The impact of squamous cell transformation on the prognosis of patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy.

BACKGROUND: Limited information is available for guiding the management of upper urinary tract (UUT) urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation (UC-SqD). We did not even know about the difference between pure urothelial carcinoma (UC) and UC-SqD in the UUT regardless of treatment policy and prognosis. Instead of direct comparisons against each other, we included the third UUT malignancy, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This three-way-race model allows us to more clearly demonstrate the impact of squamous cell transformation on patient outcomes in UUT malignancy. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 327 patients with UC, UC-SqD, or SCC who underwent radical nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision (RNU) at Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, between January 2006 and December 2013. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between patient outcomes and histology. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards modelling was also used to predict patient prognoses. RESULTS: The five-year postoperative cancer-specific survival (CSS) rates were 83.6% (UC), 74.4% (UC-SqD), and 55.6% (SCC), and the 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were 87.7% (UC), 61.5% (UC-SqD), and 51.9% (SCC). UC patients had significantly better 5-year RFS than UC-SqD and SCC patients (P = 0.001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Patients with pure UC had significantly better 5-year CSS than SCC patients (P = 0.0045). SCC or UC-SqD did not independently predict disease-specific mortality (HR 0.999, p = 0.999; HR 0.775, p = 0.632, respectively) or disease recurrence compared to pure UC (HR 2.934, p = 0.239; HR 1.422, p = 0.525, respectively). Age, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and lymph node (LN) status independently predicted CSS, while pathological tumour stage, LN status, and LVI predicted RFS. CONCLUSIONS: SCC and UC-SqD are not independent predictors of survival outcomes in patients with UUT tumours. However, they are associated with other worse prognostic factors. Hence, different treatments are needed for these two conditions, especially for SCC.

WWOX Polymorphisms as Predictors of the Biochemical Recurrence of Localized Prostate Cancer after Radical Prostatectomy.

The downregulation of WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX), a tumor suppressor gene, is associated with the tumorigenesis and poor prognosis of various cancers. In this study, we investigated the associations between the polymorphisms of WWOX, clinicopathologic features of prostate cancer (PCa), and risk of postoperative biochemical recurrence (BCR). We evaluated the effects of five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of WWOX on the clinicopathologic features of 578 patients with PCa. The risk of postoperative BCR was 2.053-fold higher in patients carrying at least one "A" allele in WWOX rs12918952 than in those with homozygous G/G. Furthermore, patients with at least one polymorphic "T" allele in WWOX rs11545028 had an elevated (1.504-fold) risk of PCa with seminal vesicle invasion. In patients with postoperative BCR, the risks of an advanced Gleason grade and clinical metastasis were 3.317- and 5.259-fold higher in patients carrying at least one "G" allele in WWOX rs3764340 than in other patients. Our findings indicate the WWOX SNPs are significantly associated with highly aggressive pathologic features of PCa and an elevated risk of post-RP biochemical recurrence.

Immunotherapy in Genitourinary Malignancy: Evolution in Revolution or Revolution in Evolution.

Immunotherapy, the 5th pillar of cancer care after surgery, radiotherapy, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and precision therapy (molecular targeted therapy), is revolutionizing the standard of care in certain patients with genitourinary malignancies. As modest clinical benefits of IL-2 for metastatic renal cell carcinoma and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy for early-stage bladder cancers in the past years, immune checkpoint inhibitors therapies demonstrate meaningful survival benefit and durable clinical response in renal cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, and some prostate cancer. Despite best efforts, the benefits are limited to a minority of unselected patients due to the complexities of biomarker development. Now come the next hurdles: figuring out which patients best respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors and which patients won't respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors? How best to approach immune checkpoint inhibitors therapies to extend/maximize the treatment response as long as possible? How to overcome therapeutic resistance by specific concurrent immunomodulators or targeted therapy or chemotherapy? The role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination or sequencing with chemotherapy or other targeted therapies or other immunomodulating therapeutics in the early disease, neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and metastatic setting is actively under exploration. Ideal strategy for cancer care is to provide not just more time, but more quality time: there remain unmet needs for novel therapies that exploit molecular or genetic pathways to extend survival without compromising health-related quality of life for patients with advanced genitourinary malignancies. Further research is needed to discover new therapeutic strategies, and validate efficacy and effectiveness in real-world settings.

