Lung cancer invading the superior vena cava - surgical treatment. A short and up-to-date review.

Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of lung cancer, occurring in approximately 5-10% of cases. There are difficulties in the process of surgical treatment of SVC infiltrated by lung tumors but the contribution of technological evolution and innovation is promising. At the same time, the amelioration of survival rates of patients subjected to surgical treatment is equally promising. The reported outcomes of surgical treatment for SVC invasion due to lung tumors vary depending on the extent of the tumor and the patient's overall health status. However, studies clearly suggest that surgical treatment can improve survival and quality of life in selected patients. The literature review showed that the surgical approach to lung cancer invading the SVC constitutes the most indispensable treatment which helps to achieve the long-term survival of patients.

Modified pericostal suture technique to reduce postoperative pain and provide optimum anatomic restoration after conversion of minimally invasive thoracic surgery to thoracotomy.

Minimally invasive thoracic techniques often need to be converted to open thoracotomy. Thoracotomy is associated with severe postoperative pain in 50% of the patients, and this situation can be maintained for a prolonged period. Many efforts have been made to avoid this complication. We propose an easy and fast thoracotomy closure technique to avoid nerve entrapment at the time of chest closure suitable for cases of conversion to thoracotomy after a minimally invasive attempt. The proposed method effectively avoids interference with the intercostal nerve, which remains intact and restores the anatomy of the intercostal space. Efforts to decrease postoperative pain are vital. Thoracic surgeons are the principal health professionals able to deal with operative factors and postoperative pain management. We believe that the use of this easy and fast technique can facilitate excellent anatomic repositioning of the ribs alongside nerve sparing.

Results of upfront surgery in a mixed stage population of patients with esophageal carcinoma: early outcome and long term survival.

PURPOSE: To evaluate early outcome and long term survival in a mixed stage population of patients undergoing upfront esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the data of 92 patients who underwent esophagectomy (thoracoabdominal: 76, Ivor-lewis: 16) between 1998 and 2017. Tumors were located in gastro-esophageal junction (52), lower third (31) and middle third (9) of the esophagus. Histology was: 73 adenocarcinomas and 19 squamous cell carcinomas. The stomach was used for reconstruction in 90 patients. A neck anastomosis was performed in 7 patients. End points of the study included: mortality, morbidity and long term survival. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to identify prognostic factors for survival. RESULTS: The mortality was 10.9% and 29 patients presented 49 complications. Anastomotic dehiscence occurred in 17.4% of the patients and represented the most common cause of death with mortality of 37.5%. Reoperation was necessary in 14 patients. Median survival reached 25 months with 3 and 5 year survival of 30.5% and 21% respectively. Early stage tumors, absence of nodal disease, well differentiated carcinomas and lymph node ratio ≤ 0.2 were associated with 5 year survival of 82.6%, 81.6%, 83.3% and 40.4% respectively. In multivariate analysis early stage disease (OR: 15.746, 95%CI: 4.332-58.579, p < 0.001) and lymph node ratio (OR: 1.700 95%CI: 1.051-2.752, p = 0.031) were statistically associated with long term survival. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the role of upfront surgery as the treatment of choice in early stage esophageal carcinomas without or with low nodal involvement.

Modified maximal thymectomy for thymic epithelial tumors: predictors of survival and neurological outcome in patients with thymomatous myasthenia gravis.

BACKGROUND: Thymic epithelial tumors are characterized by slow growth and variable malignant behavior. We present our experience on the surgical management of these tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with thymomas undergoing modified maximal thymectomy over a period of 16 years. Evaluated parameters included gender, age, Masaoka stage, WHO histology, R0 resection, myasthenia gravis, and adjuvant radiotherapy. In thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis, further analysis was made according the Osserman stage, the time from myasthenia diagnosis to thymectomy, and the steroid treatment. End points were survival for the total study group and achievement of complete stable remission (CSR) in patients with myasthenia gravis. RESULTS: The study group consisted of 15 male and 24 female patients. There was no perioperative mortality. Overall survival was 91.6% and 75.1% at 5 and 10 years. Univariate analysis identified the following predictors of survival: myasthenia (P < 0.001), Masaoka stage (P < 0.001), R0 resection (P < 0.001), and WHO histology (P = 0.007). Only the WHO histology was an independent predictor of survival in multivariate analysis (P = 0.003). Myasthenia patients had CSR prediction of 51.9% and 75.9% at 10 and 15 years. Preoperative steroid treatment (P = 0.007) and WHO histology (P = 0.021) were independent predictors of CSR on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Modified maximal thymectomy is safe and efficient in the treatment of thymomas. WHO histology is the prime determinant of tumor aggressiveness and patient survival. Paraneoplastic myasthenia gravis and its outcome after thymectomy is significantly correlated with the WHO classification subtypes; however, lower CSR rates are not necessarily associated with more aggressive histological subgroups.

