Incongruences Between Facial Expression and Self-Reported Emotional Reactivity in Frontotemporal Dementia and Related Disorders.

OBJECTIVE: Emotional reactivity normally involves a synchronized coordination of subjective experience and facial expression. These aspects of emotional reactivity can be uncoupled by neurological illness and produce adverse consequences for patient and caregiver quality of life because of misunderstandings regarding the patient's presumed internal state. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is often associated with altered social and emotional functioning. FTD is a heterogeneous disease, and socioemotional changes in patients could result from altered internal experience, altered facial expressive ability, altered language skills, or other factors. The authors investigated how individuals with FTD subtypes differ from a healthy control group regarding the extent to which their facial expressivity aligns with their self-reported emotional experience. METHODS: Using a compound measure of emotional reactivity to assess reactions to three emotionally provocative videos, the authors explored potential explanations for differences in alignment of facial expressivity with emotional experience, including parkinsonism, physiological reactivity, and nontarget verbal responses. RESULTS: Participants with the three main subtypes of FTD all tended to express less emotion on their faces than they did through self-report. CONCLUSIONS: Exploratory analyses suggest that reasons for this incongruence likely differ not only between but also within diagnostic subgroups.

The innate immune system stimulating cytokine GM-CSF improves learning/memory and interneuron and astrocyte brain pathology in Dp16 Down syndrome mice and improves learning/memory in wild-type mice.

Down syndrome (DS) is characterized by chronic neuroinflammation, peripheral inflammation, astrogliosis, imbalanced excitatory/inhibitory neuronal function, and cognitive deficits in both humans and mouse models. Suppression of inflammation has been proposed as a therapeutic approach to treating DS co-morbidities, including intellectual disability (DS/ID). Conversely, we discovered previously that treatment with the innate immune system stimulating cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which has both pro- and anti-inflammatory activities, improved cognition and reduced brain pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), another inflammatory disorder, and improved cognition and reduced biomarkers of brain pathology in a phase II trial of humans with mild-to-moderate AD. To investigate the effects of GM-CSF treatment on DS/ID in the absence of AD, we assessed behavior and brain pathology in 12-14 month-old DS mice (Dp[16]1Yey) and their wild-type (WT) littermates, neither of which develop amyloid, and found that subcutaneous GM-CSF treatment (5 µg/day, five days/week, for five weeks) improved performance in the radial arm water maze in both Dp16 and WT mice compared to placebo. Dp16 mice also showed abnormal astrocyte morphology, increased percent area of GFAP staining in the hippocampus, clustering of astrocytes in the hippocampus, and reduced numbers of calretinin-positive interneurons in the entorhinal cortex and subiculum, and all of these brain pathologies were improved by GM-CSF treatment. These findings suggest that stimulating and/or modulating inflammation and the innate immune system with GM-CSF treatment may enhance cognition in both people with DS/ID and in the typical aging population.

Proteasome activity modulates amyloid toxicity.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is responsible for 60%-80% of identified cases of dementia. While the generation and accumulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) fragments is accepted as a key step in AD pathogenesis, the precise role of these fragments remains poorly understood. To overcome this deficit, we induced the expression of the soluble C-terminal fragment of APP (C99), the rate-limiting peptide for the generation of amyloid fragments, in yeast that contain thermosensitive mutations in genes encoding proteasome subunits. Our previous work with this system demonstrated that these proteasome-deficient yeast cells, expressing C99 when proteasome activity was blunted, generated amyloid fragments similar to those observed in AD patients. We now report the phenotypic repercussions of inducing C99 expression in proteasome-deficient cells. We show increased levels of protein aggregates, cellular stress and chaperone expression, electron-dense accumulations in the nuclear envelope/ER, abnormal DNA condensation, and an induction of apoptosis. Taken together, these findings suggest that the generation of C99 and its associated fragments in yeast cells with compromised proteasomal activity results in phenotypes that may be relevant to the neuropathological processes observed in AD patients. These data also suggest that this yeast model should be useful for testing therapeutics that target AD-associated amyloid, since it allows for the assessment of the reversal of the perturbed cellular physiology observed when degradation pathways are dysfunctional.

