Highly structured slow solar wind emerging from an equatorial coronal hole.

During the solar minimum, when the Sun is at its least active, the solar wind1,2 is observed at high latitudes as a predominantly fast (more than 500 kilometres per second), highly Alfvénic rarefied stream of plasma originating from deep within coronal holes. Closer to the ecliptic plane, the solar wind is interspersed with a more variable slow wind3 of less than 500 kilometres per second. The precise origins of the slow wind streams are less certain4; theories and observations suggest that they may originate at the tips of helmet streamers5,6, from interchange reconnection near coronal hole boundaries7,8, or within coronal holes with highly diverging magnetic fields9,10. The heating mechanism required to drive the solar wind is also unresolved, although candidate mechanisms include Alfvén-wave turbulence11,12, heating by reconnection in nanoflares13, ion cyclotron wave heating14 and acceleration by thermal gradients1. At a distance of one astronomical unit, the wind is mixed and evolved, and therefore much of the diagnostic structure of these sources and processes has been lost. Here we present observations from the Parker Solar Probe15 at 36 to 54 solar radii that show evidence of slow Alfvénic solar wind emerging from a small equatorial coronal hole. The measured magnetic field exhibits patches of large, intermittent reversals that are associated with jets of plasma and enhanced Poynting flux and that are interspersed in a smoother and less turbulent flow with a near-radial magnetic field. Furthermore, plasma-wave measurements suggest the existence of electron and ion velocity-space micro-instabilities10,16 that are associated with plasma heating and thermalization processes. Our measurements suggest that there is an impulsive mechanism associated with solar-wind energization and that micro-instabilities play a part in heating, and we provide evidence that low-latitude coronal holes are a key source of the slow solar wind.

First Study of Antihyperon-Nucleon Scattering Λ[over ¯]p→Λ[over ¯]p and Measurement of Λp→Λp Cross Section.

Using (10.087±0.044)×10^{9} J/ψ events collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII storage ring, the processes Λp→Λp and Λ[over ¯]p→Λ[over ¯]p are studied, where the Λ/Λ[over ¯] baryons are produced in the process J/ψ→ΛΛ[over ¯] and the protons are the hydrogen nuclei in the cooling oil of the beam pipe. Clear signals are observed for the two reactions. The cross sections in -0.9≤cosθ_{Λ/Λ[over ¯]}≤0.9 are measured to be σ(Λp→Λp)=(12.2±1.6_{stat}±1.1_{syst}) and σ(Λ[over ¯]p→Λ[over ¯]p)=(17.5±2.1_{stat}±1.6_{syst}) mb at the Λ/Λ[over ¯] momentum of 1.074 GeV/c within a range of ±0.017 GeV/c, where the θ_{Λ/Λ[over ¯]} are the scattering angles of the Λ/Λ[over ¯] in the Λp/Λ[over ¯]p rest frames. Furthermore, the differential cross sections of the two reactions are also measured, where there is a slight tendency of forward scattering for Λp→Λp, and a strong forward peak for Λ[over ¯]p→Λ[over ¯]p. We present an approach to extract the total elastic cross sections by extrapolation. The study of Λ[over ¯]p→Λ[over ¯]p represents the first study of antihyperon-nucleon scattering, and these new measurements will serve as important inputs for the theoretical understanding of the (anti)hyperon-nucleon interaction.

Measurement of Direct-Photon Cross Section and Double-Helicity Asymmetry at sqrt[s]=510 GeV in p[over →]+p[over →] Collisions.

We present measurements of the cross section and double-helicity asymmetry A_{LL} of direct-photon production in p[over →]+p[over →] collisions at sqrt[s]=510 GeV. The measurements have been performed at midrapidity (|η|<0.25) with the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. At relativistic energies, direct photons are dominantly produced from the initial quark-gluon hard scattering and do not interact via the strong force at leading order. Therefore, at sqrt[s]=510 GeV, where leading-order-effects dominate, these measurements provide clean and direct access to the gluon helicity in the polarized proton in the gluon-momentum-fraction range 0.02

