Silicon nanowire FET biosensor and its application in acute myocardial infarction.

Over the last two decades, silicon nanowire field-effect transistors (SiNW-FETs) with prominent merits of high surface-to-volume ratio, excellent biocompatibility and mature fabrication with standard silicon technology, have been widely studied as ultrahigh sensitive biosensors for the detection of target biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, cells and viruses so on. Herein we present a comprehensive review of the fundamental aspects of SiNW-FET biosensors, involving the working principle and the device fabrication, surface functionalization, and system integration with fluid exchange and electrical detection. Futhermore, we emphatically discuss the electrical detection of cardiac-specific biomarkers related to acute myocardial infarction disease. SiNW-FET biosensors are being increasingly exploited as promising diagnostic devices, which provide high sensitivity, high integration density, high speed sampling, strong specificity, and real-time and label-free detection for simple and cheap clinical testing.

[Comparison on the efficacy and safety of different occlusion devices for the treatment of patients with patent foramen ovale].

Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of Cardi-O-fix patent foramen ovale (PFO) occluder and Amplatzer PFO occluder for the treatment of patients with PFO. Methods: A total of 246 consecutive patients (105 males and 141 females) with PFO were prospectively enrolled from May 30, 2013 to March 30, 2015 in our hospital. PFO interventional closure was applied according to the anatomical structure of the disease and patients' wishes.Cardi-O-fix PFO occluder was used in 180 cases (COF group), Amplatzer PFO occluder was used in the remaining 66 cases (Amp group). Post-procedure safety including recurrent stroke, transient ischemic attack, death, and complete closure rate, and efficacy including procedure related complications of different devices were compared during the 12 months follow-up. Results: (1) Rate of transient ischemic attack was similar between COF group and Amp group at 12 months after procedure(1.1%(2/180) vs. 1.5%(1/66), P=1.000). There was no recurrent stroke and death during the 12 months follow-up period.Complete closure rate was similar between COF group and Amp group at 12 months after the procedure(90.6%(163/180)vs. 86.4%(57/66), P=0.355). (2) Three cases(1.7%) of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation were observed in COF group during the 12 months follow-up period, 1 patient converted spontaneously to sinus rhythm and 2 patients received successful pharmacologic conversion and converted to sinus rhythm. One patient(1.5%)developed paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and was pharmacologically converted to sinus rhythm in the Amp group. There was no significant difference in rate of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation between the two groups(P=1.000). There was no complications such as occluder translocation, erosion, pericardial effusion and puncture site bleeding in the 2 groups during the 12 months follow-up. Conclusion: Efficacy and safety are similar for PFO treatment with Cardi-O-fix PFO occluder or Amplatzer PFO occluder in this patient cohort.

Catheter-directed thrombolysis in the treatment of acute deep venous thrombosis: a meta-analysis.

We performed a meta-analysis for systematic evaluation of the status quo of catheter thrombolysis for the treatment of acute lower limb deep vein thrombosis in China. We searched the China Biomedical bibliographic database (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Weipu full-text electronic journals, Wanfang full-text database, and Medline (1990 through June 2011) for clinical randomized controlled trials of catheter-directed thrombolysis and superficial venous thrombolysis to compare their efficacies for the treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis. The results were analyzed by using the Cochrane-recommended RevMan 4.2 software package, and the odds ratio (OR) was used as the combined measure of efficacy. The search retrieved 8 randomized controlled trials, and meta-analysis using the total rate of effective treatment as the clinical observation index found that the combined OR for the catheter thrombolysis group versus the superficial venous thrombolysis group was significant (P < 0.01; OR = 11.78; 95% confidence interval = 6.99-19.87). In conclusion, the meta-analysis indicated that catheter thrombolysis was more effective than superficial venous thrombolysis for the treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis in the lower limb in Chinese individuals. However, the included trials were only of medium quality, so more rational and scientific clinical trials are needed to validate this conclusion.

Novel mRNA isoforms and mutations of uridine monophosphate synthetase and 5-fluorouracil resistance in colorectal cancer.

The drug fluorouracil (5-FU) is a widely used antimetabolite chemotherapy in the treatment of colorectal cancer. The gene uridine monophosphate synthetase (UMPS) is thought to be primarily responsible for conversion of 5-FU to active anticancer metabolites in tumor cells. Mutation or aberrant expression of UMPS may contribute to 5-FU resistance during treatment. We undertook a characterization of UMPS mRNA isoform expression and sequence variation in 5-FU-resistant cell lines and drug-naive or -exposed primary and metastatic tumors. We observed reciprocal differential expression of two UMPS isoforms in a colorectal cancer cell line with acquired 5-FU resistance relative to the 5-FU-sensitive cell line from which it was derived. A novel isoform arising as a consequence of exon skipping was increased in abundance in resistant cells. The underlying mechanism responsible for this shift in isoform expression was determined to be a heterozygous splice site mutation acquired in the resistant cell line. We developed sequencing and expression assays to specifically detect alternative UMPS isoforms and used these to determine that UMPS was recurrently disrupted by mutations and aberrant splicing in additional 5-FU-resistant colorectal cancer cell lines and colorectal tumors. The observed mutations, aberrant splicing and downregulation of UMPS represent novel mechanisms for acquired 5-FU resistance in colorectal cancer.