Human iPSC-derived retinal organoids develop robust Alzheimer's disease neuropathology.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline, affects nearly 50 million people worldwide. Amyloid beta (Aß) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of phosphorylated Tau protein (pTau) are key histopathological features of the disease in the brain, and recent advances have also identified AD histopathology in the retina. Thus, the retina represents a central nervous system (CNS) tissue highly amenable to non-invasive diagnostic imaging that shows promise as a biomarker for early AD. Given the devastating effects of AD on patients, their families, and society, new treatment modalities that can significantly alter the disease course are urgently needed. In this study, we have developed and characterized a novel human retinal organoid (RO) model derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients with familial AD due to mutations in the amyloid precursor protein gene (APP). Using immunofluorescence and histological staining, we evaluated the cellular composition and AD histopathological features of AD-ROs compared to control ROs from healthy individuals. We found that AD-ROs largely resemble their healthy control counterparts in cellular composition but display increased levels of Aß and pTau. We also present proof of principle of an assay to quantify amyloid levels in whole ROs. This in vitro model of the human AD retina constitutes a new tool for drug screening, biomarker discovery, and pathophysiological studies.

Imipramine and olanzapine block apoE4-catalyzed polymerization of Aß and show evidence of improving Alzheimer's disease cognition.

BACKGROUND: The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele confers the strongest risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) besides age itself, but the mechanisms underlying this risk are debated. One hypothesis supported by evidence from multiple labs is that apoE4 binds to the amyloid-ß (Aß) peptide and catalyzes its polymerization into neurotoxic oligomers and fibrils. Inhibiting this early step in the amyloid cascade may thereby reduce or prevent neurodegeneration and AD. METHODS: Using a design of experiments (DOE) approach, we developed a high-throughput assay to identify inhibitors of apoE4-catalyzed polymerization of Aß into oligomers and fibrils. We used it to screen the NIH Clinical Collection of small molecule drugs tested previously in human clinical trials. We then evaluated the efficacy and cytotoxicity of the hit compounds in primary neuron models of apoE4-induced Aß and phosphorylated tau aggregation. Finally, we performed retrospective analyses of the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) clinical dataset, using Cox regression and Cox proportional hazards models to determine if the use of two FDA-approved hit compounds was associated with better cognitive scores (Mini-Mental State Exam), or improved AD clinical diagnosis, when compared with other medications of the same clinical indication. RESULTS: Our high-throughput screen identified eight blood-brain barrier (BBB)-permeable hit compounds that reduced apoE4-catalyzed Aß oligomer and fibril formation in a dose-dependent manner. Five hit compounds were non-toxic toward cultured neurons and also reduced apoE4-promoted Aß and tau neuropathology in a dose-dependent manner. Three of the five compounds were determined to be specific inhibitors of apoE4, whereas the other two compounds were Aß or tau aggregation inhibitors. When prescribed to AD patients for their normal clinical indications, two of the apoE4 inhibitors, imipramine and olanzapine, but not other (non-hit) antipsychotic or antidepressant medications, were associated with improvements in cognition and clinical diagnosis, especially among APOE4 carriers. CONCLUSIONS: The critical test of any proposed AD mechanism is whether it leads to effective treatments. Our high-throughput screen identified two promising FDA-approved drugs, imipramine and olanzapine, which have no structural, functional, or clinical similarities other than their shared ability to inhibit apoE4-catalyzed Aß polymerization, thus identifying this mechanism as an essential contribution of apoE4 to AD.

Increased KIF11/kinesin-5 expression offsets Alzheimer Aß-mediated toxicity and cognitive dysfunction.