Significant predictors of contralateral upper tract recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the significant predictors of contralateral upper tract recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. METHODS: Between January 2001 and December 2015, 548 patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma who underwent radical nephroureterectomy in a single institution were included in this retrospective cohort study. Several clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes were explored. The crucial end-point was the diagnosis of contralateral upper tract recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy. RESULTS: Of the 548 patients, the median age was 68 years (range 24-93 years), and the median follow-up time after radical nephroureterectomy was 41 months (range 8-191 months). Contralateral upper tract recurrence occurred in 28 patients (5.1%). The median time period between radical nephroureterectomy and contralateral upper tract recurrence was 15.4 months (range 3.4-52.4 months). In the multivariate analysis, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (hazard ratio 3.08, P = 0.003) and tumor multifocality (hazard ratio 2.16, P = 0.043) were independent risk factors. CONCLUSION: Preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 and tumor multifocality are significant predictors of contralateral upper tract recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

Impact of GAS5 genetic polymorphism on prostate cancer susceptibility and clinicopathologic characteristics.

Down-regulation of Growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5) is correlated with enhanced cell proliferation and poorer prognosis of prostate cancer. We aimed to investigate the effect of variant rs145204276 of GAS5 on the prostate cancer susceptibility and clinicopathologic characteristics. In this study, 579 prostate cancer patients who underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy and 579 healthy controls were included. The frequency of the allele del of rs145204276 were compared between the patients and the controls to evaluate the impact of tumor susceptibility and the correlation of clinicopathological variables. The results shown that patients who carries genotype ins/del or del/del at SNP rs145204276 showed decreased risk of pathological lymph node metastasis disease (OR=0.545, p=0.043) and risk of seminal vesicle invasion (OR=0.632, p=0.022) comparing to with genotype ins/ins. In the subgroup analysis of age, more significant risk reduction effects were noted over lymph node metastasis disease (OR=0.426, p=0.032) and lymphovascular invasion (OR=0.521, p=0.025). In conclusion, the rs145204276 polymorphic genotype of GAS5 can predict the risk of lymph node metastasis. This is the first study to report the correlation between GAS5 gene polymorphism and prostate cancer prognosis.

Effect of HMGB1 Polymorphisms on Urothelial Cell Carcinoma Susceptibility and Clinicopathological Characteristics.

The high mobility group box 1 gene (HMGB1) plays a prominent role in cancer progression, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. This study explored the effect of HMGB1 polymorphisms on clinicopathological characteristics of urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC). In total, 1293 participants (431 patients with UCC and 862 healthy controls) were recruited. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of HMGB1 (rs1412125, rs1360485, rs1045411, and rs2249825) were assessed using TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. The results indicated that individuals carrying at least one T allele at rs1045411 had a lower risk of UCC than those with the wild-type allele [adjusted odds ratio = 0.722, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.565-0.924]. Furthermore, female patients with UCC carrying at least one T allele at rs1045411 were at a lower invasive tumor stage than those with the wild-type allele [odds ratio (OR) = 0.396, 95% CI = 0.169-0.929], similar to nonsmoking patients (OR = 0.607, 95% CI = 0.374-0.985). In conclusion, this is the first report on correlation between HMGB1 polymorphisms and UCC risk. Individuals carrying at least one T allele at rs1045411 are associated with a lower risk of UCC and a less invasive disease in women and nonsmokers.

Effect of orchiectomy and testosterone replacement on lower urinary tract function in anesthetized rats.

Lower urinary tract (LUT) symptoms (LUTS), including frequency, urgency, incomplete voiding, and slow stream, are common in both men and women with advancing age. The most common cause for LUTS in aging men is benign prostatic hyperplasia. Some studies have also revealed an inverse association of serum testosterone levels with LUTS; however, the underlying mechanisms by which gonadal hormones affect the LUT have not been clarified. In the present study, we examined the effect of orchiectomy and testosterone replacement on LUT function in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Six weeks after bilateral orchiectomy or sham operations and 3 wk after injection of long-acting testosterone undecanoate (100 mg/kg im), transvesical cystometry and external urethral sphincter electromyogram (EUS EMG) recordings were performed under urethane anesthesia. The micturition reflex was elicited in both sham and orchiectomized animals. In orchiectomized rats, volume threshold for inducing micturition decreased by 47.6%; however, contraction amplitude, duration, and voiding efficiency were similar in sham and orchiectomized rats. The active period during EUS EMG bursting was lengthened during micturition in orchiectomized animals. Testosterone treatment, which normalized plasma testosterone levels, reversed these changes but also increased the duration of EUS EMG bursting. Orchiectomy also reduced mean voiding flow rate estimated from the duration of EUS EMG bursting, an effect that was not reversed by testosterone. The results indicate that orchiectomy affects both the active and passive properties of the bladder and urethra, and that many, but not all, of the changes can be reversed by testosterone.