In situ cooling in a lung hilar clamping model of ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Experimental models for studying transplantation have up to now been unable to isolate reperfusion injury with minimal surgical manipulation and without the interference of graft rejection. Six pigs were subjected to left hilum preparation only (control group), and eight pigs were subjected to left hilum preparation plus in situ cooling ischemia and reperfusion of the lung (experimental group). The hilum was dissected free from other tissues in both groups. Lung preservation was achieved by antegrade flush perfusion via the left pulmonary artery. Pulmonary veins were clamped at the left atrium and a vent was created. The left main bronchus was clamped. Lung temperature was maintained at 4 degrees -8 degrees C, while core temperature was kept at 38 degrees C. After 3 hrs of cold ischemia the clamps were removed and the lung was reperfused. Elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and local and systemic aspects of ischemia-reperfusion syndrome were consistently reproduced. This large-animal model of in situ unilateral lung cold ischemia with warm reperfusion proved to be very reliable in reproducing all aspects of ischemia-reperfusion injury. It excludes the interference of rejection and extensive surgical manipulation. We therefore propose its use in experimental studies investigating pharmaceutical or cooling modifications affecting lung ischemia-reperfusion outcomes.

Surgical decision making in tracheobronchial injuries on the basis of clinical evidences and the injury's anatomical setting: a retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Airway trauma is a life threatening condition requiring prompt diagnosis and management. We present our experience focusing on the diagnosis, airway management and treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of 25 patients treated for tracheal or bronchial injury within a 12 year period. Data collected included: mechanism and sites of injury, associated injuries, clinical presentation, indications for surgical management, treatment and outcome. RESULTS: There were 15 traumatic injuries (blunt/penetrating, 10/5 patients) and 10 post-intubation perforations. The most common findings included subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax. Endotracheal intubation was carried out under bronchoscopic guidance. Tracheostomy was performed in one patient. Most injuries were located at the trachea/carina. Surgical treatment was undertaken in 22 patients. In 13 of them, all with traumatic injuries, the surgical treatment was decided on the basis of the clinical and radiological findings. The decision for surgery in post-intubation injuries was based on the proximity of the injuries to the carina (2 patients), the suspicion of an unsafe airway (1 patient) and the present of posterior tracheal wall perforations>2 cm (2 patients). The surgical approach for the repair was dictated by the location of the injury. There was a single case of perioperative mortality in the subgroup of patients with traumatic injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical primary repair represents the treatment of choice in airway injuries with the approach depending on the specific site of the lesion. Therefore we consider valuable the division of the tracheobronchial tree in 4 zones.

Modified maximal thymectomy for myasthenia gravis: effect of maximal resection on late neurologic outcome and predictors of disease remission.

BACKGROUND: Although thymectomy is a standard practice of care in patients with myasthenia gravis, the best approach to thymic resection remains controversial. This study was conducted to assess the effect of maximal resection on neurologic outcome and identify predictors of disease remission. METHODS: Data of 78 myasthenic patients who underwent modified maximal thymectomy during a 17-year period were retrospectively analyzed. The primary study end point was the achievement of complete remission. Separate analysis was performed for thymoma and nonthymoma patients regarding the factors predicting the neurologic outcome. RESULTS: No patients died perioperatively. Surgical morbidity was 7.7%. The rate of postoperative myasthenic crisis was 3.8%. Thymoma and nonthymoma patients experienced comparable complete stable remission prediction (74.5% vs 85.7% at 15 years; p = 0.632). The absence of steroids in the preoperative medical treatment was statistically related to the prediction for complete stable remission in both thymoma (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.687 to 339.182, p = 0.006) and nonthymoma patients (95% CI, 1.607 to 19.183; p = 0.007) in multivariate analysis. In thymomatous myasthenia gravis, there was a statistically significant association between disease remission and the World Health Organization (WHO) histologic classification (95% CI, 0.262 to 0.827; p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Maximal resections are recommended in myasthenic patients. Disease severity represents the prime determinant of the neurologic outcome after thymectomy. The neurologic outcome in patients after thymectomy may be statistically associated with the WHO classification subtypes but not necessarily with the aggressiveness of these tumors.

