LRRC6 regulates biogenesis of motile cilia by aiding FOXJ1 translocation into the nucleus.

BACKGROUND: LRRC6 is an assembly factor for dynein arms in the cytoplasm of motile ciliated cells, and when mutated, dynein arm components remained in the cytoplasm. Here, we demonstrate the role of LRRC6 in the active nuclear translocation of FOXJ1, a master regulator for cilia-associated gene transcription. METHODS: We generated Lrrc6 knockout (KO) mice, and we investigated the role of LRRC6 on ciliopathy development by using proteomic, transcriptomic, and immunofluorescence analysis. Experiments on mouse basal cell organoids confirmed the biological relevance of our findings. RESULTS: The absence of LRRC6 in multi-ciliated cells hinders the assembly of ODA and IDA components of cilia; in this study, we showed that the overall expression of proteins related to cilia decreased as well. Expression of cilia-related transcripts, specifically ODA and IDA components, dynein axonemal assembly factors, radial spokes, and central apparatus was lower in Lrrc6 KO mice than in wild-type mice. We demonstrated that FOXJ1 was present in the cytoplasm and translocated into the nucleus when LRRC6 was expressed and that this process was blocked by INI-43, an importin α inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these results hinted at the LRRC6 transcriptional regulation of cilia-related genes via the nuclear translocation of FOXJ1. Video Abstract.

ZMYND10 stabilizes intermediate chain proteins in the cytoplasmic pre-assembly of dynein arms.

Zinc finger MYND-type-containing 10 (ZMYND10), a cytoplasmic protein expressed in ciliated cells, causes primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) when mutated; however, its function is poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, we examined the roles of ZMYND10 using Zmynd10-/-mice exhibiting typical PCD phenotypes, including hydrocephalus and laterality defects. In these mutants, morphology, the number of motile cilia, and the 9+2 axoneme structure were normal; however, inner and outer dynein arms (IDA and ODA, respectively) were absent. ZMYND10 interacted with ODA components and proteins, including LRRC6, DYX1C1, and C21ORF59, implicated in the cytoplasmic pre-assembly of DAs, whose levels were significantly reduced in Zmynd10-/-mice. LRRC6 and DNAI1 were more stable when co-expressed with ZYMND10 than when expressed alone. DNAI2, which did not interact with ZMYND10, was not stabilized by co-expression with ZMYND10 alone, but was stabilized by co-expression with DNAI1 and ZMYND10, suggesting that ZMYND10 stabilized DNAI1, which subsequently stabilized DNAI2. Together, these results demonstrated that ZMYND10 regulated the early stage of DA cytoplasmic pre-assembly by stabilizing DNAI1.

Genetic Predisposition to Sporadic Congenital Hearing Loss in a Pediatric Population.

Discriminating between inherited and non-inherited sporadic hearing loss is challenging. Here, we attempted to delineate genetic inheritance in simplex cases of severe-to-profound congenital hearing loss in Korean children. Variations in SLC26A4 and GJB2 in 28 children with bilateral severe-to-profound non-syndromic hearing loss (NSHL) without familial history were analyzed using Sanger sequencing. Genetic analysis of individuals without mutations in SLC26A4 and GJB2 was performed by whole exome sequencing (WES). Bi-allelic mutations in SLC26A4 and GJB2 were identified in 12 and 3 subjects, respectively. Of the 13 individuals without mutations in SLC26A4 and GJB2, 2 and 1 carried compound heterozygous mutations in MYO15A and CDH23, respectively. Thus, 64.3% (18/28) of individuals with NSHL were determined to be genetically predisposed. Individuals with sporadic severe-to-profound NSHL were found to mostly exhibit an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. Novel causative candidate genes for NSHL were identified by analysis of WES data of 10 families without mutations in known causative genes. Bi-allelic mutations predisposing to NSHL were identified in 64.3% of subjects with sporadic severe-to-profound NSHL. Given that several causative genes for NSHL are still unidentified, genetic inheritance of sporadic congenital hearing loss could be more common than that indicated by our results.

Functional characterization of ABCB4 mutations found in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3.

Multidrug resistance 3 (MDR3), encoded by the ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B, member 4 gene (ABCB4), localizes to the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes and translocates phosphatidylcholine from the inner leaflet to the outer leaflet of the canalicular membrane. Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 (PFIC3) is a rare hepatic disease caused by genetic mutations of ABCB4. In this study, we characterized 8 ABCB4 mutations found in PFIC3 patients, using in vitro molecular assays. First, we examined the transport activity of each mutant by measuring its ATPase activity using paclitaxel or phosphatidylcholine. Then, the pathogenic mechanisms by which these mutations affect MDR3 were examined through immunoblotting, cell surface biotinylation, and immunofluorescence. As a result, three ABCB4 mutants showed significantly reduced transport activity. Among these mutants, one mutation A364V, located in intracellular domains, markedly decreased MDR3 expression on the plasma membrane, while the others did not affect the expression. The expression of MDR3 on the plasma membrane and transport activity of A364V was rescued by a pharmacological chaperone, cyclosporin A. Our study provides the molecular mechanisms of ABCB4 mutations and may contribute to the understanding of PFIC3 pathogenesis and the development of a mutation-specific targeted treatment for PFIC3.

FAT1 mutations cause a glomerulotubular nephropathy.

Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) causes 15% of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Here we show that recessive mutations in FAT1 cause a distinct renal disease entity in four families with a combination of SRNS, tubular ectasia, haematuria and facultative neurological involvement. Loss of FAT1 results in decreased cell adhesion and migration in fibroblasts and podocytes and the decreased migration is partially reversed by a RAC1/CDC42 activator. Podocyte-specific deletion of Fat1 in mice induces abnormal glomerular filtration barrier development, leading to podocyte foot process effacement. Knockdown of Fat1 in renal tubular cells reduces migration, decreases active RAC1 and CDC42, and induces defects in lumen formation. Knockdown of fat1 in zebrafish causes pronephric cysts, which is partially rescued by RAC1/CDC42 activators, confirming a role of the two small GTPases in the pathogenesis. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of SRNS and tubulopathy, linking FAT1 and RAC1/CDC42 to podocyte and tubular cell function.