Effects of agonists for estrogen receptor α and ß on ovariectomy-induced lower urinary tract dysfunction in the rat.

The postmenopausal hypoestrogen status induces various lower urinary tract dysfunctions. Ovariectomized (OVX) rats exhibit voiding abnormalities, including increased postvoiding residual urine (PVR), decreased voiding efficiency (VE), and altered coordination between the detrusor and external urethral sphincter (EUS). Estradiol replacement partially normalizes voiding function in OVX rats. We determined if selective agonists for estrogen receptor (ER)α and/or ERß can reverse lower urinary tract dysfunction in OVX rats. Cystometry and EUS electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded 6 wk after bilateral OVX in urethane-anesthetized female Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals received daily subcutaneous injections of selective ERα [propylpyrazole triol (PPT)] or ERß [diarylpropionitrile (DPN)] agonists or vehicle for 1 wk starting on the fifth week after OVX. PPT (1 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) decreased PVR, improved VE, and shortened the EUS EMG active period (AP) during voiding. DPN (2 or 5 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) did not alter cystometric parameters or EUS EMG activity. Combined PPT + DPN treatment elicited changes in PVR, VE, and AP, similar to those induced by PPT alone, but also increased the EUS EMG silent period and volume threshold for triggering micturition. PPT increased uterine weight fourfold and decreased body weight by 11%. DPN increased uterine weight 30-45% but decreased body weight by 3-5%. Reduced voiding efficiency in OVX rats can be reversed by 1-wk drug treatment that selectively targets ERα and reduces AP during EUS bursting. Combined pharmacological activation of ERα and ERß further enhanced EUS bursting by increasing the EUS EMG silent period and also facilitated bladder storage mechanisms by increasing the volume threshold.

Machine-learning Algorithm-based Risk Prediction and Screening-detected Prostate Cancer in A Benign Prostate Hyperplasia Cohort.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Prostate cancer (PCa) is lethal. Our aim in this retrospective cohort study was to use machine learning-based methodology to predict PCa risk in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), identify potential risk factors, and optimize predictive performance. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The dataset was extracted from a clinical information database of patients at a single institute from January 2000 to December 2020. Patients newly diagnosed with BPH and prescribed alpha blockers/5-alpha-reductase inhibitors were enrolled. Patients were excluded if they had a previous diagnosis of any cancer or were diagnosed with PCa within 1 month of enrolment. The study endpoint was PCa diagnosis. The study utilized the extreme gradient boosting (XGB), support vector machine (SVM) and K-nearest neighbors (KNN) machine-learning algorithms for analysis. RESULTS: The dataset used in this study included 5,122 medical records of patients with and without PCa, with 19 patient characteristics. The SVM and XGB models performed better than the KNN model in terms of accuracy and area under curve. Local interpretable model-agnostic explanation and Shapley additive explanations analysis showed that body mass index (BMI) and late prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were important features for the SVM model, while PSA velocity, late PSA, and BMI were important features for the XGB model. Use of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor was associated with a higher incidence of PCa, with similar survival outcomes compared to non-users. CONCLUSION: Machine learning can enhance personalized PCa risk assessments for patients with BPH but more research is necessary to refine these models and address data biases. Clinicians should use them as supplementary tools alongside traditional screening methods.

Cost-effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors in treating metastatic urothelial cancer.