Simultaneous EGFR and VEGF alterations in non-small cell lung carcinoma based on tissue microarrays.

BACKGROUND: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression is observed in significant proportions of non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). Furthermore, overactivation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) leads to increased angiogenesis implicated as an important factor in vascularization of those tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Using tissue microarray technology, forty-paraffin (n = 40) embedded, histologically confirmed primary NSCLCs were cored and re-embedded into a recipient block. Immunohistochemistry was performed for the determination of EGFR and VEGF protein levels which were evaluated by the performance of computerized image analysis. EGFR gene amplification was studied by chromogenic in situ hybridization based on the use of EGFR gene and chromosome 7 centromeric probes. RESULTS: EGFR overexpression was observed in 23/40 (57.5%) cases and was correlated to the stage of the tumors (p = 0.001), whereas VEGF was overexpressed in 35/40 (87.5%) cases and was correlated to the stage of the tumors (p = 0.005) and to the smoking history of the patients (p = 0.016). Statistical significance was assessed comparing the protein levels of EGFR and VEGF (p = 0.043, k = 0.846). EGFR gene amplification was identified in 2/40 (5%) cases demonstrating no association to its overall protein levels (p = 0.241), whereas chromosome 7 aneuploidy was detected in 7/40 (17.5%) cases correlating to smoking history of the patients (p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: A significant subset of NSCLC is characterized by EGFR and VEGF simultaneous overexpression and maybe this is the eligible target group for the application of combined anti-EGFR/VEGF targeted therapies at the basis of genetic deregulation (especially gene amplification for EGFR).

Bronchial stump buttressing with an intercostal muscle flap in diabetic patients.

BACKGROUND: The development of a bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is a devastating complication after lung resection. Diabetic patients exhibit a high propensity for postpneumonectomy complications, particularly BPF. This study evaluated the use of an intercostal muscle flap to reinforce the bronchus in high-risk diabetic patients after pneumonectomy. METHODS: From February 2002 to December 2005, 70 patients with established diabetes mellitus undergoing pneumonectomy were prospectively enrolled in this study. Patients were randomized to have their bronchial stump reinforced with an intercostal muscle flap or to a conventional resection. A univariable statistical analysis was performed to assess differences in perioperative variables and in outcomes of interest. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was also performed to evaluate the association of BPF development with a number of confounding variables, including intercostal muscle flap usage. RESULTS: Randomization ensured that groups were equally distributed. Mean follow-up was 18 +/- 9.2 months. The group that received an intercostal muscle flap had a lower incidence of BPF development (0% versus 8.8%; p = 0.02) and of empyema (0% versus 7.4%; p = 0.05) compared with the group that received conventional pneumonectomy. CONCLUSIONS: The low incidence of BPF and empyema observed in patients who received an intercostal muscle flap suggest that bronchial stump reinforcement with this technique is a highly effective method for the prevention of BPF in high-risk diabetic patients.

Prognostic factors in thymic epithelial tumors undergoing complete resection.

BACKGROUND: The prognostic factors in thymic epithelial tumors (TET) are investigated within a 27-year period in 104 patients submitted to surgical and pathologic complete resection of TET with a mean age of 53 +/- 14.6 years and a male to female ratio of 0.73. METHODS: The medical records of all patients were reviewed and six variables that could affect the short-term and long-term survival were entered into a Cox regression model. Follow-up was obtained from medical records and telephone contacts up to September 2004 or until the patient's death. RESULTS: Overall 5-year and 10-year survival was 83% and 78%, respectively. Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that long survival was affected by the age of the patient at the time of operation, the response of myasthenia gravis to the operation, the tumor recurrence, the histologic type according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, and the Masaoka stage. Multivariate analysis revealed that recurrence of the tumor (p = 0.001), Masaoka stages II or III (p < 0.001), elder age of the patient at the time of operation (p = 0.045), and presence of the WHO histologic types B2 or B3 (p = 0.05) were bad prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrence of the tumor, the Masaoka staging, the WHO histologic type, and the age of the patient at the time of operation were the most important prognosticators for patients with TET submitted to complete resection of their tumor.