Observation of a Vector Charmoniumlike State at 4.7 GeV/c

Using data samples with an integrated luminosity of 5.85 fb^{-1} collected at center-of-mass energies from 4.61 to 4.95 GeV with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII storage ring, we measure the cross section for the process e^{+}e^{-}→K^{+}K^{-}J/ψ. A new resonance with a mass of M=4708_{-15}^{+17}±21 MeV/c^{2} and a width of Γ=126_{-23}^{+27}±30 MeV is observed in the energy-dependent line shape of the e^{+}e^{-}→K^{+}K^{-}J/ψ cross section with a significance over 5σ. The K^{+}J/ψ system is also investigated to search for charged charmoniumlike states, but no significant Z_{cs}^{+} states are observed. Upper limits on the Born cross sections for e^{+}e^{-}→K^{-}Z_{cs}(3985)^{+}/K^{-}Z_{cs}(4000)^{+}+c.c. with Z_{cs}(3985)^{±}/Z_{cs}(4000)^{±}→K^{±}J/ψ are reported at 90% confidence levels. The ratio of branching fractions {[B(Z_{cs}(3985)^{+}→K^{+}J/ψ)]/B[Z_{cs}(3985)^{+}→(D[over ¯]^{0}D_{s}^{*+}+D[over ¯]^{*0}D_{s}^{+})]} is measured to be less than 0.03 at 90% confidence level.

Protein kinase C signalling involved in prothoracicotropic hormone-stimulated prothoracic glands in the silkworm, Bombyx mori.

In the present study, the participation of protein kinase C (PKC) signalling in prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in Bombyx prothoracic glands (PGs) is demonstrated and characterized. PTTH stimulated phosphorylation of a 37-kDa protein in Bombyx PGs both in vitro and in vivo, as recognized by a PKC substrate antibody. Treatment with either A23187 or thapsigargin also stimulated this 37-kDa protein phosphorylation. PTTH-stimulated phosphorylation of the 37-kDa protein was markedly attenuated in the absence of Ca2+ . The phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, U73122, greatly inhibited PTTH-stimulated phosphorylation of this protein, indicating the involvement of Ca2+ and PLC. A mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) inhibitor (U0126), a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (LY294002) and a chemical activator of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-ß-d-ribofuranoside) did not affect PTTH-stimulated phosphorylation of the 37-kDa protein, implying that ERK and PI3K/AMPK are not the upstream signalling pathways for PKC-dependent protein phosphorylation. The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors (the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone and diphenylene iodonium) inhibited PTTH-stimulated phosphorylation of the 37-kDa protein, indicating its redox regulation. Treatment with PKC inhibitors (either calphostin C, chelerythrine C or rottlerin) reduced PTTH-stimulated phosphorylation of the 37-kDa protein. PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis was also inhibited by treatment with rottlerin, thus further confirming participation of PKC-dependent phosphorylation in PTTH signalling. From these results, we demonstrated that redox-regulated PTTH-stimulated PKC signalling is involved in ecdysteroid secretion in Bombyx PGs.

Involvement of RSK phosphorylation in PTTH-stimulated ecdysone secretion in prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori.

It is well known that phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is involved in prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in insect prothoracic glands (PGs). In the present study, we further investigated the downstream signalling pathways. Our results showed that PTTH stimulated p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) phosphorylation at Thr573 in Bombyx mori PGs both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro PTTH stimulation was stage- and dose-dependent. The absence of Ca2+ reduced PTTH-stimulated RSK phosphorylation. Stimulation of RSK phosphorylation was also observed after treatment with either A23187 or thapsigargin. A phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, U73122, blocked PTTH-stimulated RSK phosphorylation. These results indicate the involvement of Ca2+ and PLC. Treatment with diphenylene iodonium (DPI), a mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor, blocked PTTH-regulated RSK phosphorylation, indicating its redox regulation. A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor, U0126, but not a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002, decreased PTTH-stimulated RSK phosphorylation, indicating that ERK is an upstream signalling. A protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, chelerythrine C, inhibited PTTH-stimulated RSK phosphorylation, and a PKC activator, phorbol 12-myristate acetate (PMA) stimulated RSK phosphorylation, indicating the involvement of PKC. BI-D1870, a specific RSK inhibitor, partly prevented PTTH-stimulated RSK phosphorylation and significantly inhibited PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroid secretion, indicating that PTTH-stimulated RSK phosphorylation is involved in ecdysteroidogenesis. Taken together, these data indicate that PTTH activates RSK phosphorylation which plays important roles in PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis.

Parker Solar Probe Enters the Magnetically Dominated Solar Corona.

The high temperatures and strong magnetic fields of the solar corona form streams of solar wind that expand through the Solar System into interstellar space. At 09:33 UT on 28 April 2021 Parker Solar Probe entered the magnetized atmosphere of the Sun 13 million km above the photosphere, crossing below the Alfvén critical surface for five hours into plasma in casual contact with the Sun with an Alfvén Mach number of 0.79 and magnetic pressure dominating both ion and electron pressure. The spectrum of turbulence below the Alfvén critical surface is reported. Magnetic mapping suggests the region was a steady flow emerging on rapidly expanding coronal magnetic field lines lying above a pseudostreamer. The sub-Alfvénic nature of the flow may be due to suppressed magnetic reconnection at the base of the pseudostreamer, as evidenced by unusually low densities in this region and the magnetic mapping.

