Updated consensus guidelines on the management of Phelan-McDermid syndrome.

Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is a genetic condition caused by SHANK3 haploinsufficiency and characterized by a wide range of neurodevelopmental and systemic manifestations. The first practice parameters for assessment and monitoring in individuals with PMS were published in 2014; recently, knowledge about PMS has grown significantly based on data from longitudinal phenotyping studies and large-scale genotype-phenotype investigations. The objective of these updated clinical management guidelines was to: (1) reflect the latest in knowledge in PMS and (2) provide guidance for clinicians, researchers, and the general community. A taskforce was established with clinical experts in PMS and representatives from the parent community. Experts joined subgroups based on their areas of specialty, including genetics, neurology, neurodevelopment, gastroenterology, primary care, physiatry, nephrology, endocrinology, cardiology, gynecology, and dentistry. Taskforce members convened regularly between 2021 and 2022 and produced specialty-specific guidelines based on iterative feedback and discussion. Taskforce leaders then established consensus within their respective specialty group and harmonized the guidelines. The knowledge gained over the past decade allows for improved guidelines to assess and monitor individuals with PMS. Since there is limited evidence specific to PMS, intervention mostly follows general guidelines for treating individuals with developmental disorders. Significant evidence has been amassed to guide the management of comorbid neuropsychiatric conditions in PMS, albeit mainly from caregiver report and the experience of clinical experts. These updated consensus guidelines on the management of PMS represent an advance for the field and will improve care in the community. Several areas for future research are also highlighted and will contribute to subsequent updates with more refined and specific recommendations as new knowledge accumulates.

Girl-Boy Twins with Developmental Delay from 16p11.2 Triplication due to Biparental Inheritance from Two Parents with 16p11.2 Duplication.

The 16p11.2 duplication is a well-known cause of developmental delay and autism, but there are only 2 previously reported cases of 16p11.2 triplication. Both of the previously reported cases exhibited tandem triplication on a 16p11.2 duplication inherited from 1 parent. We report fraternal twins presenting with developmental delay and 16p11.2 triplication resulting from inheritance of a 16p11.2 duplicated homolog from each parent. This report also reviews the overlapping features in previously published cases of 16p11.2 triplication, and possible implications are discussed.

Movement Disorders and Neurometabolic Diseases.

Many inherited metabolic diseases or inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) cause movement disorders in children. This review focuses on chorea, dystonia, myoclonus, tremor, and parkinsonism. Broad neurometabolic categories commonly responsible for pediatric movement disorders include mitochondrial cytopathies, organic acidemias, mineral metabolism and transport disorders, neurotransmitter diseases, purine metabolism abnormalities, lipid storage conditions, and creatine metabolism dysfunction. Each movement disorder can be caused by many IEM and several of them can cause multiple movement abnormalities. Dietary modifications, medications, and increasingly specific therapy can improve outcomes in children with movement disorders caused by IEM. Recognition and characterization of secondary movement disorders in children facilitate their management and diagnosis, and possible treatment of an underlying IEM.

A child with Friedreich's ataxia and epilepsy.

Epilepsy in Friedreich's ataxia is rare. We describe a 9-year-old boy with Friedreich's ataxia who had onset of symptoms in the second year of life and developed a generalized epilepsy at age 5 years. On cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, he has a subependymal gray-matter heterotopia. We suggest that his gray-matter heterotopia might be related to his diagnosis of Friedreich's ataxia and that his early onset of symptoms might be related to the length of his guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) triplet repeat expansion.

Clinical findings in Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease.

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease is a rare X-linked disease characterized by defective central nervous system myelination owing to a mutation in the proteolipid protein 1 gene. Few studies report detailed clinical findings in children with genetic confirmation of mutations in the proteolipid protein 1 gene. We reviewed the records of 10 boys with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease and one symptomatic carrier girl. Their median age was 2 1/2 years (range 10 months to 20 years). Nine had proteolipid protein 1 gene duplications, one had a point mutation, and one had a single codon deletion. The families of eight patients reported perinatal complications, including maternal hypertension (three patients) and meconium aspiration (three patients). All of the patients were social and interactive, but all had difficulty with expressive speech. All patients presented with nystagmus and had hypotonia that progressed to spasticity, affecting the legs more than the arms; ataxia also contributed to motor impairment. Additional problems reported regarded feeding (eight patients) and sleep (three patients). Further work is needed to clarify the variations in disease course and the relationship of genotype to phenotype.

Like father, like son: periventricular nodular heterotopia and nonverbal learning disorder.

Periventricular nodular heterotopia is a common malformation of cortical development in which the migration of developing neurons destined for the cerebral cortex is abbreviated. Bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia is most commonly an X-linked disorder that involves mutations in the filamin A (FLNA) gene, but an autosomal recessive form and sporadic forms have been identified. To our knowledge, autosomal dominant transmission of isolated periventricular nodular heterotopia has not been reported. Periventricular nodular heterotopia has a heterogeneous phenotype, associated commonly with seizure disorder, and more recently with reading deficits and visual-spatial deficits in some patients. We present a father and son with bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia and similar visual-spatial learning deficits, consistent with nonverbal learning disability.