Sites of recombinant adeno-associated virus integration.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV), a defective parvovirus, is considered a promising vector for the delivery of therapeutic genes to cells. Both wild-type and recombinant AAV display a wide tropism and integrate into the host genome, in the absence of helper virus, establishing a latent infection. A unique characteristic of wild-type AAV and a potential advantage for use as a delivery system for gene therapy is the site-specific integration of wild-type virus within a small region of chromosome 19, 19q13.3-qter (AAVS1), in up to 85% of cell lines infected with the virus. Although recombinant AAVs, containing only the inverted terminal repeats of wild-type virus, can integrate efficiently into the host genome, specificity for the AAVS1 site appears to be lost. To address this question, the integration characteristics of two recombinant AAVs lacking the rep and cap genes in HeLa cells were examined. Analysis of Southern blots indicated that none of twenty-six cell clones generated after infection with either one of the recombinant AAVs demonstrated integration within the AAVS1 locus on chromo-some 19. Analysis of five of the cell lines by fluorescent chromosome in situ hybridization confirmed the loss of chromosome 19 specificity. Each integration site mapped near a known fragile site and/or location of a proto-oncogene or growth regulatory gene. Retention of site-specific integration of wild-type AAV will require the inclusion of additional AAV-specific sequences within the recombinant vectors.

Determination of indium and thallium by hydride generation and atomic-absorption spectrometry.

Hydride generation coupled with atomic-absorption spectrometry was applied to the determination of indium and thallium. The hydrides were generated in 1M HCl (In) and 1-1.5M HCl or HNO(3) (Tl) with 1% NaBH(4) solution, and were flushed with argon into an electrically heated silica tube. The characteristic mass for indium and thallium were 0.13 and 0.12 mug, respectively.

Effect of infection brain edema on NMDA receptor binding in rat brain in vivo.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of infection brain edema (IBE) in the rat model induced by injecting pertussis bacilli (PB) into the left carotid artery. The specific binding of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor with [3H] MK-801 was measured in the neuronal membrane of cerebral cortex. The Scatchard plots were performed. The Bmax values were 0.623 +/- 0.082 and 0.606 +/- 0.087 pmol/mg protein in the group that received normal saline (NS) and PB respectively (P < 0.05). The Kd values were 43.1 +/- 4.2 and 30.5 +/- 3.0 nM in the groups NS and PB respectively. The results indicated that the affinity of NMDA receptor was significantly higher in the group PB than group NS, whereas the total number of NMDA receptors had not changed in the IBE model. The increase of affinity of NMDA receptor can be blockaded by MK-801 pretreatment in vivo.

[Necrolytic migratory erythema as the first manifestation of glucagonoma].

A 49-year-old woman suffered from recurrent episodes of necrolytic migratory erythema over the lower legs, lower abdomen, and buttocks for more than two years. Stomatitis, glossitis and vaginitis were the accompanying symptoms and signs during each episode. The result of skin biopsy revealed superficial necrosis in the upper half of the epidermis. Laboratory examinations revealed mild glucose intolerance and hypoaminoacidemia. Fasting plasma glucagon level measured by radioimmunoassay was 890 pg/mL. Oral glucose loading test showed a paradoxical increase in plasma glucagon level up to 1,500 pg/mL. Abdominal echo, computerized axial tomography, and celiac angiography demonstrated a hypervascular tumor, 4 cm in diameters, located at the pancreatic head. Glucagonoma syndrome was confirmed and diagnosed. The patient underwent surgical resection of the tumor mass. Necrolytic migratory erythema disappeared thereafter, and the plasma glucagon level declined to 120 pg/mL. Histologically, the tumor revealed an islet cell carcinoma composed of moderately uniform cells with a few mitosis, arranged in cords and nests. Abundant characteristic secretory granules of the pancreatic A cell were found within the tumor cells by electron microscopic examination.

Multiple risk factors associated with arsenic-induced skin cancer: effects of chronic liver disease and malnutritional status.

In order to evaluate the prevalence and multiple risk factors of arsenic-induced skin cancer among residents in Taiwanese villages in which chronic arseniasis is hyperendemic, a total of 1571 subjects aged 30 or more years were recruited between September 1988 and March 1989. All of them were interviewed personally by a public health nurse using a structured questionnaire, and 1081 interviewed study subjects, including 468 men and 613 women, participated in physical examination, giving a participation rate of 68.8%. The overall prevalence of skin cancer was as high as 6.1%, showing an increase with age in both men and women. There was a significant dose-response relation between skin cancer prevalence and chronic arsenic exposure as indexed by duration of residence in the endemic area, duration of consumption of high-arsenic artesian well water, average arsenic exposure in parts per million (p.p.m.) and cumulative arsenic exposure in p.p.m.-years. Chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen with liver dysfunction had an increased prevalence of skin cancer. Undernourishment, indexed by a high consumption of dried sweet potato as a staple food, was also significantly associated with an increased prevalence of arsenic-induced skin cancer. All these risk factors remained statistically significant in the multiple logistic regression analysis. Consistent with animal experiments, the findings imply that liver function and nutritional status may affect the metabolism of inorganic arsenic and the development of subsequent skin cancers.

Isolation and characterization of an oligomerization-negative mutant of HIV-1 integrase.

The yeast two-hybrid method was used to screen mutagenized DNAs to isolate a variant of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase (IN) that does not interact with the wild-type IN. The responsible mutation, leading to a single amino acid change (V260E) in the C-terminal domain of IN, blocks IN-IN multimerization but has only small effect on binding to a host interacting protein, INI1 (hSNF5). Binding studies in vitro confirmed the defect in multimerization of the mutant IN. Biochemical analyses of the mutant IN enzyme expressed in bacteria detected only subtle changes in its properties, suggesting that the yeast system is a sensitive reporter of correct IN conformation. Mutant virus carrying the V260E substitution was blocked in replication at the time of DNA integration, consistent with IN multimerization being important for its activity in vivo.