Previously, we found that amyloid-beta (Aß) competitively inhibits the kinesin motor protein KIF11 (Kinesin-5/Eg5), leading to defects in the microtubule network and in neurotransmitter and neurotrophin receptor localization and function. These biochemical and cell biological mechanisms for Aß-induced neuronal dysfunction may underlie learning and memory defects in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we show that KIF11 overexpression rescues Aß-mediated decreases in dendritic spine density in cultured neurons and in long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices. Furthermore, Kif11 overexpression from a transgene prevented spatial learning deficits in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD. Finally, increased KIF11 expression in neuritic plaque-positive AD patients' brains was associated with better cognitive performance and higher expression of synaptic protein mRNAs. Taken together, these mechanistic biochemical, cell biological, electrophysiological, animal model, and human data identify KIF11 as a key target of Aß-mediated toxicity in AD, which damages synaptic structures and functions critical for learning and memory in AD.

Use of coffee grounds to test olfaction for predicting cognitive dysfunction and decline.

INTRODUCTION: Our objective was to determine whether non-standardized testing of olfaction may provide useful information for predicting cognitive dysfunction and decline in patients with neurobehavioral disorders. METHODS: We conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of 82 patients who presented to a Memory Clinic with a chief complaint of cognitive deficits using non-standardized odor identification testing (nSOIT). Each patient was classified as having intact or impaired olfaction based on the ability to identify and name the odor of coffee grounds. The cross-sectional study used Student's t-test to examine whether nSOIT results were related to cognitive dysfunction as approximated by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores. The longitudinal study used mixed effects multiple regression with an interaction term to investigate whether nSOIT results were predictive of cognitive decline over a period of follow-up testing (0.4 to 4.0 years [mean 1.4, SD 0.8]) to compare patients who exhibited cognitive decline over the evaluation period (decliners) and those who did not (non-decliners). RESULTS: Analysis of the initial use of nSOIT in the cross-sectional study demonstrated no association between nSOIT performance and objective cognitive dysfunction. In the longitudinal study, impairment in follow-up nSOIT testing was found to be a sensitive but nonspecific predictor of cognitive decline. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that routine olfactory testing may serve as a convenient and readily available method that can be used by clinicians to better predict cognitive dysfunction and decline in patients with a variety of neurobehavioral disorders.

Innate Immune System Activation and Neuroinflammation in Down Syndrome and Neurodegeneration: Therapeutic Targets or Partners?

Innate immune system activation and inflammation are associated with and may contribute to clinical outcomes in people with Down syndrome (DS), neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and normal aging. In addition to serving as potential diagnostic biomarkers, innate immune system activation and inflammation may play a contributing or causal role in these conditions, leading to the hypothesis that effective therapies should seek to dampen their effects. However, recent intervention studies with the innate immune system activator granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in animal models of DS, AD, and normal aging, and in an AD clinical trial suggest that activating the innate immune system and inflammation may instead be therapeutic. We consider evidence that DS, AD, and normal aging are accompanied by innate immune system activation and inflammation and discuss whether and when during the disease process it may be therapeutically beneficial to suppress or promote such activation.

Characterization of Anti-Ana o 3 Monoclonal Antibodies and Their Application in Comparing Brazilian Cashew Cultivars.

Ana o 3 is an immuno-dominant cashew nut allergen. Four monoclonal antibodies to Ana o 3 (2H5, 6B9C1, 19C9A2, and 5B7F8) were characterized by ELISA and in silico modeling. The 2H5 antibody was the only antibody specific for cashew nut extract. In addition to cashew nut extract, the 6B9C1 and 19C9A2 antibodies recognized pistachio extract, and the 5B7F8 recognized pecan extract. All four antibodies recognized both recombinant Ana o 3.0101 and native Ana o 3. ELISA assays following treatment of purified Ana o 3 with a reducing agent indicated that the 6B9C1 and 19C9A2 antibodies likely recognize conformational epitopes, while the 2H5 and 5B7F8 antibodies likely recognize linear epitopes. In silico modeling predicted distinct epitopes for each of the anti-Ana o 3 antibodies. Screening extracts from 11 Brazilian cashew nut cultivars using all four antibodies showed slight differences in Ana o 3 bindings, demonstrating that these antibodies could identify cultivars with varying allergen content.