Objectives: Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) is an important treatment option for metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) patients. A lot of clinical evidence proved the survival benefits of ICI, but cost-effectiveness of the treatment remains unclear. This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of the ICIs treatment in different sequences among mUC patients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed mUC patients who had been treated at our hospital between January 2016 and December 2020. These patients received chemotherapy with or without ICI treatment (Pembrolizumab, Atezolizumab, Nivolumab, Durvalumab, or Avelumab). The patients were divided into three different groups: receiving chemotherapy alone, receiving a combination of first-line ICI and chemotherapy (ICI combination therapy), and receiving chemotherapy as the first-line treatment followed by second-line ICI therapy (Subsequent ICI therapy). The primary endpoint was cost per life day, while lifetime medical costs and overall survival were also evaluated. Results: The 74 enrolled patients had a median age of 67.0 years, with 62.2% being male. Of these patients, 23 had received chemotherapy only, while the remaining patients had received combined therapy with ICI in either first-line or as subsequent agents (37 patients had ever received atezolizumab, 18 pembrolizumab, 1 Durvalumab, 1 Nivolumab, and 1 Avelumab separately.). Fifty-five patients (74.3%, 55/74) received cisplatin amongst all the patients who underwent chemotherapy. Median overall survival was 27.5 months (95% CI, 5.2-49.9) in the first-line ICI combination therapy group, and 8.9 months (95% CI, 7.1-10.8) in the chemotherapy only. Median overall survival for the subsequent ICI therapy group was not reached. The median lifetime cost after metastatic UC diagnosis was USD 31,221. The subsequent ICI therapy group had significantly higher costs when compared with the ICI combination therapy group (155.8 USD per day, [IQR 99.0 to 220.5] v 97.8 USD per day, [IQR 60.8 to 159.19], p = 0.026). Higher insurance reimbursement expenses for the subsequent ICI therapy group were observed when compared with the ICI combination therapy group. Conclusion: Our real-world data suggests that first line use of ICI combined with chemotherapy demonstrates better cost-effectiveness and similar survival outcomes for mUC patients, when compared with subsequent ICI therapy after chemotherapy.

Nephroscope-assisted single trocar peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion improves catheter survival compared with laparoscopic technique: Ten-year experience of a single-center.

BACKGROUND: An ideal technique for peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter insertion should provide a long-term functioning catheter until permanent renal replacement therapy becomes available. We developed a technique using the nephroscope-assisted single-trocar approach in 2011. In this study, we report the outcomes, learning curve analysis and cost-effectiveness analysisof the nephroscopic approach compared with the traditional laparoscopic approach. METHOD: Between January 2005 and December 2020, we retrospectively reviewed 511 patients who received PD catheter insertions using the laparoscopic or nephroscopic approach. We compared the baseline characteristics of the patients, surgical outcomes, and complications of the two groups. We further analyzed the nephroscopic group to determine the cost-effectiveness analysis, learning curve and the complication frequency between the learning and mastery periods of the nephroscopic approach. RESULTS: A total of 208 patients underwent laparoscopic PD catheter insertion, whereas 303 patients received nephroscopic surgery. The median catheter survival in the nephroscopic group is significantly longer (43.1 vs. 60.5 months, p = 0.019). The incidence of peritonitis (29.3% vs.20.8%, p = 0.035) and exit site infection (12.5% vs. 6.6%, p = 0.019) were significantly lower in the nephroscopic group. The cost-effectiveness analysis showed a medical expense reduction of 16000 USD annually by using the nephroscopic technique. There was no difference in the frequency of surgical complications between the learning and mastery phases when examining the learning curve analysis for the nephroscopic technique. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the traditional laparoscopic approach, the nephroscopic technique effectively prolonged catheter survival and reduces health care cost by reducing infectious complications. The low complication rate during the learning phase of surgery makes the procedure safe for patients and surgeons.

Efficacy of a protocol including heparin ointment for treatment of multikinase inhibitor-induced hand-foot skin reactions.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a protocol including topical heparin therapy for hand-foot skin reactions (HFSR) during multikinase (MKI) treatment. METHODS: We prospectively collected 26 patients who had HFSRs during treatment with the MKIs, sunitinib, sorafenib, or axitinib. The age distribution ranged from 46 to 87 years, with a mean of 66 years. The distribution of HFSR severity was 12 patients with grade 1, 12 with grade 2, and 2 with grade 3. A heparin-containing topical ointment treatment, combined with hand-foot shock absorbers and skin moisturizers, was used at the lesion sites. Changes in the grade of HFSR, MKI dosage, and interruptions of MKI therapy were recorded. RESULTS: The results showed that 66.7% of grade 1 patients were cured of disease, 83.3% of grade 2 patients had improved symptoms, and both grade 3 patients (100%) had improved symptoms and were downgraded to grade 2. Four (15.4%) patients required reduction of MKI dosage, but there were no treatment interruptions or dropouts. CONCLUSION: Our protocol is beneficial in promoting resolution of HFSRs induced by MKIs. Further validation in large control studies should be investigated.