Unusual Near-Horizon Cosmic-Ray-like Events Observed by ANITA-IV.

ANITA's fourth long-duration balloon flight in 2016 detected 29 cosmic-ray (CR)-like events on a background of 0.37_{-0.17}^{+0.27} anthropogenic events. CRs are mainly seen in reflection off the Antarctic ice sheets, creating a phase-inverted waveform polarity. However, four of the below-horizon CR-like events show anomalous noninverted polarity, a p=5.3×10^{-4} chance if due to background. All anomalous events are from locations near the horizon; ANITA-IV observed no steeply upcoming anomalous events similar to the two such events seen in prior flights.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of neonatal professionals regarding pain management.

Pain management is an important issue which impacts the prognosis of neonates in neonatal intensive care units. Evidence has shown that professionals' knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management can impact the quality of their practice. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of neonatal professionals regarding neonatal pain management. A cross-sectional study was performed involving neonatal physicians and nurses, using a research questionnaire to investigate the knowledge and attitudes of professionals as well as to assess their practice of pain management. Research found an apparent discrepancy between the knowledge levels of neonatologists and nurses regarding pain assessment and management, with nurses displaying weaker professional knowledge and more negative attitudes toward pain management than did neonatologists. Additionally, research revealed a lack of knowledge and negative attitudes among participants regarding the provision of sufficient opioid analgesics to sick infants during invasive procedures and even for dying neonates. There is an urgent need for continuing education regarding neonatal pain management with the goal of empowering neonatal professionals; further research is needed into the question of how to translate education into more reliable practice.Conclusion: This research provides useful information regarding the knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practice of neonatal pain management among neonatologists and nurses and points out some differences in the knowledge levels of these two groups. What is Known: •Neonates can perceive and respond to pain stimuli by showing their biological signals similarly to children and adults. •Untreated or insufficient pain management for high-risk neonates has short-term. negative effects and may also induce long-term negative effects. What is New: •The level of knowledge, the attitudes, and the practices regarding neonatal pain in intensive care are different among neonatal professionals. •There is an urgent need to provide interdisciplinary continuing education to improve the knowledge of neonatal professionals and encourage them to more highly prioritize neonatal pain management.

To safely reopen after a lockdown, masks are crucial: lessons from Taiwan.

Taiwan had been using many important public health management strategies to beat Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) without a lockdown. Mask wearing by the general public was thought to be the major factor for the success of Taiwan to stop the spread of COVID-19. We share our experience in Taiwan as an example for other countries to safely reopen from a lockdown.

Erratum: Evolution of π

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.152301.

The incidence and predictors of HBV relapse after cessation of tenofovir therapy in chronic hepatitis B patients.

This study investigates the incidences and predictors of hepatitis B virus (HBV) relapse after tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) therapy in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive and -negative patients. We retrospectively recruited 143 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients without cirrhosis (39 HBeAg-positive and 104 HBeAg-negative patients) who were previously treated with TDF and had post-treatment follow-up for at least 6 months (median: 55, IQR 36-85 weeks). All the patients fulfilled the stopping criteria of APASL 2012. The virological and clinical relapse rates at 104 weeks in HBeAg-positive patients were 66.6% and 59.1%, while they were 72.3% and 55.9%, respectively, in HBeAg-negative patients. Cox regression analysis revealed that the higher end-of-treatment HBsAg levels were an independent factor of virological relapse in HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative patients. The end-of-treatment HBsAg levels of 200 (area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC): 0.624) and 80 IU/mL (AUROC: 0.959) were the optimal values for predicting HBV relapse in HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative patients, respectively. The virological relapse rate at 78 weeks was 14.3% and 19.6% in HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative patients who achieved HBsAg ≤200 IU/mL and HBsAg ≤80 IU/mL, respectively. Two patients experienced hepatic decompensation upon hepatitis flares, and no patient died after timely retreatment. Seven patients experienced off-therapy HBsAg loss. The cumulative rates of HBsAg loss at 104 weeks were 45.5% and 59.3% in patients with end-of-treatment HBsAg ≤80 IU/mL and ≤50 IU/mL, respectively. In conclusions, the end-of-treatment HBsAg levels were a useful marker for predicting HBV relapse in HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative CHB patients.

Identifying characteristics of an effective fracture liaison service: systematic literature review.