Safety and efficacy of sargramostim (GM-CSF) in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Inflammatory markers have long been observed in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and plasma of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, suggesting that inflammation contributes to AD and might be a therapeutic target. However, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug trials in AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) failed to show benefit. Our previous work seeking to understand why people with the inflammatory disease rheumatoid arthritis are protected from AD found that short-term treatment of transgenic AD mice with the pro-inflammatory cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) led to an increase in activated microglia, a 50% reduction in amyloid load, an increase in synaptic area, and improvement in spatial memory to normal. These results called into question the consensus view that inflammation is solely detrimental in AD. Here, we tested our hypothesis that modulation of the innate immune system might similarly be used to treat AD in humans by investigating the ability of GM-CSF/sargramostim to safely ameliorate AD symptoms/pathology. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in mild-to-moderate AD participants (NCT01409915). Treatments (20 participants/group) occurred 5 days/week for 3 weeks plus two follow-up (FU) visits (FU1 at 45 days and FU2 at 90 days) with neurological, neuropsychological, blood biomarker, and imaging assessments. RESULTS: Sargramostim treatment expectedly changed innate immune system markers, with no drug-related serious adverse events or amyloid-related imaging abnormalities. At end of treatment (EOT), the Mini-Mental State Examination score of the sargramostim group increased compared to baseline (P = .0074) and compared to placebo (P = .0370); the treatment effect persisted at FU1 (P = .0272). Plasma markers of amyloid beta (Aß40 [decreased in AD]) increased 10% (P = .0105); plasma markers of neurodegeneration (total tau and UCH-L1) decreased 24% (P = .0174) and 42% (P = .0019), respectively, after sargramostim treatment compared to placebo. DISCUSSION: The innate immune system is a viable target for therapeutic intervention in AD. An extended treatment trial testing the long-term safety and efficacy of GM-CSF/sargramostim in AD is warranted.

Exosome Isolation by Ultracentrifugation and Precipitation and Techniques for Downstream Analyses.

Exosomes are 50- to 150-nm-diameter extracellular vesicles secreted by all mammalian cells except mature red blood cells and contribute to diverse physiological and pathological functions within the body. Many methods have been used to isolate and analyze exosomes, resulting in inconsistencies across experiments and raising questions about how to compare results obtained using different approaches. Questions have also been raised regarding the purity of the various preparations with regard to the sizes and types of vesicles and to the presence of lipoproteins. Thus, investigators often find it challenging to identify the optimal exosome isolation protocol for their experimental needs. Our laboratories have compared ultracentrifugation and commercial precipitation- and column-based exosome isolation kits for exosome preparation. Here, we present protocols for exosome isolation using two of the most commonly used methods, ultracentrifugation and precipitation, followed by downstream analyses. We use NanoSight nanoparticle tracking analysis and flow cytometry (Cytek® ) to determine exosome concentrations and sizes. Imaging flow cytometry can be utilized to both size exosomes and immunophenotype surface markers on exosomes (ImageStream® ). High-performance liquid chromatography followed by nano-flow liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) of the exosome fractions can be used to determine the presence of lipoproteins, with LCMS able to provide a proteomic profile of the exosome preparations. We found that the precipitation method was six times faster and resulted in a ∼2.5-fold higher concentration of exosomes per milliliter compared to ultracentrifugation. Both methods yielded extracellular vesicles in the size range of exosomes, and both preparations included apoproteins. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Pre-analytic fluid collection and processing Basic Protocol 2: Exosome isolation by ultracentrifugation Alternate Protocol 1: Exosome isolation by precipitation Basic Protocol 3: Analysis of exosomes by NanoSight nanoparticle tracking analysis Alternate Protocol 2: Analysis of exosomes by flow cytometry and imaging flow cytometry Basic Protocol 4: Downstream analysis of exosomes using high-performance liquid chromatography Basic Protocol 5: Downstream analysis of the exosome proteome using nano-flow liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Chromosome Instability and Mosaic Aneuploidy in Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Disorders.

