; Tmax = 0.05 h). A possible precipitation of flumequine cannot be discarded as the solubility of flumequine is very low in the pH range of 3 to 6 (mean pH values for rat stomach and rat intestine, respectively; T.T. Kararli, Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 16 (1995) 351-380). Flumequine was shown to be not substantially excreted in bile (2-3% of the dose). Surprisingly, plasma levels and AUC values found for animals with interrupted bile flow always surpass those found for animals with enterohepatic circulation. This could be due to experimental model features, which might bias plasmatic flumequine concentrations if the homeostatic equilibrium of the animal is not completely restored due to the volume reduction induced by biliary extraction.

Intrinsic absolute bioavailability prediction in rats based on in situ absorption rate constants and/or in vitro partition coefficients: 6-fluoroquinolones.

A preliminary study attempting to predict the intrinsic absolute bioavailability of a group of antibacterial 6-fluoroquinolones-including true and imperfect homologues as well as heterologues-was carried out. The intrinsic absolute bioavailability of the test compounds, F, was assessed on permanently cannulated conscious rats by comparing the trapezoidal normalized areas under the plasma concentration-time curves obtained by intravenous and oral routes (n = 8-12). The high-performance liquid chromatography analytical methods used for plasma samples are described. Prediction of the absolute bioavailability of the compounds was based on their intrinsic rat gut in situ absorption rate constant, k(a). The working equation was: where T represents the mean absorbing time. A T value of 0.93 (+/-0.06) h provides the best correlation between predicted and experimentally obtained bioavailabilities (F' and F, respectively) when k(a) values are used (slope a = 1.10; intercept b = -0.05; r = 0.991). The k(a) values can also be expressed in function of the in vitro partition coefficients, P, between n-octanol and a phosphate buffer. In this case, theoretical k(a) values can be determined with the parameters of a standard k(a)/P correlation previously established for a group of model compounds. When P values are taken instead of k(a) values, reliable bioavailability predictions can also be made. These and other relevant features of the method are discussed.

Comparison of the efficacy, safety and tolerability of original policosanol versus other mixtures of higher aliphatic primary alcohols in patients with type II hypercholesterolemia.

This randomized, double-blind study was undertaken to compare the efficacy and tolerability of policosanol and Octa-60 in patients with type II hypercholesterolemia. After 4 weeks on a diet, 110 patients were randomized to policosanol or Octa-60 5 mg tablets once a day for 5 weeks. The dose was then doubled to 10 mg/day for the next 5 weeks. Policosanol 5 and 10 mg/day significantly lowered low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (p<0.0001 and p<0.00001), the main efficacy variable, by 18.6% and 30.2%, while Octa-60 significantly reduced (p<0.05) LDL-C by 10.0% at study completion only. The frequency of policosanol patients reaching reductions of LDL-C > or = 15% after 5 mg/day (37/55; 67.3%) and 10 mg/day (47/55; 88.7%) was greater (p<0.01 and p<0.01) than in the Octa-60 group, which was 5/55 (9.1%) and 20/55 (36.4%). Likewise, the frequency of patients reaching LDL-C values of <3.4 mmol/l at study completion was greater (p<0.001) in the policosanol group (39/55, 70.9%) than in the Octa-60 group (6/55, 10.9%). Policosanol 5 and 10 mg/day significantly lowered (p<0.00001) total cholesterol (TC) (13.4% and 20.4%), LDL-C/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (22.1% and 37.0%) and TC/HDL-C (17.2% and 28.2%). Octa-60 at 10 mg/day lowered (p<0.05) TC (8.7%), LDL-C/HDL-C (12.6%) and TC/HDL-C (9.4%). HDL-C was increased (p<0.001 and 0.0001) by policosanol 5 and 10 mg/day (5.6% and 12.5%) but was unchanged by Octa-60. In both groups, triglycerides remained unchanged. Both treatments were safe and well tolerated. Octa-60, but not policosanol, significantly increased glucose and alanine aminotransferase, but individual values were within the normal range. Four patients (two from each group) discontinued the trial, but only one (in the Octa-60 group) did so because of an adverse event (AE) (skin rash). Overall, three patients (all from the Octa-60 group) reported AEs. In conclusion, original policosanol at 5 and 10 mg/day, but not Octa 60, was effective in patients with type II hypercholesterolemia. Thus, policosanol reached the efficacy criterion for LDL-C reduction in both steps, while Octa-60 failed to reach this goal. In addition, policosanol was better tolerated than Octa-60.