In vivo and in vitro sonographic diagnosis of an encrusted nephrostomy catheter with color doppler twinkling artifact.

Encrustation is one of the most common complications that may develop with the use of a nephrostomy catheter. We used the color Doppler twinkling artifact to detect encrustation and obstruction of a nephrostomy catheter in vivo. This was confirmed by in vitro scanning of the catheter after analyzing the radiogram. Color Doppler twinkling artifact may provide useful information on the management of nephrostomy catheters.

Risk analysis of subsequent therapies after first-line chemotherapy in advanced testicular cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Testicular cancer is the most common solid cancer diagnosed among young men. Despite good response to chemotherapy and a high survival rate, subsequent salvage therapies may still be required for some patients in advanced stages. The predictive and prognostic markers are crucial unmet needs. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed advanced testicular cancer patients who had received first-line chemotherapy between January 2002 and December 2020. The associations between baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 68 included patients, the median age was 29 years. Among them, 40 patients received only first-line chemotherapy while the remaining 28 received subsequent chemotherapy or surgeries. Data reveal that 82.5% (33/40) of the patients in the chemotherapy-only group were recorded as a good prognostic risk using the International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group classification when compared with 35.7% (10/28) in the second-line therapy group. In the chemotherapy-only group, 53.8% of patients were presented with lymph node metastasis compared with 78.6% in the second-line therapy group ( p = 0.068). Fifteen percent of patients (6/40) were recorded as S stage 2-3 in the chemotherapy-only group, whereas 85.2% (23/28) were recorded as such in the second-line therapy group ( p < 0.001). The 5-year overall survival estimation was 92.9% in the chemotherapy-only group and 77.3% in the second-line therapy group. Univariate analysis for overall survival revealed that those patients at the S 2-3 stage and those receiving second-line therapies showed a trend of having an increased death risk (hazard ratio [HR] = 8.26, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.99-68.67, p = 0.051; HR = 7.76, 95% CI, 0.93-64.99, p = 0.059, respectively). The S 2-3 stage was also independently associated with the risk of subsequent therapy (HR = 33.13; 95% CI, 2.55-430.64, p = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Our real-world data show the predictive role of serum tumor marker stage 2-3 to be associated with any subsequent therapies after first-line chemotherapy. This can facilitate clinical decision making during the testicular cancer treatment process.

Conventional androgen deprivation therapy is associated with an increased risk of fracture in advanced prostate cancer, a nationwide population-based study.

PURPOSE: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard of care in advanced prostate cancer. We conducted a Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) study to evaluate the association between ADT and fracture risk in patient with prostate cancer in Taiwan. METHODS: Between 2001 and 2008, data from the Taiwan NHIRD was collected. We separated newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients into four groups: the injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and antagonists group, the orchiectomy group, the oral antiandorgens group and the radical prostatectomy only group. A non-cancer matched control group was also assigned for comparison. T tests, chi-squared tests, multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression were performed. A subsequent fracture event was defined according to the appropriate diagnosis codes (ICD9-CM 800-829) with hospitalization. Patients with fracture before their diagnosis with prostate cancer were excluded. RESULTS: Overall, 22517 newly diagnosed patients with prostate cancer were enrolled in the study. After exclusion criteria were applied, 13321 patients were separated into the injection group (5020 subjects), the orchiectomy group (1193 subjects), the oral group (6059 subjects) and the radical prostatectomy only group (1049 subjects). The mean age of the overall study population was 74.4 years. Multi-variant analysis disclosed a significantly increased risk of fracture in the injection group, the orchiectomy group, and the oral group (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.55, 95%, confidence interval [CI] 1.36 to 1.76, p<0.001, HR = 1.95, 95%, CI 1.61 to 2.37, p<0.001, HR = 1.37, 95%, CI 1.22 to 1.53, p<0.001, respectively). In contrast, a significantly decreased fracture risk was noted in the radical prostatectomy only group (HR = 0.51, 95%, CI 0.35 to 0.74, p = 0.001). Patients receiving osteoporosis medication had a significantly decreased fracture risk (HR = 0.26, 95%, CI 0.19-0.37, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: ADT is associated with an increased risk of fracture. For patients receiving long-term prostate cancer castration therapy, doctors should always keep this complication in mind and arrange proper monitoring and provide timely osteoporosis medication.