Evidence from multiple laboratories has accumulated to show that mosaic neuronal aneuploidy and consequent apoptosis characterizes and may underlie neuronal loss in many neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Furthermore, several neurodevelopmental disorders, including Seckel syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, Nijmegen breakage syndrome, Niemann-Pick type C, and Down syndrome, have been shown to also exhibit mosaic aneuploidy in neurons in the brain and in other cells throughout the body. Together, these results indicate that both neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders with apparently different pathogenic causes share a cell cycle defect that leads to mosaic aneuploidy in many cell types. When such mosaic aneuploidy arises in neurons in the brain, it promotes apoptosis and may at least partly underlie the cognitive deficits that characterize the neurological symptoms of these disorders. These findings have implications for both diagnosis and treatment/prevention.

Mitotic defects lead to neuronal aneuploidy and apoptosis in frontotemporal lobar degeneration caused by MAPT mutations.

Mutant Tau (MAPT) can lead to frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Previous studies associated MAPT mutations and altered function with aneuploidy and chromosome instability in human lymphocytes and in Drosophila development. Here we examine whether FTLD-causing mutations in human MAPT induce aneuploidy and apoptosis in the mammalian brain. First, aneuploidy was found in brain cells from MAPT mutant transgenic mice expressing FTLD mutant human MAPT. Then brain neurons from mice homozygous or heterozygous for the Tau (Mapt) null allele were found to exhibit increasing levels of aneuploidy with decreasing Tau gene dosage. To determine whether aneuploidy leads to neurodegeneration in FTLD, we measured aneuploidy and apoptosis in brain cells from patients with MAPT mutations and identified both increased aneuploidy and apoptosis in the same brain neurons and glia. To determine whether there is a direct relationship between MAPT-induced aneuploidy and apoptosis, we expressed FTLD-causing mutant forms of MAPT in karyotypically normal human cells and found that they cause aneuploidy and mitotic spindle defects that then result in apoptosis. Collectively, our findings reveal a neurodegenerative pathway in FTLD-MAPT in which neurons and glia exhibit mitotic spindle abnormalities, chromosome mis-segregation, and aneuploidy, which then lead to apoptosis.

Exosomal biomarkers in Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease.

Every person with Down syndrome (DS) has the characteristic features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology in their brain by the age of forty, and most go on to develop AD dementia. Since people with DS show highly variable levels of baseline function, it is often difficult to identify early signs of dementia in this population. The discovery of blood biomarkers predictive of dementia onset and/or progression in DS is critical for developing effective clinical diagnostics. Our recent studies show that neuron-derived exosomes, which are small extracellular vesicles secreted by most cells in the body, contain elevated levels of amyloid-beta peptides and phosphorylated-Tau that could indicate a preclinical AD phase in people with DS starting in childhood. We also found that the relative levels of these biomarkers were altered following dementia onset. Exosome release and signaling are dependent on cellular redox homeostasis as well as on inflammatory processes, and exosomes may be involved in the immune response, suggesting a dual role as both triggers of inflammation in the brain and propagators of inflammatory signals between brain regions. Based on recently reported connections between inflammatory processes and exosome release, the elevated neuroinflammatory state observed in people with DS may affect exosomal AD biomarkers. Herein, we discuss findings from studies of people with DS, people with DS and AD (DS-AD), and mouse models of DS showing new connections between neuroinflammatory pathways, oxidative stress, exosomes, and exosome-mediated signaling, which may inform future AD diagnostics, preventions, and treatments in the DS population as well as in the general population.

Identification and Characterization of Ana o 3 Modifications on Arginine-111 Residue in Heated Cashew Nuts.

Raw and roasted cashew nut extracts were evaluated for protein modifications by mass spectrometry. Independent modifications on the Arg-111 residue of Ana o 3 were observed in roasted but not raw cashew nuts. The mass changes of 72.0064 or 53.9529 Da are consistent with the formation of carboxyethyl and hydroimidazolone modifications at the Arg-111 residue. These same modifications were observed in Ana o 3 purified from roasted but not raw cashew nuts, albeit at a relatively low occurrence. Circular dichroism indicated that Ana o 3 purified from raw and roasted cashew nuts had similar secondary structure, and dynamic light scattering analysis indicated there was no observable difference in particle size. The stability of Ana o 3 purified from raw and roasted cashew nuts to trypsin was similar in the absence of or following treatment with a reducing agent. Only minor differences in IgE binding to Ana o 3 were observed by ELISA among a cohort of cashew-allergic patient sera.