Fracture liaison services (FLS) have been demonstrated to improve outcomes following osteoporotic fracture. The aim of this systematic literature review (SLR) was to determine the characteristics of an FLS that lead to improved patient outcomes. We conducted a SLR, including articles published between 2000 and February 2017, using global (Medline, EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane Library) and local databases. Studies including patients aged ≥ 50 years with osteoporotic fractures enrolled in an FLS were assessed. Information extracted from each article included key person coordinating the FLS (physician, nurse or other healthcare professional), setting (hospital vs community), intensity (single vs multiple), duration (long vs short term), fracture type and gender. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials was conducted based on the key person coordinating the FLS. Out of 7236 articles, 57 were considered to be high quality and identified for further analysis. The SLR identified several components which contributed to FLS success, including multidisciplinary involvement, driven by a dedicated case manager, regular assessment and follow-up, multifaceted interventions and patient education. Meta-analytic data confirm the effectiveness of an FLS following an osteoporotic fracture: approximate 27% increase in the likelihood of BMD testing and up to 21% increase in the likelihood of treatment initiation compared with usual care. The balance of evidence indicates that the multifaceted FLS and dedicated coordination are important success factors that contribute to effective FLS interventions which reduce fracture-related morbidity and mortality.

Pseudorapidity Dependence of Particle Production and Elliptic Flow in Asymmetric Nuclear Collisions of p+Al, p+Au, d+Au, and

Asymmetric nuclear collisions of p+Al, p+Au, d+Au, and ^{3}He+Au at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV provide an excellent laboratory for understanding particle production, as well as exploring interactions among these particles after their initial creation in the collision. We present measurements of charged hadron production dN_{ch}/dη in all such collision systems over a broad pseudorapidity range and as a function of collision multiplicity. A simple wounded quark model is remarkably successful at describing the full data set. We also measure the elliptic flow v_{2} over a similarly broad pseudorapidity range. These measurements provide key constraints on models of particle emission and their translation into flow.

Observation of an Unusual Upward-Going Cosmic-Ray-like Event in the Third Flight of ANITA.

We report on an upward traveling, radio-detected cosmic-ray-like impulsive event with characteristics closely matching an extensive air shower. This event, observed in the third flight of the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA), a NASA-sponsored long-duration balloon payload, is consistent with a similar event reported in a previous flight. These events could be produced by the atmospheric decay of an upward-propagating τ lepton produced by a ν_{τ} interaction, although their relatively steep arrival angles create tension with the standard model neutrino cross section. Each of the two events have a posteriori background estimates of ≲10^{-2} events. If these are generated by τ-lepton decay, then either the charged-current ν_{τ} cross section is suppressed at EeV energies, or the events arise at moments when the peak flux of a transient neutrino source was much larger than the typical expected cosmogenic background neutrinos.

Genetic evidence for role of integration of fast and slow neurotransmission in schizophrenia.

The most recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of schizophrenia (SCZ) identified hundreds of risk variants potentially implicated in the disease. Further, novel statistical methodology designed for polygenic architecture revealed more potential risk variants. This can provide a link between individual genetic factors and the mechanistic underpinnings of SCZ. Intriguingly, a large number of genes coding for ionotropic and metabotropic receptors for various neurotransmitters-glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine and opioids-and numerous ion channels were associated with SCZ. Here, we review these findings from the standpoint of classical neurobiological knowledge of neuronal synaptic transmission and regulation of electrical excitability. We show that a substantial proportion of the identified genes are involved in intracellular cascades known to integrate 'slow' (G-protein-coupled receptors) and 'fast' (ionotropic receptors) neurotransmission converging on the protein DARPP-32. Inspection of the Human Brain Transcriptome Project database confirms that that these genes are indeed expressed in the brain, with the expression profile following specific developmental trajectories, underscoring their relevance to brain organization and function. These findings extend the existing pathophysiology hypothesis by suggesting a unifying role of dysregulation in neuronal excitability and synaptic integration in SCZ. This emergent model supports the concept of SCZ as an 'associative' disorder-a breakdown in the communication across different slow and fast neurotransmitter systems through intracellular signaling pathways-and may unify a number of currently competing hypotheses of SCZ pathophysiology.

High-resolution copy number variation analysis of schizophrenia in Japan.