Risk Analysis of Prostate Cancer Development Following Five-alpha Reductase Inhibitor Treatment for Benign Prostate Hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The clinical hazard of prostate cancer development after five-alpha reductase inhibitors (5ARI) treatment among benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) patients is still controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological features of BPH patients treated in a single institute to identify risk factors associated with prostate cancer development. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients who were diagnosed with BPH and received alpha blockers (AB) only or 5ARI between January 2007 and December 2012 and followed up until death or December 2020. The primary study outcome was prostate cancer and high-grade prostate cancer. RESULTS: Of the 5,122 included patients, 14.9% (762/5,122) received 5ARI during their BPH treatment. The median age, initial prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and the PSA change were significantly higher in the 5ARI group compared to those of the AB group. The prostate cancer diagnosis rate was higher in the 5ARI group, and the percentage of high-grade prostate cancer was not different between the two groups. In total, 1,715 (33.5%) patients were recorded dead, and the median follow-up period was longer in the 5ARI group. In Cox regression analysis, only age and initial PSA levels were significantly associated with prostate cancer. Late PSA was the only independent factor associated with high-grade prostate cancer development. CONCLUSION: Our real-world data revealed that age, initial PSA, and late PSA levels were associated with prostate cancer and high-grade prostate cancer diagnosis among BPH patients. Furthermore, 5ARI use had no effect on prostate cancer patient survival. However, PSA assessment during follow-up is still required in our institutional practice to avoid delayed diagnosis.

First-line Chemotherapy Response Is Associated With Clinical Outcome During Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment in Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma: A Real World Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have become important tools for the treatment of advanced urothelial carcinoma (aUC). However, the clinical strategy using ICIs and chemotherapy is still controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of clinical parameters in aUC patients with ICI treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed aUC patients who received atezolizumab and pembrolizumab between January 2015 and October 2020. The associations between baseline demographics and clinical outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 74 included patients, the median age was 67 years. Among them, 53 patients received atezolizumab and 21 received pembrolizumab. There were 50 patients receiving first line ICIs therapy and 24 receiving second line monotherapy. Fifty-two (83.87%, 52/62) received cisplatin among all chemotherapy patients. The median progression free survival was 10.94 months, and the overall survival was 28.44 months. Poor chemotherapy response or no chemotherapy, liver metastases, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) status and higher neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were associated with higher risk of disease progression (HR=5.70, 95% CI=2.04-15.90, p=0.001; HR=6.08, 95% CI=1.79-20.57, p=0.004; HR=5.40, 95% CI=1.76-16.57, p=0.003; HR=6.08, 95% CI=2.56-14.44, p<0.001 and HR=1.02, 95% CI=1.01-1.03, p=0.002, respectively). Liver metastases and WBC before ICI were associated with increased risk of death (HR=11.95, 95% CI=3.22-44.34, p<0.001; HR=1.0001, 95%=CI=1.00001-1.00002, p=0.036 respectively) while ICI response was associated with decreased death (HR=0.22, 95%CI=0.08-0.62, p=0.004). Chemotherapy response was associated with better ICI treatment response (OR=6.52, 95% CI=1.45-29.24, p=0.014) while lymph node metastases and poor ECOG status were associated with poor ICI response (OR=0.31, 95% CI=0.10-0.94, p=0.038; OR=0.32, 95% CI=0.11-0.95, p=0.040). CONCLUSION: Our real-world data show a predictive role of first-line chemotherapy response to ICI treatment efficacy in aUC patients as well as other prognostic factors, such as ECOG status, serum WBC or NLR and liver metastases.