APPL proteins FRET at the BAR: direct observation of APPL1 and APPL2 BAR domain-mediated interactions on cell membranes using FRET microscopy.

BACKGROUND: Human APPL1 and APPL2 are homologous RAB5 effectors whose binding partners include a diverse set of transmembrane receptors, signaling proteins, and phosphoinositides. APPL proteins associate dynamically with endosomal membranes and are proposed to function in endosome-mediated signaling pathways linking the cell surface to the cell nucleus. APPL proteins contain an N-terminal Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain, a central pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, and a C-terminal phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain. Previous structural and biochemical studies have shown that the APPL BAR domains mediate homotypic and heterotypic APPL-APPL interactions and that the APPL1 BAR domain forms crescent-shaped dimers. Although previous studies have shown that APPL minimal BAR domains associate with curved cell membranes, direct interaction between APPL BAR domains on cell membranes in vivo has not been reported. METHODOLOGY: Herein, we used a laser-scanning confocal microscope equipped with a spectral detector to carry out fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments with cyan fluorescent protein/yellow fluorescent protein (CFP/YFP) FRET donor/acceptor pairs to examine interactions between APPL minimal BAR domains at the subcellular level. This comprehensive approach enabled us to evaluate FRET levels in a single cell using three methods: sensitized emission, standard acceptor photobleaching, and sequential acceptor photobleaching. We also analyzed emission spectra to address an outstanding controversy regarding the use of CFP donor/YFP acceptor pairs in FRET acceptor photobleaching experiments, based on reports that photobleaching of YFP converts it into a CFP-like species. CONCLUSIONS: All three methods consistently showed significant FRET between APPL minimal BAR domain FRET pairs, indicating that they interact directly in a homotypic (i.e., APPL1-APPL1 and APPL2-APPL2) and heterotypic (i.e., APPL1-APPL2) manner on curved cell membranes. Furthermore, the results of our experiments did not show photoconversion of YFP into a CFP-like species following photobleaching, supporting the use of CFP donor/YFP acceptor FRET pairs in acceptor photobleaching studies.

Membrane targeting by APPL1 and APPL2: dynamic scaffolds that oligomerize and bind phosphoinositides.

Human adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interaction, PH domain and leucine zipper containing 1 (APPL1) and adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interaction, PH domain and leucine zipper containing 2 (APPL2) are homologous effectors of the small guanosine triphosphatase RAB5 that interact with a diverse set of receptors and signaling proteins and are proposed to function in endosome-mediated signaling. Herein, we investigated the membrane-targeting properties of the APPL1 and APPL2 Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR), pleckstrin homology (PH) and phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains. Coimmunoprecipitation and yeast two-hybrid studies demonstrated that full-length APPL proteins formed homooligomers and heterooligomers and that the APPL minimal BAR domains were necessary and sufficient for mediating APPL-APPL interactions. When fused to a fluorescent protein and overexpressed, all three domains (minimal BAR, PH and PTB) were targeted to cell membranes. Furthermore, full-length APPL proteins bound to phosphoinositides, and the APPL isolated PH or PTB domains were sufficient for in vitro phosphoinositide binding. Live cell imaging showed that full-length APPL-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fusion proteins associated with cytosolic membrane structures that underwent movement, fusion and fission events. Overexpression of full-length APPL-YFP fusion proteins was sufficient to recruit endogenous RAB5 to enlarged APPL-associated membrane structures, although APPL1 was not necessary for RAB5 membrane targeting. Taken together, our findings suggest a role for APPL proteins as dynamic scaffolds that modulate RAB5-associated signaling endosomal membranes by their ability to undergo domain-mediated oligomerization, membrane targeting and phosphoinositide binding.