Recent schizophrenia (SCZ) studies have reported an increased burden of de novo copy number variants (CNVs) and identified specific high-risk CNVs, although with variable phenotype expressivity. However, the pathogenesis of SCZ has not been fully elucidated. Using array comparative genomic hybridization, we performed a high-resolution genome-wide CNV analysis on a mainly (92%) Japanese population (1699 SCZ cases and 824 controls) and identified 7066 rare CNVs, 70.0% of which were small (<100 kb). Clinically significant CNVs were significantly more frequent in cases than in controls (odds ratio=3.04, P=9.3 × 10-9, 9.0% of cases). We confirmed a significant association of X-chromosome aneuploidies with SCZ and identified 11 de novo CNVs (e.g., MBD5 deletion) in cases. In patients with clinically significant CNVs, 41.7% had a history of congenital/developmental phenotypes, and the rate of treatment resistance was significantly higher (odds ratio=2.79, P=0.0036). We found more severe clinical manifestations in patients with two clinically significant CNVs. Gene set analysis replicated previous findings (e.g., synapse, calcium signaling) and identified novel biological pathways including oxidative stress response, genomic integrity, kinase and small GTPase signaling. Furthermore, involvement of multiple SCZ candidate genes and biological pathways in the pathogenesis of SCZ was suggested in established SCZ-associated CNV loci. Our study shows the high genetic heterogeneity of SCZ and its clinical features and raises the possibility that genomic instability is involved in its pathogenesis, which may be related to the increased burden of de novo CNVs and variable expressivity of CNVs.

[Effect of different parts of skull thickness on stereotactic electroencephalogram in children].

Objective: To investigate the thickness of cranial bone in different parts of children skull during stereotactic electroencephalogram (SEEG) and its effect on electrode fixation. Methods: From October 2016 to March 2017, 13 children with SEEG by robot of surgery assistant (ROSA) were selected. The basic case information and electrode design scheme were collected. The skull thickness of each electrode channel was measured on post-operation CT, and the loosening of the fixed screws were recorded. The thickness of skull in frontal bone, temporal bone, parietal bone and occipital bone was statistically processed by SPSS statistical software. Results: There were total 113 electrodes in 13 children with epilepsy. There were 45 electrodes at frontal bone, of which the thickness was (5.7±2.8)mm. There were 34 electrodes at temporal bone, of which the thickness was (3.5±1.3)mm.There were 16 electrodes at parietal bone, of which the thickness was (6.0±2.5)mm.There were 18 electrodes at occipital bone, of which the thickness was (6.9±0.5)mm. Statistics showed that there was significant difference between differnt bone (F=15.340, P<0.01). There were 4 electrodes loosening, 1 at frontal bone and 3 at temporal bone, when the screws were removed. There was no adverse event related to the implantation of electrodes. Conclusions: The children's skull thickness is thinner than adults. The screw loosening is exist in some cases, but it has no effect on SEEG recording. No SEEG related adverse events are found in this group. Therefore, ROSA guided SEEG is safe and reliable in children with epilepsy.

[Analysis of the prognosis of isolated ventriculomegaly and outcome of imaging follow-up].

Objective: To evaluate the clinical outcome of fetus diagnosed as mild and moderate isolated ventriculomegaly (IVM) and its correlation with imaging follow-up. Methods: Totally, 161 cases of single pregnancy whose fetus was diagnosed as mild or moderate IVM by ultrasound were administrated. Data of prenatal ultrasound examination, pregnancy outcomes, and the postnatal MRI results were collected. New borns' growth and development, language expression, movement coordination, auditory and visual function were followed up to evaluate the neurodevelopment. Results: (1) Before birth: 80.1% (129/161) of IVM disappeared before the delivery, 16.1% (26/161) remained stable, and 3.7% (6/161) continued to deteriorate. (2) Postnatal MRI: 8 cases (9.6%, 8/83) were diagnosed IVM, of which 3 cases were found additional abnormalities (1 case was the corpus callosum dysplasia and 2 cases were leukodystrophy) . The additional abnormal detection rate was 3/8. (3) Postnatal assessments: There were 7 cases (8.9%, 7/79) neunatal behavioral neurological assessment (NBNA) , 6 cases (7.6%, 6/79) Bayley scales of infant development (BSID) -psychomotor developmental index (PDI) and 3 cases (3.8%, 3/79) BSID-mental development index (MDI) whose scores were low. There was no significant difference of the NBNA and BSID scores between mild and moderate IVM (NBNA: χ(2)=2.042, P=0.210; BSID-PDI: χ(2)=-1.359, P=0.174; BSID-MDI: χ(2)=-1.205, P=0.228) . Follow-up of 9 cases (11.4%, 9/79) with low BSID score, 6 of them were found to be stable in the medial ventricle of the uterus, and the size of the lateral ventricle was normal after birth by ultrasound and MRI. Conclusions: The majority of IVM fetuses have good prognosis, but there is also a risk of neurodevelopmental dysplasia. The postnatal follow-up should be paid attention to, and MRI should be performed as the postnatal imaging evaluation.