Metastasectomy Improves Overall Survival in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The use of complete metastasectomy for treating metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has been shown to improve survival outcomes in the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, its effectiveness in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) remains unclear. Therefore, the objective of the study was to elucidate the impact of metastasectomy in patients with mRCC who received both TKIs or ICIs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 157 patients diagnosed with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) between 2006 and 2018 in Taichung Veterans General Hospital were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups: the non-metastasectomy group (n=89) and the metastasectomy group (n=68). Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox proportional hazards models were employed to evaluate the impact of metastasectomy and other risk factors on overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Among patients who underwent metastasectomy, 62 patients (91.18%) underwent metastasectomy for more than 50% of their metastatic sites, and 42 patients (61.76%) received complete metastasectomy. The median overall survival was 55.75 months in the metastasectomy group, which was significantly longer than the 15.14 months observed in the non-metastasectomy group (p<0.001). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that metastasectomy had a significant impact on overall survival [hazard ratio (HR)=0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.26-0.67, p<0.001]. Additionally, performance status and lactate dehydrogenase were identified as independent predictors for overall survival. CONCLUSION: Combination of metastasectomy with systemic therapy was shown to improve overall survival in patients with mRCC. Therefore, this modality may be considered as a viable option for patients who are fit for surgical intervention and are undergoing treatment with either TKIs or ICIs.

Prostate­specific antigen density and preoperative MRI findings as predictors of biochemical recurrence in high­risk and very high­risk prostate cancer.

Patients with high-risk prostate cancer after prostatectomy have a particularly high chance of being diagnosed with biochemical recurrence (BCR). Patients with BCR have a greater risk of disease progression and mortality. The present retrospective observational study aimed to clarify the risk factors for the BCR of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy in patients with high-risk and very high-risk prostate cancer. Patients diagnosed with prostate cancer who received radical prostatectomy in a single center from January 2009 to June 2020 were included in the study. Data from medical records were reviewed and the patients were followed up for ≥6 years. The primary outcome was BCR within 1 year after surgery. A total of 307 patients were included, with 187 in the high-risk group and 120 in the very high-risk group as classified by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines. Patients in the very high-risk group had a lower BCR-free survival rate compared with those in the high-risk group, with a high risk of BCR even if their PSA levels were initially undetectable after prostatectomy, and a high risk of postoperatively detectable PSA. In patients with undetectable PSA after prostatectomy, BCR was associated with the initial PSA density, imaging stage (T3aN0M0 and T3bN0M0), and pathologic stage (any N1). Postoperatively detectable PSA was associated with pathologic stage (T3bN0M0 and any N1) In conclusion, preoperative MRI imaging stage and PSA density are predictors for short-term BCR after prostatectomy. NCCN-defined high-risk patients with a high initial PSA density, imaging stage (T3aN0M0 and T3bN0M0), and pathologic stage (any N1) had a higher risk of BCR when compared with other patients with undetectable PSA, while those with pathologic stage (T3bN0M0 or any N1) displayed a higher risk of postoperatively detectable PSA. These findings may help urologists to identify patients for whom active therapeutic protocols are necessary.

Geriatric nutritional risk index as a prognostic marker for patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma receiving radical nephroureterectomy.

To investigate the prognostic value of the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) in patients with upper tract urothelial cell carcinoma (UTUC) receiving radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). Between January 2001 and December 2015, we enrolled 488 patients with UTUC underwent RNU in Taichung Veterans General Hospital. GNRI before radical surgery was calculated based on serum albumin level and body mass index. The malnutritional status was defined as GNRI < 92.0. Using Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox proportional hazards models to analyze the risk factors on disease-free survival (DFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS). 386 patients were categorized as normal nutritional status (GNRI ≥ 92) and 102 patients as malnutritional status (GNRI < 92). We used the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for determined the association between GNRI and OS, with area under the curve (AUC) being 0.69. The 5-year survival rate of DFS, CSS and OS were 48.6%, 80.5% and 80.5% in the normal nutritional group and 28.0%, 53.2% and 40% in the malnutritional group. Using the multivariate analysis, malnutritional status was found as an independent risk factor for OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.70-5.74), together with age (HR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.06), surgical margin positive (HR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.13-2.82), pathological T3 (HR = 2.54, 95% CI 1.53-4.21), pathological T4 (HR = 6.75, 95% CI 3.17-14.37) and lymphovascular invasion (HR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.16-2.81). We also found GNRI index as independent risk factor in DFS (HR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.42-2.54) and CSS (HR = 5.42, 95% CI 3.24-9.06). Preoperative malnutritional status with low GNRI is an independent marker in predicting DFS, CSS and OS in UTUC patients underwent RNU.